Subject Index
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Abandonment of eggs see Egg destruction
Abandonment of offspring see Abuse, neglect of offspring
Abortion, embryo reabsorption
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
see also Egg destruction
Abraham, Ralph
Abuse (heterosexual) see Harassment; Violence
Abuse, neglect of offspring (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Kidnapping
Adoption, foster-parenting, step-parenting (heterosexual)
interspecies adoption
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Kidnapping; Parasitism
Adoption (homosexual) see Sources of offspring
Affectionate behaviors (homosexual) see Embracing; Grooming; Kissing; Nuzzling; Play-fighting
Ahgook, Robert
Alloparenting, babysitting, helpers (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other see also Creches
Alternative heterosexual pair-bonding see Divorce; Nonmonogamous pair-bonds; Trios, quartets
Alternative heterosexual parenting see Adoption; Alloparenting; Creches; Kidnapping; Parasitism; Single parenting
Anal stimulation, rump-rubbing (heterosexual)
Anal stimulation, rump-rubbing (homosexual)
mammals: primates other
see also Mounting; Penetration
Anguksuar (Richard LaFortune)
Aristotle
Babysitting see Alloparenting; Creches
Bataille, Georges
Behavioral/sexual plasticity
Behavioral transvestism see Transvestism
Beston, Henry
Bey, Hakim
Billing see Kissing
Biodiversity
Biological Exuberance
Birth control (heterosexual) see Abortion; Infanticide; Nonbreeders; Reproductive suppression; Siblicide; Vaginal plugs
Birth, heterosexual activity during see Pregnancy, birth
Bisexuality, latent or situational mammals birds
Bisexuality, sequential
age-based mammals birds
mate-switching mammals birds
seasonal mammals birds
other
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Bisexuality, simultaneous
bisexual matings outside pair-bond mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds
bisexual trios/quartets waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds
group sexual activity mammals birds
other
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Pile-up mounts
Bisexual superiority see Explanations
Boswell, John
Brant, Beth
Breeding by homosexual/bisexual animals
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Parenting; Transgendered animals—breeding or mating by
Breeding rare, incomplete, non-yearly (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore other
see also Infrequency of heterosexual mating
Bryant, Anita
Buffon, Georges-Louis Lederc de
Bunyard, Peter
Butler, Octavia E.
Byne, William
Cameron, Anne
Cannibalism mammals birds
Capra, Fritjof
Caprio, F. S.
Captivity, homosexuality and see Explanations—pathology
Carroll, Lewis
Carse, James
Cattet, Marc
Chadwick, Douglas
Chaos theory
Chimera see Intersexuality
Chrystos
Cleopatra
Clitoral penetration see Penetration
Clitoris
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
Cloacal contact see Penetration
Communal breeding groups see Explanations—helpers; Nonbreeders—helpers
Companionships (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds
see also Parenting; Trios, quartets
Competition for homosexual partners see Preference (homosexual)
Consortships see Partnerships
Copulatory plugs see Vaginal plugs
Counter-reproductive heterosexual strategies see Abortion; Abuse of offspring; Cannibalism; Egg destruction; Infanticide; Mortality, stress in breeders; Siblicide; Vaginal plugs
Courtship, other display behaviors (homosexual)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
see also Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Lek; Vocalizations
Crèches, nursery groups
mammals
birds
Cultural behavior, (homo)sexuality as
individual and/or population differences
language
rituals
taboos
tool use
see also: Ritualized interactions
cummings, e. e.
Cunnilingus see Oral stimulation
Dagg, Anne Innis
Darling, James
Daycare see Alloparenting; Crèches
Delayed implantation
Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors
courtship mammals birds
pair-bonding (including same-sex pairing in species without opposite-sex pairing) marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds
parenting (including same-sex coparenting in species without opposite-sex coparenting) mammals birds
sexual behaviors primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds
see also Duration of homosexual interactions
Dildos see Cultural behavior—tool use
Divorce, separation, mate-switching (heterosexual)
mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
Divorce, separation, mate-switching (homosexual)
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Dominance see Explanations
Donaldson, Stephen
Douglas, Lord Alfred
Dynes, Wayne
Duration of homosexual interactions
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: shore perching other
Duration of homosexual pair-bonds
long-term
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
short-term
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Eaton, G. Gray
Edwards, George
Egg destruction, abandonment (heterosexual)
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Egg/nestling transfer see Parasitism
Egg-stealing see Kidnapping; Sources of offspring
Einstein, Albert
Ejaculation see Orgasm
Embracing, clasping, hugging (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine other
Endangered species
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds
Erection (penile or clitoral) see Sexual arousal
Evolution
see also Post-Darwinian evolution
Excess copulations (heterosexual) see Group activity; Multiple matings
Exclusive homosexuality
lifetime mammals birds
other long-term
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
short-term
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Preference (homosexual)
Explanations of homosexuality
bisexual superiority
contributing to heterosexuality/breeding
dominance
helpers
mistaken sex indentification
nonsexual
pathology—captivity
pathology—hormonal, other physiological
population control
practice for heterosexuality
pseudoheterosexuality
shortage of opposite sex
see also Behavioral/sexual plasticity
Extra-pair (promiscuous) copulations see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds
Face-to-face (ventroventral) position see Mounting positions, variant
Faderman, Lillian
Fedigan, Linda
Fellatio see Oral stimulation
Forced copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity
Ford, Joseph
Fossey, Dian
Foster-parenting see Adoption; Sources of offspring
Fox, Greysolynne J.
Frassach, King Niall
Frequency, prevalence of homosexual interactions
Freud, Sigmund
Friendships, sexual see Partnerships
Gadeau de Kerville, Henri
Gadpaille, W. J.
Gaia theory
gay, term applied to animals see Terminology for homosexuality
Geist, Valerius
Gender roles (homosexual) see Explanations—pseudohetero- sexuality; Mounter/mountee preferences; Transvestism—contrasted with homosexuality
General Economy, theory of
Genetics of homosexuality
Genital rubbing (heterosexual)
Genital rubbing (homosexual) primates marine mammals
Gibson, William
Goerner, Sally
Goldsmith, Edward
Goodall, Jane
Gould, Stephen Jay
Greetings interactions see Ritualized interactions
Grooming, rubbing, preening (homosexual)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
birds
Group activity (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Group activity (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Pile-up mounts
Grumbine, R. Edward
Gynandromorph see Intersexuality
Haldane, J. B. S.
Harassed copulations (heterosexual)
mammals: primates hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Harassment, chasing, antagonism (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence
Harjo, Joy
Heinroth, Oskar
Helms, Jesse
Helpers see Alloparenting; Explanations—helpers; Nonbreeders—helpers
Hermaphroditism see Intersexuality
Hermaphroditism, sequential see Transsexuality
Heterosexism in zoology see Homophobia
Heterosexual aggression see Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence
Heterosexual mating difficulties see Harassed copulations; Mounting without penetration; Partner refusal
Ho, Mae-Wan
Homophobia, heterosexism in zoology
distaste, revulsion toward homosexuality
double standards
inadequate/inconsistent coverage
marginalization
omission of information
presumption of heterosexuality
questionable or inhumane treatment of animals
use of biased/derogatory terms
value judgments
see also Explanations; Naturalness; Terminology for homosexuality
Horapollo
Hormones see Explanations—pathology
Hugging see Embracing
Human homosexuality/transgender
see also Indigenous cultures; Naturalness
Hutchinson, George Evelyn
Idani, Gen’ichi
Incest (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Incest (homosexual)
parent-offspring mammals birds
sibling mammals birds
taboo
Indigenous cultures
and collaboration with Western scientists
and scientific corroboration of beliefs
Native American
New Guinean
Siberian/Arctic
other cultures
Infanticide (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Infidelity see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds
Infrequency of heterosexual mating mammals birds
Intergenerational interactions (heterosexual)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
birds
see also Juveniles
Intergenerational interactions (homosexual)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
International Ethological Conference
Intersexuality
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
Interspecies adoption see Adoption
Interspecies interactions (heterosexual) mammals birds
Interspecies interactions (homosexual) mammals birds
Jordan, June
Juveniles, heterosexual activity among mammals birds
see also Intergenerational interactions
Karsch, Ferdinand
Kidnapping, egg-stealing (heterosexual) mammals birds
Kinsey, Alfred
Kissing, nose-to-nose contact, billing (homosexual) primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds
Laboulmène, Alexandre
LaFortune, Richard see Anguksuar
Language, sexual activity and see Cultural behavior
LaPena, Frank
Left-handedness/-sidedness
Lek mating system (heterosexual)
Lek, other display courts (homosexual)
lesbian, term applied to animals see Terminology for homosexuality
Littlebird, Larry
Lombardo, Michael
Lorde, Audre
Lorenz, Konrad
Lovelock, James
Low, G. C.
MacNeice, Louis
Male sexual cycles see Sexual cycles, male
Manual (or other appendage) stimulation (heterosexual) primates marine mammals hoofed mammals
Manual (or other appendage) stimulation (homosexual)
of partner primates marine mammals hoofed mammals
of self (during partner interaction) primates other animals
Maple, T. L.
Marquess of Tavistock
Masters and Johnson
Masturbation
tool use in
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds
see also Manual stimulation
Mated pairs see Partnerships
Mating outside breeding season/ estrus/fertilizable periods (heterosexual)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
see also Pregnancy/incubation, heterosexual activity during
Mills, James A.
Mimicry, male or female see Explanations—pseudoheterosexuality; Transvestism
Monogamy see Pair-bonding
Morris, Desmond
Mortality, stress in breeders mammals birds
Mountee solicitation/facilitation (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl perching other
Mounter/mountee preferences (homosexual) mammals birds
Mounting (homosexual)
primates: apes langurs, etc. macaques other
marine mammals
hoofed mammals: deer antelopes, etc. wild sheep, etc. other
other mammals: carnivores marsupials rodents, etc.
waterfowl: geese, etc. other aquatic wading
shore birds: sandpipers, etc. gulls, etc.
perching birds: cotingas, etc. swallows, etc. sparrows, etc. birds of paradise, etc.
other birds: flightless birds of prey, etc. hummingbirds, etc.
see also Mountee solicitation/ facilitation; Mounter/mountee preferences; Mounting positions, variant; Pile-up mounts; Reciprocal mounting
Mounting positions, variant (homosexual)
face-to-face, belly-to-belly primates marine mammals
other positions mammals birds
Mounting without penetration, cloacal contact, and/or ejaculation (heterosexual)
mammals: primates hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Genital rubbing; Reverse mounting
Multiple matings (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Promiscuous mating system
Nataf, Zachary I.
National Forum on BioDiversity
Native American peoples see Indigenous Cultures
Naturalness
Necrophilia (heterosexual)
Neglect of offspring see Abuse
Nest-building, home-sharing (homosexual)
mammals
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Nest desertion see Egg destruction, abandonment
New Guinean peoples see Indigenous cultures
Nonbreeders (heterosexual)
groups/populations mammals birds
helpers mammals birds
lifetime mammals birds
pairs mammals birds
other
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Breeding rare; Mortality, stress in breeders; Postreproductive individuals; Reproductive suppression
Nonconsensual sexual activity (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Partner refusal, indifference
Nonconsensual sexual activity (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Partner refusal, indifference
Nonmonogamous pair-bonds (heterosexual)
mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
Nonmonogamous pair-bonds (homosexual) mammals birds
Nonoptimal heterosexual partners see Incest; Intergenerational interactions; Interspecies interactions; Juveniles; Necrophilia
Nonprocreative heterosexual behaviors see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Manual stimulation; Masturbation; Mating outside breeding season; Mounting without penetration; Oral stimulation; Pregnancy, heterosexual mating during; Reverse mounting
Nuzzling, other affectionate touching (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds
Oral stimulation (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other,
Oral stimulation (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
Orgasm, ejaculation (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds
Pair-bonding (homosexual) see Companionships; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Divorce; Duration of homosexual pair-bonds; Nest-building; Nonmonogamous pair-bonds; Partnerships; Trios, quartets
Parasitism, egg/nestling transfer (heterosexual) waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds
see also Sources of offspring
Parenting (homosexual)
by companions (platonic coparents) mammals birds
by male coparents mammals birds
by partners (mated coparents) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds
by trios/quartets
see also Breeding by homosexual /bisexual animals; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Nest-building; Sources of offspring; Supernormal clutches
Parthenogenesis
Partner refusal, indifference (heterosexual)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
see also Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence
Partner refusal, indifference (homosexual)
mammals
birds: waterfowl shore perching
see also Nonconsensual sexual activity
Partnerships (homosexual)
consortships, preferred partners, sexual friendships primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds
mated pairs mammals birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Parenting; Trios, quartets
Pederasty, pedophilia see Intergenerational interactions
Penetration, cloacal contact (homosexual)
between females mammals birds
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Pile-up mounts (homosexual, bisexual) mammals birds
Pirsig, Robert
Play-fighting, erotic combat (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds
Pleasure, sexual see Sexual arousal
Polyandry, polygynandry (heterosexual)
Polygamy (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Lek mating system; Polyandry; Polygyny; Promiscuous mating system; Trios, quartets
Polygyny (heterosexual)
Post-Darwinian evolution
Postreproductive individuals mammals birds
Preening see Grooming
Preference (homosexual)
competing for same-sex partners mammals birds
higher individual proportions of same-sex activity mammals birds
ignoring opposite-sex partners mammals birds
repeated same-sex pairing or mate-switching mammals birds
reuniting after separation from same-sex partner mammals birds
see also Exclusive homosexuality
Preferred partners (homosexual) see Partnerships
Pregnancy, birth, incubation, heterosexual activity during
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Pregnancy, homosexual activity during
Promiscuous copulations see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds
Promiscuous mating system (heterosexual)
mammals: primates hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Lek mating system; Polygamy
Protocultural behavior see Cultural behavior
Pseudomale, pseudofemale behaviors see Explanations—pseudoheterosexuality; Transvestism—contrasted with homosexuality
Quartets see Parenting; Sources of offspring; Trios, quartets
Rape see Nonconsensual sexual activity
Reciprocal mounting (heterosexual) see Reverse mounting
Reciprocal mounting (homosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore other
Refusal of heterosexual copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference; Preference (homosexual) —ignoring opposite-sex partners
Reproductive suppression, delay (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Nonbreeders
Reverse mounting (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
Rich, Adrienne
Ritualized and/or greetings interactions (homosexual ) mammals birds
Robertson, Doyle
Rollinat, R.
Rump-rubbing see Anal stimulation
Saunders, Peter
Savage-Rumbaugh, Susan
Schevill, W. E.
Schlesier, Karl
Selous, Edward
Sequential hermaphroditism see Transsexuality
Sex-change see Transsexuality
Sexism in biology
Sex ratios, skewed see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex
Sex segregation
migratory mammals birds
social/spatial primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals perching birds other birds
temporal/seasonal mammals birds
see also Delayed implantation; Sexual cycles, male; Sperm storage
Sexual arousal—erection, thrusting, etc. (homosexual)
primates: apes langurs, etc. macaques other
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
birds
see also Orgasm; Penetration
Sexual behaviors (homosexual) see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Duration of homosexual interactions; Manual stimulation; Mounting; Oral stimulation; Orgasm; Penetration; Ritualized and/or greetings interactions; Sexual arousal
Sexual cycles, male primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds
Sexual friendships see Partnerships
Sexually transmitted diseases
Sexual orientation see Bisexuality; Exclusive homosexuality; Preference (homosexual)
Sexual plasticity see Behavioral/ sexual plasticity
Sexual pleasure Sexual arousal
Siberian/Arctic peoples see Indigenous cultures
Siblicide
Sikes, S. K.
Single parenting in pair-bonding species (heterosexual) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds
Situational homosexuality see Bisexuality latent or situational; Explanations—shortage of opposite sex
Skewed sex ratios see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex
Smuts, Barbara
Social, spatial responses (toward or by homosexual/transgendered animals)
interference, hostility toward mammals birds
nonchalance, curiosity toward
offensive attacks by mammals birds
partner defense by mammals birds
rank/status of
segregation/separation by
territory defense by mammals birds
see also Preference—competing for same-sex partners; Transgendered animals—greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by
Sørum, Arve
Soulé, Michael E.
Sources of offspring (homosexual parenting)
adoption (coparenting by nonbreeders)
coparenting by breeder and nonbreeder
egg/nest-stealing
foster-parenting in captivity
joint parenting by breeders
mating within bisexual trios/ quartets
nonmonogamous mating
parasitism (egg “donation” by other birds)
Sperm competition theory
Sperm storage
Standing Bear, Luther
Stephenson, Robert
Step-parenting see Adoption
Steward, Daniel-Harry
Stress of breeding see Mortality, stress in breeders
Supernormal clutches waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds
see also Parenting
Supra-annual breeding cycles see Breeding rare, incomplete, non-yearly
Taboos see Cultural behavior; Incest (homosexual)
Tafoya, Terry
Tennent, W.J.
Terminology for homosexuality/ transgender
use of gay, lesbian
use of homosexual
use of other terms
see also Homophobia—use of biased/derogatory terms
Thrusting, pelvic see Sexual arousal
Tools, sexual use of see Cultural behavior
Transgender see Intersexuality; Transsexuality; Transvestism;
Transgendered animals
breeding or mating by mammals birds
greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by
Transsexuality
Transvestism
contrasted with homosexuality
female-to-male mammals birds
male-to-female mammals birds
Trios, quartets (heterosexual; in pair-bonding species)
mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
Trios, quartets (homosexual, bisexual)
mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
see also Parenting; Sources of offspring
Trouessart, E.
Unwanted sexual advances see Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference
Vaginal/copulatory plugs, other birth control
Vasey, Paul L.
Violence, injury (heterosexual)
mammals: primates marine hoofed other
birds: waterfowl shore perching other
see also Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity
Virgin birth see Parthenogenesis
Vocalizations (during homosexual activity)
primates
marine mammals
hoofed mammals
other mammals
waterfowl
shore birds
perching birds
other birds
von Hildebrand, Martin
Walker, Alice
Ward, Jon
Watanabe, John
Watson, Lyall
Weinrich, James
Whitaker, J.
Wild vs. captive/semiwild animals see Explanations—pathology
Wilde, Oscar
Wilson, Edward O.
Wolfe, Linda
Worster, Donald