1st Belorussian Front 756
1st Panzer Army 629, 632
1st Ukrainian Front 756
1st US Army 737, 760
2nd Army 450, 454, 658
2nd Belorussian Front 756
2nd Panzer Army 454
3rd Belorussian Front 756
3rd Panzer Army 442, 647
3rd US Army 744, 788
3rd White Russian Front 738
4th Army 450, 758
4th Army (Romanian) 543
4th Panzer Army 442, 544, 545, 617, 793
5th Panzer Army 741, 744
6th Army 465, 530, 531, 537, 543, 544, 545, 547–54, 772
6th Panzer Army 747, 757, 787
6th SS Panzer Army 741, 743–4
7th Airborne Division 170–1
7th Army 638
7th Army (French) 542
8th Army 78
8th Army (British) 523, 535, 538, 540, 600
8th Army (Italian) 546
9th Army 531, 580, 647, 788, 793, 802, 805, 808, 809, 813, 814, 815, 826
10th Panzer Division 668
11th Army 514, 531
12th Army 366, 805, 809
17th Army 465
18th Army 359, 408
48th Panzer Corps 543
56th Panzer Corps 808
57th Panzer Corps 545
101st Airborne Division 744
Aachen 703, 737, 742
A4 rocket 622, 645
Aalborg aerodrome 288
Abetz, Otto 322, 475, 541
Abruzzi 602
Absberg, Franconia 426
Abwehr (military intelligence) 90, 157, 217, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271, 655, 659, 661, 667, 676
Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 25, 65
Adam, General Wilhelm 98, 103, 106, 107
Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) (‘Führer Headquarters’), Ziegenberg 742, 756, 768
Adlon Hotel, Berlin 170
Admiral Scheer (cruiser) 43
Africa 405, 423
Afrika Korps 540, 546, 586
agriculture 162, 186, 187
Air Ministry, Berlin 7
‘Aktion Reinhard’ 484, 603
‘Alarich’ plans 594
Albania: annexation of 193; Italian military setbacks 364
Albrecht, NSKK-Oberführer Alwin-Broder 797
Albritton, David 7
Alexandria 524
Algiers 539
Almería, shelling of (1937) 43–4
Alsace 315, 323, 744, 747
Alsace-Lorraine 664
Altmark 287
Alvensleben, Ludolf von 231, 242–3
Amann, Max 299
Amerika (H’s special armoured train) 294, 365
Amsterdam 590
Andalusia 15
Anglo-German Society 378
Anschluß xviii, 44, 45, 64–86, 147, 224; and Austrian plebiscites 65; a defining moment in the Third Reich 64, 83; Einsatzgruppen (task forces) 241, 246; legal framework 78–9, 80; provides the impetus to radicalization 64; a watershed for H 83, 92, 94
anti-clericalism 39–40
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 27, 158, 420
antisemitism: in the armed forces 147, 360; and Bolshevism 389; Der ewige Jude 249; first wave (1933) 131, 148; Goebbels plans to rid Berlin of Jews 133–4, 135; and pogroms 137; second wave (1935) 131, 148; suppressed during the Berlin Olympics 5, 9; third wave of antisemitic violence (1938) 131–6; widespread in Germany xliii; see also Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism; Jews
Antonescu, Marshal 332, 383–4, 581, 582, 584, 626, 723
Antwerp 722, 731, 737, 741
Anzio 625
apartheid 251
Appenines 601, 638, 719
Arabia 189
Ardennes 290, 291, 295, 731; the offensive 685, 732, 737, 738, 740, 741–7, 756, 757, 760, 777, 779
aristocracy: Junker xviii; support of H’s regime xv
Army Group A 290, 291, 296, 529–33, 544, 545,630
Army Group Β (later Army Group Centre) 291, 358, 529, 530, 534, 537, 544, 660, 792
Army Group Centre (previously Army Group B) 358, 394, 407–15, 418, 419, 435, 436, 437, 442, 450, 451, 453, 466–7, 531, 596, 617, 646, 649, 658, 659, 661, 667, 670, 721, 758, 802, 815, 835
Army Group Command 2 98
Army Group Don 544
Army Group North 408, 411, 412, 413, 435, 451, 455, 617, 650
Army Group North Ukraine 630, 649
Army Group South 346, 407, 410, 412, 413, 435, 441, 444, 451, 524, 529, 599, 616, 617, 618
Army Group South Ukraine 630, 723
Army Group Vistula 758, 759, 779, 782, 787, 802, 818
Army High Command headquarters, Zossen 262, 268, 270, 271, 278
Arnhem 723, 726
Arnim, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen von 581
Arrow Cross 734, 735, 736
‘aryanization’ of the economy xliii, 22, 42, 43, 131, 146
Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank 109
Asia 400, 403, 416, 423, 440, 517
Asia Minor 530
Astakhov, Georgei 196
Astrakhan 529, 536–7
Athens 366
Atlantic Gap 585
Atlantic Ocean 416, 523, 585, 717
Atlas (H’s special train) 307
Attila the Hun xvii
Attolico, Bernardo 120–1, 122, 214, 218–19
Aufbau-Ost (Build-Up in the East) 307
Aufschwung (revival) 8
Augsburg 38, 369
Augsburg region 764
Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp 483, 493, 520, 604, 628, 736, 749, 767–8
Auslandsorganisation (AO; Foreign Countries’ Organization) 14, 15, 376
Austria: agreement with Germany (July 1936) 4, 24, 25, 45, 66, 67; Anschlué xviii, 44, 45, 64–86; and Czechoslovakia 84; Dollfuß assassinated 65, 66; ‘Eastern Marches (Ostmark) of the German People’ 82; elections (1938) 79, 82; geographical position 66, 68; Gleichschaltung (‘coordination’) 77; Goerdeler and 664; H’s meetings with Schuschnigg 61, 69, 70–2; and Italy 4, 24, 65, 66, 68, 69; ‘Law for the Reunion of Austria with the German Reich’ 80; march into xlvi; Ministerial Council 80; Nazi Movement 65, 66, 67, 69–73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82; the new Austria of 1919 65; plebiscites 65; proposed German expansion 49–50; raw materials 67, 68, 161; reconstituted independence xviii; Zusammenschluß (merger) with Germany 68
Austrian army 75, 81
Austrian Question 45, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 96
authoritarianism xv, xl, xlvi
Avranches 718, 720
Axis: agreement formalized 98; Bulgaria commits itself to 361; formation 26, 204; H’s efforts to bind Axis partners to the cause 582, 583–4; intentions in Yugoslavia, Greece and Poland 334; Lloyd George and 383; Mussolini the junior partner 298, 347; in North Africa 534–5, 538; Spain and 327, 329, 330, 348; successes and position of 363; surrender of troops 585; and unoccupied France 514
Axmann, Artur 798, 812–13, 828
Azores 585
Baarova, Lida 145, 199
Babarin, Evengy 196
Babi-Yar 468
Bach, Johann Sebastian xlii Bach-Zelewski, SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem 466, 725, 735
Backe, Herbert 823
Bad Godesberg 112, 116, 655
Bad Kissingen, Lower Franconia 575
Bad Nauheim 742
Bad Reichenhall 307
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 593, 594, 595–6, 597, 598, 601
Baillet-Latour, Count Henri 5, 7
Bakhmut river 441
Baku 529, 530, 537
Baldwin, Stanley 4
Balkans 43, 165, 166, 194, 276, 305, 308, 334, 335, 346, 347, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 450, 586, 601, 719, 723, 724, 759
Baltic region 345, 346, 406, 408, 413, 463, 464, 470, 485, 617, 647
Baltic Sea 25, 163, 194, 276, 286, 288, 684, 756, 757
Baltic states 196
Bamberg 539
baptism 424–5
Barandon, Dr Paul 770
Baranov bridgehead 756
Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357
Bardia 346
Barth, Pomerania (meeting of army high commanders, June 1938) 101–2
Bastogne 744, 747
Bath 510
Battle of Britain 309, 310
‘Battle of the Peoples’ 713
Baum, Herbert 519
Baur, Captain Hans 32, 183
Bavaria: Austrian Nazis in 75; the crucifix issue 425–6; Goebbels in 506; H in 53, 614; the hold of the Church 40; the mood in 1941 424; the peasants’ mood in 186
Bavarian Alps 792
Bavarian State Opera 512
Bayerische Ostmark (Bavarian Eastern Marches): Gau Party Rally, Regensburg(1937) 37
Bayerischer Wald 799
Bayreuth, H at 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 34, 198, 306
BDM see Bund deutscher Mädel
Beamish, Henry Hamilton 320
Beaverbrook, Lord 379–80
Beck, Field Marshal Fedor von 393
Beck, Joseph 166, 177, 217, 248
Beck, General Ludwig 4, 10, 11, 49, 50, 75, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, 101–5, 107, 263, 268, 659, 664, 667, 676, 677, 681, 682, 683, 689
Beethoven, Ludwig van xlii, 513, 632
Belgian army 295
Belgian Congo 434
Belgium 267, 291, 295, 405, 518, 722, 731, 741, 745; neutrality 194, 277, 295
Belgrade 365
Bell, Bishop George 663
Belorussia 406–7
Below, Frau 33, 651
Below, Captain Nicolaus von 30, 32, 33, 70, 77, 118, 137–8, 149, 165, 235, 294, 295, 310, 345, 452, 535, 543, 548, 553, 554, 581, 616, 621, 637, 674–5, 718, 738, 739, 747, 784–5, 792, 807, 813, 815, 817, 823, 825
Belzec extermination camp 483, 484, 493, 494, 520, 603
Benes, President Eduard 108, 109, 111, 115, 117, 170
Berchtesgaden, Bavarian Alps 12, 13, 18, 34, 72, 74, 81, 110, 111, 114, 135, 197, 199, 200, 201, 207, 211, 213, 565, 569, 623, 642, 781, 799, 801, 803, 805, 810
Berdicev 394
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Celle 768
Berger, SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob 520
Berger, Hans 141
Berger, Dr Heinrich 674
Berghof, Obersalzberg 29, 33, 34, 70, 72, 73, 100, 103, 105, 109, 110, 111, 151, 166, 188, 195, 198, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 210, 212, 214, 225, 301, 302, 307, 335, 346, 369, 372, 373, 375, 376, 381, 397, 512, 514, 542, 565, 581, 582, 590, 593, 611, 623, 624, 628, 630–34, 637, 639, 643, 644, 650, 651, 670, 738, 766, 781, 805, 808, 809
Berlin 305, 379, 397, 420, 804, 822; the Bendlerblock 681, 683, 689; bombing raids on 309, 366, 620, 761, 769, 775; cenotaph 37; the Citadel (Festung) 813, 815, 825, 826, 827; the first week of the war 239–40; H returns after his triumph in Czechoslovakia 172; H’s welcome after the French armistice 300; H’s welcome after Munich 124; International Car Exhibition 37; Luna Park 8; Lustgarten 5, 37, 519; military court 59; Olympic Games (1936) 5–9, 379; open to attack (1945) 759–60, 770; the rebuilding of 35, 36, 38–9, 709; Red Army attacks 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; refugees 763, 806; Remer put in charge of security 680; ‘Soviet Paradise’ exhibition (May 1942) 519; Sportpalast 116, 117, 118, 309, 348, 431, 432, 459, 494, 505, 517, 526, 535, 536, 538, 561, 562, 601, 619; State Opera house 632; State Theatre 240; synagogues destroyed 140; Technical University 38; Tempelhof aerodrome 45, 809; treatment of Jews 133–4, 135, 351, 472–3, 481, 482, 485, 488, 519, 583; Weidling made responsible for Berlin’s defence 808; ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 535, 601; the Zeughaus 662; zoo 801
Berlin Congress (1878) 123, 183
Berlin Defence District (Wehrkreis III) 690
Berlin Philharmonia 632
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 513
Berlin-Charlottenburg, Tiergartenstraße 4 260
Bernadotte, Count Folke 817, 818, 819
Bernburg asylum 261
Bernhardt, Johannes 14, 15
Bessarabia 332, 351, 384
Best, Werner 603
Bialystok 380, 398, 399, 407
Bielefeld 472
Binding, Professor Karl 254
Birkenau 768
Birmingham 174
birth-rates 48
Bismarck (battleship) 178, 381
Bismarck, Prince Otto von xlii, 183, 188, 283, 505, 665
Bitterfeld 514
Black Forest 764
‘Black Order’ 252
Black Sea region 413, 434, 529, 630
‘Blackshirts’ see British Union of Fascists
Blaschke, Dr Johann 831
Blaskowitz, Colonel-General Johannes 247, 248
Bleichröder (bank) 132
Blomberg, Fräulein Margarethe (née Gruhn) 52–3
Blomberg, Werner von 10, 11, 16, 19, 21, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50; the Blomberg scandal 51–60, 64, 69, 83, 86, 94, 147, 167, 224, 358, 668
Blondi (H’s dog) 564, 602, 611, 776, 777, 825
‘Blood and Soil’ (Blut und Boden) 374
‘Blood Law’ 256
Blücher (cruiser) 288
Blücher, Gebbard Leberecht von, Prince of Wahlstadt 713
Blum, Léon 17
Blumentritt, General Guenther 456
Blutrache (blood-vengeance) 691
Bobruisk 647
Bochum 587
Bock, Field-Mashal Fedor von 78, 269, 270, 334, 345, 359, 394, 408, 415, 419, 435, 438, 450–51, 454, 515, 524, 526–7, 529, 658, 659
Bodenschatz, General Karl Heinrich 376, 396
Boehm, Admiral-General 207
Boeselager, Lieutenant-Colonel Georg Freiherr von 661
Bohemia 46, 164, 165, 166, 172, 479; Kings of 171
Bohle, Gauleiter Ernst Wilhelm 15, 376
Boldt, Gerhard 825
Bolshevism 18, 20, 38, 82, 159, 160, 205, 310, 378, 416, 433, 479, 525, 609, 615, 703, 818, 819, 832, 835, 840, 841; anti-Bolshevism tactic 25; and ‘Barbarossa’ 387, 388, 389; and the Catholic bishops xxxix; and Czechoslovakia’s strategic position 97; fear of xlv; Heé’s mission 379; H’s crusade against 335, 384, 406, 505, 555–6, 636–7; and H’s foreign policy 12; and H’s ‘world-view’ 21; and Italy 25; and Jews 17, 19, 39, 42, 127, 153, 325, 339, 343, 350, 353, 354, 359, 382, 399, 431, 461, 463, 465, 466, 620, 740, 749, 752, 781, 792; and a showdown with the Soviet Union 305; and the Spanish Civil War 14–15; Stalin and 285, 292
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 663, 667
Bonn 760
Bonnet, Georges 206
Bor-Komorowski, General Tadeusz 724–5
Border Police School, Pretzsch 382
Börgermoor internment camp, Emsland 55
Boris, King of Bulgaria 366, 581
Bormann, Albert 32
Bormann, Gerda 789
Bormann, Martin 32, 144, 202, 227, 231, 236, 245, 259, 315, 350, 372, 375, 378, 396, 405, 406, 421, 424, 425, 428–9, 506, 508, 522, 568, 569, 616, 698, 707, 709–12, 738, 741, 776, 789, 798, 800, 801, 816, 819, 825, 827, 829, 832; and the assassination attempt 706; begs Speer to persuade H to leave the bunker 806; in the Committee of Three 568, 570; forces Göring to resign 807–8; H relies on concerning domestic matters 571; and H’s cremation 829, 830; names Fromm 689; Party Minister 823, 830; political and organizational matters 714; position strengthens 715–16; the Prussian Finance Ministry 575; remains wholly loyal 774; restructures the Party 790; and the Schirach incident 590; ‘Secretary of the Führer’ 572, 715; sets up quasi-guerrilla organizations 790–91; signs the Political Testament 823; suicide 833–4
Borneo 326
Bornewasser, Bishop Franz Rudolf 427
Bosch, Hieronymus 85
Bottrop 761
Bouhler, Philipp 253, 258, 259, 260, 429, 571
Brabant 518
Brack, Viktor 258–61
Brahms, Johannes 513
Brandenburg asylum 261
Brandt, Frau 651
Brandt, Lieutenant-Colonel Heinz 661, 662, 674
Brandt, Karl (H’s doctor) 137, 235, 253, 256, 259, 260, 294, 429, 727
Brandt, SS-Sturmbannführer Rudolf 484
Bratislava 169, 791
Brauchitsch, Walther von 58, 72, 75, 76, 78, 94, 97, 101–4, 146–7, 178, 209, 215, 216, 217, 225, 246, 247–8, 266, 268, 269–70, 277, 278, 290, 296, 298, 303, 306, 335, 344, 345, 346, 355, 384, 396, 407, 411–14, 417, 418, 434, 441, 450–53,454, 536
Braun, Eva 199, 512, 564, 634, 639, 797, 807, 816; cremation 829–31; in the Führer Bunker 776, 798, 801, 804, 821, 827; H’s treatment of 34; marries H 820–21; her room in the ‘Führer Apartment’ 32, 34; suicide 828; suicide attempts 35
Braun, Gretl 199
Braun, Wernher von 622
Braunau am Inn 79
Bräutigam, Otto 478
Bredow, Major-General Ferdinand von xxxvi
Breitenbuch, Rittmeister Eberhard von 670
Bremen 535
Brenner border 76
Brenner Pass 291, 327, 382
Breslau 762, 779, 823; Festival of German Singers (1937) 37–8; Jews deported from 485; under siege 759
Brest 504, 719, 720
Brest-Litowsk 395, 398
Britain 752; accepts the need for war 174; the Blitz 309, 310; Churchill evokes resilience and idealism 286; and Czechoslovakia 95–6, 97, 118, 173; declares war on Germany 223; economic blockade of 284; economy 402–3; ‘encirclement policy’ 178; the ‘eternal trouble-causer in Europe’ 783; Foreign Office 25, 203; Goebbels favours the devastation of English ‘cultural centres’ 510; Göring wants an agreement 50, 67, 771–2; Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237, 586; H obsessed with ‘beating England’ 278; H prepares for conflict with 169, 192–3; H warns against underestimating 43; hatred for 275, 300; Heé’s flight to Scotland 369; Home Guard 370; H’s high esteem of British resilience and fighting-power 264; H’s ‘Offer’ regarding Poland (August 1939) 213, 216, 217; H’s ‘peace offer’ 300, 301, 306, 379; H’s ‘peace plan’ 3–4; H’s plans for dealing with 292–3; intelligence 585, 586; intervention in Greece 366; invasion seen as a last choice 301–2; and Iraq 381; Jewish influence 489; Jewish refugees 145, 146; military alliance with Poland 215; mutual assistance agreement with Russia (1941) 457; Naval Pact with the Reich (1935) xxxviii, 23, 189, 190; oil supplies 530, 537; the race for Norway 287–8; rearmament 25, 157; Ribbentrop’s hatred of 44, 90, 159, 160; Secret Service 271, 274, 373, 377, 380; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 206, 212, 213; ultimatum to Germany 223, 230; War Office 295; weakness of xxxvi, 43, 44, 48
British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) (BBC) 373, 600, 816
British Empire 25, 48, 49, 95, 168, 190, 213, 216, 293–4, 295, 298, 302, 304, 377, 401, 405, 456, 504
British Expeditionary Force 295, 297, 367
British Guarantee to Poland 155
British Union of Fascists 302 ‘Britons, The’ (antisemitic organization) 320
Brittany 718, 720
Brjansk and Viaz’ma double battle 433 broadcasting: the Berlin Olympics 8; the ‘people’s radio’ (Volksempfänger) xl
Bromberg (Bydgoszcz), West Prussia 242, 763
Brooks, Collin 211
Bruckmann, Frau Elsa 33
Bruckmann, Hugo 33
Bruckner, Anton 513
Brückner, SA-Gruppenführer Wilhelm 31, 186, 218, 235
Brûly-de-Pesche 297
Brussels 722
Buchanan Castle, near Loch Lomond 371
Bucharest 328, 723
Buchenwald concentration camp 141, 768
Bückeberg, Hanover 38
Budapest 627, 734, 735, 736, 757; Citadel 734–5, 736, 738; Jews 624, 736; Soviet troops enter 758
Bug river 238, 244, 630
Bühler, Josef 493
Bukovina 332, 351, 384
Bulgaria 361, 603, 617, 719, 723–4, 734
Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM; German Girls’ League) 81–2, 142
Bürckel, Gauleiter Josef 81, 315, 323
Burckhardt, Carl 201, 202, 203, 250
Burgdorf, General Wilhelm 733, 788, 797, 798, 803, 823, 825, 827, 830
Burgsinn, Lower Franconia 142–3
Burgundy 267
Burma 326
Busch, Field-Marshal Ernst 103, 464, 646, 647, 649, 667, 670
business community, Groraumwirtschaft concept xliv
Bussche, Captain Axel Freiherr von dem 669
Busse, General Theodor 788, 793, 802, 809, 813, 814
Cádiz 16
Cadogan, Sir Alexander 203, 211, 379–80
Cameroon 434
Canada, attempted landing of troops in Dieppe 436
Canadian 1st Army 760
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 90, 109, 207, 225, 231, 262, 268, 270, 667, 690
Canary isles 327, 328
Carinhall 68, 799
Carlyle, Thomas 783, 791
Carpathians 169, 626, 756
Casablanca (Roosevelt-Churchill meeting, January 1943) 577, 755
‘Case Green’ 88, 101, 106, 109 ‘Case Otto’ 76
‘Case White’ (Fall Weiß) 179, 213, 214
‘Case Yellow’ (western offensive) 266, 289–91
Caspian Sea 529, 532
Catholic Church 39; and the Anschluß 81, 82;
and euthanasia 256, 259; Nazi attacks on xxxvi, 29, 702
Catholic Ultramontanism 147
Caucasus 408, 409, 411, 413, 416, 434, 438, 440, 499, 513, 514, 518, 523, 528–31, 535, 536, 544, 545, 591, 603
Cavalero, Marshal Count Ugo 546
Central Africa 520, 521
Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8
Chamberlain, Neville 116, 164, 772; Birmingham speech 174, 177; blamed for the Allied fiasco in Norway 289; blames H solely for the war 224; evaluation of H 112; letter to H (22 August 1939) 211–12, 216; the Munich Agreement 122, 123; pledges support of Poland 155, 177–8, 213; proposals on the Czech issue 119; rejects the ‘peace offer’ (12 October 1939) 239, 265–6, 267; talks with H over Czechoslovakia 110–14, 117; view of H 61, 157
Channon, Sir Henry ‘Chips’ 7–8, 211
Charlemagne 703
Charleville 296
Charlottenburg 816
Chefbesprechungen (discussions of departmental heads) 313
Chelmno, Warthegau 485, 490, 520, 838
Cherbourg 641, 642, 643, 720, 722
Chiang Kai-shek 55
Chiemsee 571
‘child-euthanasia’ 257–60
China: and a German-Japanese rapprochement 26–7; H anticipates a Japanese victory 44
Choltitz, General Dietrich von 722
Chotin 463
Christian, Gerda 804, 827, 833
Christianity, Jewry and 488
Christie, Group Captain 46
Church Struggle xxxvi, xxxviii–ix, 28, 39–41, 46, 81, 184, 185, 235
Churches: attacks on xxxvii, xl, 130, 424, 428, 429; and eastern expansion 449; and euthanasia 255, 257, 259; and ‘euthaniasia action’ 426–7; lack of protest against treatment of Jews 146; a pet theme for Goebbels 509, 516; Rosenberg attacks 199
Churchill, Sir Winston 383, 412, 536, 612, 760, 772, 782, 788; and America’s entry into the war 442; and the British Empire 298; concerned to speak to the British public 420; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; and Dunkirk 297; during ‘Barbarossa’ 416; evokes resilience and idealism in the British people 286; First Lord of the Admiralty 230; and the Heé affair 370–1, 373, 375, 378, 379; H’s arch-enemy 286; meeting with Roosevelt at Casablanca 577; and Norway 288, 289; and the Russian war-machine 433; ‘warmonger’ 304, 306; at Yalta 761,778
Chvalkovsky, Franzisek 127, 152, 170
Ciano, Count (the ‘Ducellino’) 25, 26, 98, 121, 196, 198, 203–4, 291, 292, 298, 301, 304, 322, 327, 328, 347, 364, 366, 383, 387, 444, 513, 541, 542, 546
Cincar-Markovic, Aleksandar Yugoslav Foreign Minister 362
clergy: harassing of xxxvi; influence of xxxviii; led by public opinion xxxviii–xxxix
Cologne 760, 782; bombing of 524, 704; political activism 704, 705
colonization 244
Columbia 134
Comintern 211
‘Commissar Order’ (6 June 1941) 357–9, 658
Committee of Three (Dreierausschuß; Keitel, Lammers and Bormann) 569–70, 571, 574, 575, 577
Communism: in Czechoslovakia 88; and Fascism 17; murder of Communists in Russia 463, 464; the Spanish Civil War 14, 15, 16; in Stalingrad 534; suppression of xxxvi, xxxvii, xl, xlii; see also Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
Community Foundation for the Care of Asylums 260
Community Patients’ Transport Service 260, 429
concentration camps: and the Church xxxix, 428; ‘euthanasia-centres’ 430; resistance members in xxxvii; and the Russian people 470; see also individual camps
‘Confessing Church’ 41
conscription xxxvii–xxxviii
conservative élites xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii
Conti, Dr Leonardo 259, 260
Copenhagen 288
Corsica 328, 542, 600
Cossack (destroyer) 287
Cotentin peninsula 640, 641, 643
Cottbus 798, 802
Coulondre, Robert 215
coup d’état 263, 268
Courland 757, 759
Courland army 798
‘Court of Honour’ 688
Coventry 310
Cracow 244, 318, 320, 482
Craig, William 370
Cremona 594
Crete 367
Crimea 400, 401, 402, 413, 414, 415, 434, 440, 451, 455, 600, 602, 603, 617, 618, 630, 631, 650, 723
Cripps, Sir Stafford 379
Croatia 470, 782
Croydon airport 110
Crystal Night (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472
Csáky, István 166
Cuba 145
currency, foreign 10
Cvetkovic, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 360, 362
Cyprus 383
Czech army 88, 96, 115
Czechoslovakia 43, 133, 163; armament plants 89; arsenal 165; and Austrian refugees 85; British reaction to the invasion 173–4; ‘Case Green’ 88, 101, 106, 109; central Europe’s last, betrayed, democracy 71; Communism in 88; Czechs’ alleged oppression of Sudeten Germans 91, 96–7, 107, 111, 114; deportation of Jews 488; Einsatzgruppen 241, 246; eliminating Czech resistance 487–8; ethnic minorities 88; founded (1918) 88; generals discuss a potential invasion 102–3; German army enters (1939) 171, 225; the German Protectorate 172; Η aims to destroy 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116, 136, 158, 163–4; Hácha signs agreement 171; Hácha’s meeting with H 170–1; H’s ultimatum 116–17, 119; industrial base 88, 161, 164; industries 164–5; the Karlsbad demands 106, 108, 109; Keitel’s plan for military action 97, 101; mobilization (May 1938) 99, 111, 115, 190; mobilization plans against 51, 115, 120; name changed to Czecho-Slovakia 164; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German expansion 49–50, 61; raw materials 89, 164; Slovakian demand for independence 168–9; strategic position 97, 165; Sudetenland 136, 157, 160, 161, 164, 172–3, 241, 251, 664; crisis (1938) 44, 46, 61, 86, 87, 91, 95, 105, 109, 110, 116, 118, 121, 123, 124, 132, 147, 158, 179, 190, 200, 205, 218, 262, 655; treaties with France and Soviet Union 95; weakened by the incorporation of Austria 84; the ‘Weekend Crisis’ 99–100
D-Day 641, 723
Dachau concentration camp 141, 274, 768
DAF see Deutsche Arbeitsfront
Dahlem 7
Dahlems, Birger 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222–3, 226, 379
Daily Telegraph 84
Dakar 329, 331
Daladier, Edouard 112, 121, 122, 175, 216
Danish navy 288
Dannecker, Theo 322, 352
Danube region 777
Danube river 79, 169, 434, 723, 757, 787
Danzig (Gdansk) 67, 165, 166, 172, 177, 178, 179, 181, 190, 200–3, 216, 219–22, 225, 236, 238, 247, 788; Customs Office 201
Danzig Question 158, 177
Danzig-West Prussia 239, 250, 316, 837
Daranowski, Gerda 235, 396–7
Darían, Admiral Jean François 542
Darmstadt 788
Darré, Richard Walther 10, 162, 187, 374
Davos 136
Delp, Pater Alfred 666
democracy: attack on xlii; central Europe’s last, betrayed, democracy 71
Denmark 287, 288, 405, 603–4, 834
Dessau 137
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF; German Labour Front) xl, 836
Deutsche Bank 132
Deutsche Volksliste (German Ethnic List) 251
Deutsches Jungvolk 765
Deutschkron, Inge 474–5
Deutschland (pocket-battleship) 43, 49, 176
‘Deutschland, Deutschland über alles’ (German national anthem) 561
Dienststelle Ribbentrop 26
Dieppe 536, 660
Dietrich, Otto 32, 78, 170, 294, 373, 396, 623, 678
Dietrich, SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp 32, 743, 757, 787, 803, 817
Dirlewanger Brigade 725
Dirschau 222
Disraeli, Benjamin 123
Ditchley Park, Oxfordshire 370
Djibouti 328
Dnieper river 346, 410, 413, 434, 597, 599, 602, 603, 616, 617, 618, 629
Dniester river 463, 630
Dobbin 826
Dohnanyi, Hans von 262, 268, 659, 667
Dollfué, Engelbert 65, 66
Dollmann, General Friedrich 638
Don river 416, 526, 529, 530, 538, 546
Donald, Major Graham 370
Donets Basin 410, 413, 415, 578, 600
Dönitz, Grand-Admiral Karl 585, 631, 650, 684, 719, 757, 774, 779, 792, 798, 800, 804, 808, 813, 815, 817, 820, 823, 825, 832, 834, 835, 837
Dorpmüller, Julius 800
Dorsch, Xaver 634
Dortmund 587, 761
Dresden 511, 761, 764–5, 779; Jews in 766
Dresdner Bank 132
Duisburg 535, 587, 792
Dulles, Allen 834
Dünaburg 398
Dunkirk 295–7, 321
Düsseldorf 142, 535, 587, 760, 840
Dutch East Indies 326
Eagle’s Nest (Adlerborst), Kehlstein 198, 202, 203, 638
East Prussia 158, 239, 261, 334, 414, 420, 432, 437, 483, 501, 527, 546, 565, 595, 614, 650, 651, 715, 719, 740, 741, 749, 756, 758, 759, 762, 763, 769, 779
‘East-West Axis’ 183, 184
eastern expansion xliv, 188, 203; see also expansionism; ‘living-space’
Eastern Question 334
‘Eastern Wall’ 403
Ebermannstadt, Upper Franconia 221
Eberswalde 793
Echtmann, Fritz 831
Economic Staff for the East: Agricultural Group 406
Ecuador 134, 320
Edelweié Pirates 704
Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon): and Bishop Bell 663; and the Heé affair 379–80; and H’s ‘peace plan’ 3–4; resignation 73
Edward VIII, King (later Duke of Windsor) 24, 302
Egypt 189, 350, 523
Eichmann, Adolf: deportations to the Nisko district 318; favours a Jewish state in Palestine 134; forces the emigration of Viennese Jews 131; hanged 837; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322, 324; runs the ‘Jewish Section’ of the SD 42; suggests pogroms 136; the Wannsee Conference 492, 493
Eicken, Professor Karl von 694
Eifel 741
Einsatzgruppe A 463
Einsatzgruppe Β 463, 466
Einsatzgruppe C 463, 468
Einsatzgruppen (‘task groups’): Czechoslovakia 241; Poland 241, 243, 244, 246; reports of slaughter in Russia sent to Η 520; Soviet Union 381–2, 461, 463–9, 477
Einsatzkommando 3 463, 468
Einsatzkommando 4a 468
Einsatzkommandos (‘task forces’) 382, 485
Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 722, 745, 760, 819, 835, 836
El Alamein 534, 538
Elbe river 802, 805, 809, 810
Elberfeld 587
Elbrus mountain 530
‘elections’ (29 March 1936) xxi, 3
Elisabeth, Czarina 791
Elser, Georg 263–4, 271–5, 2–78, 656
Elsterwerda 802
employment 712–13; female labour 563, 567–8, 713; forced labour 707, 736; foreign labour 162, 317, 713; Führer Decree (13 January 1943) 568; Jewish labour gangs 492–3; Jewish skilled workers 486; labour shortages xlv, 162, 186, 187, 502, 515, 540, 707; low wages xxxvi, 423, 449; new sources of skilled labour 161; poor work conditions xxxvi, 423, 540; prisoners-of-war 449
Engel, Major Gerhard 54, 235, 248, 302, 332, 344, 350, 438, 532.
English Channel 295, 310, 504
Erbkrank (Hereditarily 111) (film) 257
Essen 761, 791
Esser, Hermann 512, 781
Estonia 194
‘ethnic cleansing’: authorized by Η 240; Heydrich explains the programme 243–4; instigated by the SS 240–1; liquidation programme at its core 248
ethnic minorities xv
Etzdorf, Rittmeister Hasso von 262, 269 eugenics programmes 234
Eupen-Malmedy 664
Euskirchen 294
‘euthanasia action’ 235, 252–61, 263, 426–9, 462, 480, 483, 522, 838
Evian Conference (1938) 145
Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) (film) 249, 323, 349–50
Exeter 520
expansionism xliv–xlv, 24, 49, 60, 64, 87, 95, 124–5, 129, 157, 161, 173, 241, 305, 343; see also eastern expansion; ‘living-space’
exports xxxviii, 162
Falaise Pocket 721, 723
Falkenhorst, General von 287
Fallersleben 197
Far East 13, 25, 442, 504, 505
Farinacci, Roberto 594, 596, 597
Fascism 596; Austrian-nationalist 65; and Communism 17; in Italy 581, 586
Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael 29–30
Fegelein, SS-Gruppenführer Hermann 797, 816, 818, 819, 820
Fegelstein, Gretl (née Braun) 797
Fellgiebel, General Erich 672, 673, 675, 687, 690, 692
Felsennest (Rock Eyrie) (Führer Headquarters near Münstereifel) 294, 300
Feltre, near Belluno 593
Fifth Army (Soviet) 413 ‘fifth-columnists’ 488
‘Final Solution’ 151, 252, 321–2, 352, 463, 471, 481, 487, 489, 492, 493, 495, 520, 559, 603, 636, 736, 822
Finland 308, 333, 334, 524–6, 617, 624, 645, 724
Finnish war 286, 287
First Reich 335
First World War 657, 834; the armistice (1918) 298, 542; blasting of craters with howitzers 454; collapse of morale on the home front 563; ‘fifth-columnists’ 488; German humiliation and loss of national pride xv; H’s experiences 403, 473, 611, 754; Lloyd George and H reminisce 29; the ‘world war’ term 490
Fischlham 197
Flanders 299, 434, 454, 518
Flensburg 834, 835
Flick concern 132
Florian, Gauleiter Friedrich Karl 786
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 298
food crisis xxxvi, 10, 12, 20, 47, 48, 49, 423, 480–81, 506, 507, 540
‘Foreign Armies East’ department 756
foreign exchange 9, 11, 162
Forest of Compiègne 298
Forster, Gauleiter Albert 67, 200, 201, 202, 219, 222, 239, 247, 250, 251, 315, 316, 837
Förster, General Helmuth 455
Four Year Plan organization 22, 226, 313, 354, 406, 492, 502
France: armistice with Germany 298–9; armistice with Italy 299; and the Axis powers 514; and Czechoslovakia 95, 96, 99, 118, 119–20; declares war on Germany 223; deportation of Jews from occupied area 485; divided 299; evacuation of 649; government crisis (1938) 75; H gambles everything on her defeat 285; H mentally distributes provinces 267; H’s plans 293, 542; H’s triumph 286, 421; H’s view of the French military 264, 265; industry 784; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; Napoleon’s legacy xvi; necessity of holding on to 719; northern 291, 295, 745; occupation of southern France 542; Popular Front 14; rearmament 157, 175; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 206; Vichy 323–4, 331, 342; weakness of xxxvi
Franciscans, ‘immorality trials’ of (1937) 40
Franco, Francisco xvii, 13–16, 25, 44, 207, 332;
and the Axis 327; Hendaye meeting (Hitler/
Franco) 329–30, 525; territorial demands 327, 328, 348
François-Poncet, André 29, 119–20, 122
Frank, Hans 25, 204, 239, 245, 250, 316, 319, 322, 351, 352, 375–6, 462, 480, 482, 491–2, 520, 589, 725, 726, 837
Frank, Karl Hermann 108–9, 599
Frankfurt am Main 485, 788
Frankfurt an der Oder 759, 793
Frankfurter, David 136
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 36, 277, 283, 454, 501, 505, 554, 611, 696, 742, 745, 776, 783, 789, 791, 811
Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 335
‘Free French’ 331, 722
Freemasonry 24, 130, 250, 594, 595
Freies Deutschland (‘Free Germany’) 616
Freikorps 250, 258
Freikorps Adolf Hitler 790
Freinberg, Linz 198
Freisler, Roland 508, 552, 688, 689, 692
French army 277, 284, 295, 297
French Equatorial Africa 331, 434
French Indo-China 326
French Morocco 327
French navy 298; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301
French Resistance 660, 722
Freyend, Major Ernst John von 672, 673
Freytag-Loringhoven, Major Bernd von 811
Frick, Interior Minister Wilhelm 76, 78–91, 172, 219, 245, 312, 571, 574, 599, 837
Friedeburg, Admiral Hans-Georg von 835, 836
Friener, General Johannes 650
Fritsch, Colonel-General Werner Freiherr von 10, 49, 50, 51, 52, 101–2, 147, 209, 237; the scandal 54–6, 64, 69, 83, 86, 89, 94, 101, 147, 167, 224, 262, 358, 668
Fröhlich family 145
Fromm, Colonel-General Friedrich 450, 644, 651, 659, 669, 670, 675, 676, 678, 681–3, 689, 690
Führer Bunker, Berlin 788, 791, 824, 827, 830; communications 811–12, 818; described 775–6; Greim arrives 812; H and Eva Braun commit suicide 828; H’s fifty-sixth birthday 797–8; Speer unable to break free from H 806; Weidling made responsible for Berlin’s defence 808
Führer Chancellery (Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP) 257–8, 259, 260
Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 188, 198, 227, 229, 556, 614, 774
‘Führer Headquarters’: the first (Pomerania, then Upper Silesia) 235–6; Wolf’s Lair, near Rastenburg see Wolf’s Lair
‘Führer Machine’ 524, 710
Führer-Informationen 710
Führerbegleitkommando 830
Funk, Walther 58, 143, 219, 312, 434, 569, 571, 573, 678, 823, 837
Fürth 582
Furtwängler, Wilhelm 13, 513
Fuschl, near Salzburg 203, 595
Gabcik, Josef 518–19
Galen, Clemens August Graf von 427–30
Galicia 493, 629
Galland, Adolf 732
Gargzdai, Lithuania 463–4
Garmisch-Partenkirchen: Winter Olympics (February 1936) 5
Gatow aerodrome 801, 806, 809
Gau Unterfranken (Lower Franconia) 37
Gaukönigshofen 142
Gaulle, General Charles de 329, 331, 722
Gaullist movement 328
Gay, Peter 145
Gedye, G.E.R. 84–5
Gehlen, General Reinhard 756, 757
Gelsenkirchen 514, 761
General Army Office 659
General Plan for the East (Generalplan-Ost) 462, 476
General War Office (Allgemeines Heeresamt) 668
Geneva conventions 394–5
Genghis Khan xvii, 756, 772
Genoa 595
genocide xl, 493; all-out genocidal programme 461, 462; attempts to conceal the evidence 766–7; genocidal link between war and the killing of Jews 151; H’s responsibility 487; Jews dehumanized 142; Jews excluded from German society 142; in the Russian campaign (1941) 248, 249; separate strands pulled together 492; the Wannsee Conference and 493
George, Stefan 667
Gercke, Lieutenant-General Rudolf 450
German army: anti-Polish feeling 235, 237; anti-tank gun devloped 448; and armaments factory workers 300; assassination conspiracy (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84; Brauchitsch controls 94; Brauchitsch resigns 451–2, 453; conscription reintroduced (1935) 10; crisis of confidence 103, 450; desertions 763; display of prototype tanks 632; driven out of Libya 546; eastern front stabilized 455–6; enters Czechoslovakia (1939) 171; expansion 10; forces against Timoshenko 433; fuel shortage 530, 635, 696; General Staff 98, 102, 393, 408, 418, 438, 528, 533, 534, 544, 578, 650, 687, 688, 696, 757–8, 769, 782, 787, 826; and German dominance xliv; H takes on the supreme command 452–3; the Halt Order (August 1941) 451–5, 462, 507; High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres; OKH) 287, 357, 361, 381, 407, 408, 409, 413, 414, 417, 418, 434, 435, 439, 452, 505, 514, 528, 655, 661, 662, 671, 675, 811; H’s aim 20; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; losses of weapons and vehicles 515; major changes in leadership 188; moral codex of the officer corps 59; a new panzer army 448; officer corps 86; Operations Department 396; prepares for a spring offensive in Russia (1942) 447, 448, 456, 509; relations with the SS 247, 248; retreating troops (1945) 760; robbery and plundering by (1945) 763; size of xxxvi–xxxviii, 284, 515; support of H’s regime xv; told to hold position in Russia 453–4; the toll of ‘Barbarossa’ 409; transfer of divisions to the east 305–6; view of military action against Poland 159; weak leadership 225; winter crisis in Russia 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516
German Communist Party see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD)
German embassy, Stockholm 287
German Labour Front see Deutsche Arbeitsfront
German navy 58, 59, 277, 278, 289, 302; H on 509, 825; High Command 367; and iron-ore imports 286; and the naval pact with Britain 190; prepares for war with Britain 94, 100; rebuilding of 38, 47, 50; in Scandinavia 287, 289; Z-Plan 159, 191, 284
German Order of the Eagle 449, 525
German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238
‘Germania’, intended new Nazi capital 183
Germanization 235, 244, 250–1, 318, 476
Germany: Abteilung Landesverteidigung (National Defence Department) 307; agreement with Austria (1936) 4, 24, 25, 45, 66, 67; Air Ministry 144; alliance with Italy 24–6, 68; American air-raids on fuel plants 635; anti-aircraft weapon development 449; armaments industry 300, 563, 567, 707, 711, 712; ascendancy destabilizes the international order 4; austerity drive (1944) 712; becomes a major power again 28–9; black-marketeering 506, 508; bureaucracy 566–7; capitulation signed 6 May 1945 835; civil service xv, 575; colonies 67, 100, 176, 203, 216, 264, 293, 328; complicity over deportation of Jews 495; cultural despair xlii; declares war on the United States (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; delay in attacking Russia 368; dialects 434; ‘East Wall’ 159–60; economic agreement with Russia (January 1941) 343; elections (1938) 82–3; expansionism xliv–xlv, 24, 49; fatalities 236; flak installations issue 524, 543, 554; Foreign Ministry xliv, 15, 100, 188, 189, 190, 237, 262, 268, 271, 284, 321, 350, 770; Foreign Office 13, 14, 15, 26, 44, 58, 60, 63–4, 67, 87, 89, 90, 95, 121, 262, 478, 492, 539; Four-Year Plan 12, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 57, 63, 66, 67, 68, 89, 143–4, 161, 226, 313, 354, 406; fuel shortage 11, 18, 345; the German greeting 703; growing domestic consumption 9; H becomes the law 511; H blocks proposals to cut down on bureaucracy 574; housing 449; H’s approval of a German-Japanese alliance 448; intelligence 626, 734, 735, 756; judicial system capitulates to the police state 507; judicial system scapegoated 508, 510–11, 522; loses the initiative in the war (1941) 457; Ministerial Bureau 262, 269; Ministry of Armaments 10; Ministry of the Eastern Territories 492; Ministry of Economics 20, 22, 58, 162; Ministry of Finance 574; Ministry of Food 10; Ministry of the Interior 76, 80, 257–60, 312, 492; Ministry of Justice 426, 492, 506, 508–9; Ministry of War 43, 57, 58; Mitteldeutschland xviii; mobilization 169; and the Munich Agreement 122; Mussolini’s state visit (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; national anthem 6, 561; ‘National Day of Celebration of the German People’ (1 May) 37; national debt 161; national pride xv, xvi, xxxix; Naval Pact with Britain (1935) xxxviii, 23; nemesis xvii; new importance in international affairs xxxvi; non-aggression pact with Russia (1939) 205, 206, 210–11, 212, 228, 236, 238, 285, 292, 326, 385; ‘Pact of Steel’ with Italy 193; position against Poland strengthened 165; Post Office 171; Propaganda Ministry 82, 313, 352, 365, 386, 473, 566, 567, 680, 689, 710, 765; reaction to the fate of the 6th Army 551–2; rearmament xxxviii, xliv, xlv, 1, 9–10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 25–6, 43, 160, 161, 163, 237; reassertiveness xxxvi; seeks a national hero xlii–xliii; steel industry 603; supports Italy in the Abyssinian conflict 4; Transport Ministry 507; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 332; unstable alliance with Hungary 734; war debts 449; Westwall 97–8, 103, 106, 202, 502, 737, 742
Gersdorff, Rudolph-Christoph Freiherr von 659, 660, 662–3, 666
Gerstenmaier, Eugen 666, 690
Gestapo (Secret State Police) 262, 660; arrest and internment of Jews 133, 145; attacks Communism xxxvi, xxxvii; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Edelweié Pirates kill Gestapo men 704; engaged in Einsatzgruppen actions 468; Galen’s protest 427–30; Headquarters 600; interrogation of Fritsch 56; radicalization 43; and resistance groups 263, 667, 670; and Stalingrad 551; suppression of religious orders in Münster 427; torture of coup conspirators 690; on Tresckow 660
Gewitteraktion (‘Storm Action’) 691
Geyr von Schweppenburg, General Leo 641, 649
Gibraltar 327, 328, 347, 348, 539
Giesing, Dr Erwin 694, 726, 727, 728
Giesler, Hermann 299, 512, 514, 575, 777, 778
Giesler, Gauleiter Paul 575, 576, 823
Giraud, General Henri 541–2
Gisevius, Hans-Bernd 225, 268, 675–6, 678, 682
Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund 71, 74, 75, 79
Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia 221
Globocnik, Odilo 319, 483
Gneisenau, August Graf Neithardt von 644
Gneisenau (battleship) 504
Godesberg Memorandum 114–18, 122
Goebbels, Joseph 32–3, 36, 43, 118, 226, 227, 753, 786, 798, 806, 819, 832; affair with Lida Baarova 145, 199; on the Anschlué 75–6; appointed Chancellor of the Reich 823, 830; on attacking England 267; on Barbarossa 385, 415 — 16; the Berlin Olympics 7; and black-marketeering 506, 508; Christian Churches a pet theme 509, 516; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; and Czechoslovakia 96, 107, 112, 113, 115–16, 121; diary 1, 13, 17–18, 39, 41, 44, 46, 83, 137, 138, 148, 161, 164, 177, 382, 395, 474, 487, 521, 571, 610, 638–9, 709, 711, 729; and Der ewige Jude 249; and the food crisis 506; the French armistice 299; and the Fritsch affair 56; in the Führer Bunker 776, 804, 827, 828; fury at the Dresden air-raid 779; on the German declaration of war on the USA 444–5; on Göring 11; and the Heé affair 373, 374–5, 376, 379; Himmler critical of 148; hopes for understanding with Britain 160; H’s most adoring disciple 184, 348, 571, 783; on H’s plans for dealing with Britain 292–3; and H’s threats to Austria 72; instigates the pogrom (1938) 138, 140; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 133, 279, 472–3, 474, 490, 510; on letters criticizing H 566; the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; marital problems 145; on Memel 176; memorandum to H (September 1944) 729–30; the Munich Agreement 122; the OKW’s radio presentation 398; the ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300; plans to rid Berlin of Jews 133–4, 135, 351, 481, 482, 485, 519; pledges loyalty of all German people to H 117; ‘Plenipotentiary for Total War Deployment’ 563; on the Polish Question 279; propaganda against the Poles 241; radio address castigating the plotters (1944) 700; refashions H’s image (1942) 501; refuses to leave H 824; regrets H isolating himself 565–6; relations with H 35; relationship with Lida Baarova 145; remains wholly loyal 774; Rosenberg detests 149; satisfaction with the massacre of Jews 464, 494–5; signs the Political Testament 823; and Slovakia 166; the Spanish Civil War 16; the ‘special announcements’ 398, 422; Sportpalast speech (18 February 1943) 561–2; suggests reviving the Ministerial Council 570–71; suicide 83; threatens Jewish sympathizers 475; told of the assassination attempt (1944) 678–9; and the uprising (1944) 679; urges H to address the nation after six months’ silence 430–31; and vom Rath’s death 138; the winter clothing crisis 453; ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482
Goebbels, Magda 198–9, 783, 827–8, 832–3
Goerdeler, Carl 268, 659, 663, 665, 666; becomes a leading opponent of the Third Reich 19, 664; confession 691; opposes an armaments-led economy 18, 22; Reich Price Commissioner 19; Stauffenberg and 668; warns about H’s aims 90
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 240
Gold Beach 640
Goldlap 738
Gollancz, Victor 840
Göring, Edda 799
Göring, Emmy 799
Göring, Hermann 32, 43, 188, 207, 320, 341, 405, 475, 543, 546, 563, 684, 753, 798, 804; aborted political leadership plan 572–3; aims at economic dominance in southeastern Europe 49, 89; air-lift to 6th Army 544, 545; ambitions 57; and the Anschlué 75–8, 81, 89; and ‘aryanization’ 42; attempts to make a comeback 226; attends two Committee of Three meetings 574; and the Austrian Question 67, 68, 96; the Berlin Olympics 7; blamed for the ‘absolute failure’ of the Luftwaffe 645; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53; Bormann forces him to resign 807–8; chairs the Ministerial Council 312; and the Committee of Three 568–70; contempt for bureaucracy 313; and Czechoslovakia 96, 119, 120; designated to be H’s successor 396; diary 12; and Dunkirk 296; elevated to Reich Marshal 303–4; encourages H to get rid of Halder 533; the end of his influence on foreign policy 123; establishes a Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; on expansion 46; expelled from the Party 823; favours an agreement with Britain 50, 67, 226, 771–2; foreign policy 67–8; Four-Year Plan see under Germany; and Fritsch 55; ‘Fuel Dictator’ 11; on a ‘great showdown’ with the Jews 127; H humiliates 786–7; and the Heé affair 371, 372, 375, 376; and H’s cancellation of the Polish invasion 215; and H’s memorandum (1936) 20, 21; H’s reluctance to oppose 289; illness 574; isolates himself 95; on the ‘Jewish Question’ 131; keen to see the end of Czechoslovakia 89; and the Luftwaffe’s failure 535, 570, 572, 587, 620–21, 629, 738, 825–6; made Field Marshal 58; at a meeting to discuss the Polish situation 208; and the Munich Agreement 121, 123; narcotics intake 574; nominally in charge of anti-Jewish policy 471; popularity evaporates 620, 644, 739; the Prussian Finance Ministry 574–5; pushes for peace at Munich 89; rapaciousness 89; and the Spanish Civil War 14, 15, 16; successful visit to Italy 45; suicide 836; telegram to H 807; on trial at Nuremberg 574; wants total economic exploitation of Russia 406; and Wiedemann’s mission to London 105
Gorki 437, 438
GPU (Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie; Soviet State Political Administration) 359
GPU-Organization 354
Graf, Willi 552
Grafeneck asylum 261
Grand Army (of Napoleon) 393
Grave 723
The Great King (film) 501 ‘greater economic sphere’ see
Groéraumwirtschaft
Greater Russia, Rosenberg’s policy in 406
Greece: capitulation of 366–7; German plans to occupy 361, 363; Italian invasion 331, 346, 361
Greenland 585
Greiner, Helmuth 545
Greiser, Arthur 239, 250–2, 261, 315, 316, 319, 320, 479, 480, 484–5, 759, 837
Groß-Rosen concentration camp, Lower Silesia 768
Großdeutschland (‘Greater Germany’) 83
Groéraumwirtschaft (‘greater economic sphere’) xliv, 68, 343
Grodno 398
Groscurth, Lieutenant-Colonel Helmuth 119, 262, 268, 270
Grozny 497, 514, 529, 530, 532, 536
Grynszpan, Herschel 136, 150
Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237, 586
Guderian, General Heinz 290, 413, 414, 437, 442, 450, 451, 454–5, 501, 577, 578, 580, 591, 618, 650, 688, 694–5, 723, 725, 737, 753, 756–9, 768, 769, 770, 779, 784, 787–8
Guernica 24–5
Guinness family 13
Gulf of Salerno 600
Gumbinnen 738
Günsche, SS-Sturmbannführer Otto 797, 827, 828, 830, 831, 833
Gürtner, Justice Minister Franz 55, 56, 59, 253–4, 256, 262, 506
Gustav V, King of Sweden 817
Gustloff, Wilhelm 136
Gypsies 234, 244, 318, 382
Haase, Professor Werner 825, 826
Habsburg Empire: dismembering of 65; hostility towards Czechs 92; imperial crown lands 172
Hácha, Dr Emil 170
Hack, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm 26, 27
Hadamar asylum 261
Haeften, Lieutenant Werner von 671–2, 673, 676, 681, 682, 683, 689
Hafeld 197
Hagen, Lieutenant Hans 680
Hahn, Otto 731
Halder, General Franz 101, 123, 179, 207, 214, 215, 217, 220, 225, 236, 243, 262, 266, 267, 269, 270, 281, 296, 302, 303, 306, 308, 335, 344–5, 346, 356–7, 362, 365, 384, 391, 396, 399, 407–12, 414, 417, 418, 419, 433, 435, 438, 450, 451, 452, 456, 497, 514–15, 527, 528, 529, 531–2, 533–4, 690
Halifax, Lord 66, 67, 69, 73, 77, 99, 105, 109, 174, 213, 215–20, 306
Halle-Merseburg 765
Hamburg 597–8, 637, 800, 806
Hamilton, Duke of 370, 371, 373, 379
Hamm 791
Hanau 788
Hanke, Gauleiter Karl 759, 779, 823
Hanover 294, 791
Harlan, Veit 713
Harpe, Colonel-General Josef 758
Harris, Air Marshal Arthur 761
Harz mountains 402
Hase, Major-General Paul von 680
Hasselbach, Dr Hans-Karl von 235, 727
Hassell, Ulrich von 209, 226, 268, 551, 659, 664
Haus Wahnfried, Bayreuth 15, 198
Haushofer, Albrecht 378
Haushofer, Karl 378
Hawaii 444
Hefelmann, Hans 258, 259, 260
Heim, General Ferdinand 543
Heinemann, General Erich 643
Heinkel works, Rostock 509–10
Heinrici, Colonel-General Gotthard 759, 784, 793, 802
Heisenberg, Werner 731
Helldorf, Wolf Heinrich Graf von 52–3, 133, 135, 374, 691
Hendaye meeting (H-Franco) 328–30
Henderson, Sir Nevile 46, 73, 92, 99, 110, 116, 119, 120, 122, 206, 211–14, 216–21, 226, 228
Henlein, Konrad 46, 88, 96, 108, 109, 113, 218
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria 245
Herber, Lieutenant-Colonel Franz 681 ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ 37, 505, 555, 565, 598, 631, 662, 783
Herrlingen 733
Heé, Rudolf 219, 245, 272, 298, 312, 315, 369, 381, 382–3, 786, 837; heads the central Party office 129; and the Spanish Civil War 15; mission to Scotland 369–80, 436; weak and ineffectual Party leadership 421
Heß, Wolf Rüdiger 369
Hessen 137
Heusinger, Colonel Adolf 396, 412, 672, 673
Hewel, Walter 170, 199, 212, 216, 226, 350, 594, 633, 797, 816
Heydrich, Reinhard 129, 134, 149, 252, 262, 318, 472, 476, 478; and the Anschlué 82, 84; appointed Deputy Reich Protector 488; approach to the ‘Jewish Question’ 139, 461–2; assassinated by Czech patriots 518–19, 526; concern with the ‘final solution’ 321–2, 471, 492–4; and the Einsatzgruppen 381, 382, 463; explains the ‘ethnic cleansing’ programme in Poland 243–4; ‘final evacuation’ of German Jews to the General Government 352; and the Fritsch file 54; grandiose resettlement scheme in Poland 279; heads the Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147; Jewish ‘emigration action’ 135; and Jews’ identification marks 473; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321, 324, 349; opens the Wannsee Conference 147–8, 492–3; and police state 278; and policy in Russia 468; and the ‘Polish’ assault at Gleiwitz 221; role with the Security Police 495; and ‘special tasks’ 353, 354; suggests a distinctive badge for Jews 144; and the Wannsee Conference 492–3
Hilger, Gustav 195
Himmler, Heinrich 104, 226, 227, 245, 262, 471, 478, 650, 753, 776, 798, 804, 806, 814; addresses Reichs- and Gauleiter (6 October 1943) 605; ambitions 57; and the Anschlué 76, 79, 82, 84; appointed Minister of the Interior 599, 709; approach to the ‘Jewish Question’ 139, 461–2, 469; authorized to deport Jews to the east 479; ‘Black Order’ 252; clashes with Forster 251; as Commander of the Reserve Army 716; commands Army Group Vistula 758–9, 779, 782, 787, 818; Commissar for Settlement 246, 279; conspirators want to eliminate with H 671; critical of Goebbels 148; delights in genocide of Jews 487; demands for ethnic Germans 319; driving out Jews 127; expelled from the Party 823; on extermination of Jews in the Ostland 486, 520; Forster on 316; and the Fritsch file 54, 55; General Plan for the East commissioned 462; on Germany’s ideological enemies 130; given command of the reserve army 677, 690; and the Heé affair 374; on Kiev 434; offer to surrender 816–19; policy in Russia 406, 468; ‘rejected by the Party’ 786; retreats to a convalescent clinic 782; role with the Security Police 495; secret overtures to the West 716–17; speaks to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5; statistics of Jews ‘executed’ 521; suggests deporting Jews to Africa 320–32; suicide 836; supports Ribbentrop in the Sudeten crisis 129; and Volkssturm 714, 716; and the Warsaw Uprising 725; ‘Some Thoughts on the Treatment of the Alien Population in the East’ 321
Hindenburg (airship) 6
Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorff und von xv, 814, 823
Hitler, Adolf: absolute power xxxvi; addresses the German people after the assassination attempt (1944) 684, 701; aims to destroy Czechoslovakia 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116, 136, 158, 163–4; Anschluß a watershed for H 83, 92, 94; appointed Chancellor (1933) xv, 23, 162; approach to Poland changes markedly 166–7; assassination attempt (1939) 263–4, 271–5, 278; assassination plans and attempt (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84, 687–705, 706, 753; and the atomic bomb 731–2; authorizes deportation of Jews to the east 479, 481, 488, 494; awareness of the slaughter of Jews 520–23; Baldwin on 4; ‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 290–91, 522; becomes a remote figure 501, 564, 565–6, 570, 571, 614; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53–4; Brenner Pass talks 291–2; and the ‘Church struggle’ 39–41; cremation of his body 829–31; criticized for the first time (over Stalingrad) 551–2; crusade against Bolshevism 335, 384, 406, 505; daily routine 32–3, 105–6, 198–9, 396, 777; ‘Decree for the Implementation of the Four-Year Plan’ 23; ‘Destructive Measures on Reich Territory’ decree 785–6; disaffection with 95, 556–7; dismay at Britain’s ultimatum 223, 230; disposes of his possessions 821; draconian economic measures against Jews 143–4; effect of ‘Crystal Night’ on 150; the essence of his political ‘career’ 783; the euthanasia authorization 253; experiences in the First World War 403; favours a Polish rump state 238; fiftieth birthday (20 April 1939) 183–4, 187, 228, 806; fifty-fifth birthday 632; fifty-sixth birthday 794, 797, 799, 800; final meeting with his Gauleiter 779–80; final proclamation to the soldiers of the eastern front (15 April 1945) 749, 792–3; foreign policy compared to that of Göring 67–8; the French armistice 298–9; the Fritsch affair 54–6; Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 198; Haider involved in a conspiracy 123, 179; health 36, 92, 411–12, 456, 473, 513, 541, 553, 556, 565, 577, 587, 611–12, 623, 631, 694, 726–8, 732, 741, 779–80; and the Heé affair 371–2, 373, 375, 376–7, 379, 380, 381, 382–3, 436; and Himmler’s offer to surrender 816–17; horoscope 791; ideological aims of the war against Russia 356; imperialist aims 517; interned in Landsberg (1924) 31; and Katyn 583; last ‘election’ campaign 82–3; last offensive 745; last triumph 693; major speech on foreign policy (20 February 1938) 71, 72, 73; marries Eva Braun 820–21; meeting with Franco at Hendaye 329–30; meeting with Mussolini at Feltre 593; memorandum on the future of the economy 19–23, 25, 144; mode of addressing (‘Mein Führer’) 30; the Munich Agreement 122–3; mutual distrust of Stalin 331; ‘offer’ to Britain regarding Poland 213, 216, 217, 265–6, 267; Operation Sealion 302–3, 310; opposition to 262–3, 268–9, 552, 556; the order to attack Poland (on 1 September 1939) 220–1; ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300, 301, 306, 379; personal security 660; his personal staff 30–2; Political and Private Testaments 821–3, 825, 832; popularity 275, 278, 311, 367, 375, 421, 655; popularity wanes 541, 700, 702–3; ‘prophecy’(i939) 459, 473–4, 478, 479, 482, 487, 488, 491, 494, 495, 516, 522, 536, 540, 589, 637; the quintessential hate-figure of the twentieth century xvii; reaction to Mussolini’s replacement 594–5; reactions to H’s survival 699–702; rescinds Polish invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; restores Germany’s position as a major power 28–9; role in the road to the ‘Final Solution’ 495; sees himself as ‘irreplaceable’ 276; ‘sixteen-point proposal’ 219–20, 221; and the Spanish Civil War 4, 13, 14; Special Train 291, 292, 294, 307, 328, 329; style of rule 569; suicide (30 April 1945) 828, 829, 832; support for xxxix–xl; takes over the Wehrmacht 56–8; takes on the supreme command of the army 452–3; talks with Mussolini (January 1941) 346–7; talks with Mussolini (April 1943) 581; talks with Mussolini (22 April 1944) 633; talks with Mussolini (May 1938) 133; treatment of Eva Braun 34; triumph in Vienna 79–81; ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; views devastation in Warsaw 236; war directive (18 December 1940) 335; war as the essence of human activity 403; ‘world-view’ xli, 21, 150, 233, 588; at the zenith of his power (1940–41) 286; antisemitism 285, 360; aims to destroy the Jews xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 582–3, 588; attacks Jewish lack of ability and creativity 489; keen to hide his involvement in the genocide 487; and the Olympic Games 5; ‘removal’ of the Jews xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 279, 336, 349, 383; personality: charm 29, 72; courage xxxix; egomania 613; exploitation of others 30–1, 34; hubris xvi, xviii; hypochondria 411, 612, 727–8, 777; megalomania 34, 36, 187–8, 368, 400; preoccupation with his own mortality 36–7, 84, 92, 228; profound contempt for human existence 500–501; rages 5–6, 7, 39, 43, 116, 178, 202, 229, 270, 530, 531, 532, 539, 564, 573, 590, 612, 627, 675, 732, 757–8, 759, 769, 818; restlessness xlvi, 27; secretiveness 30, 487, 522, 523; self-confidence xlvi, 15, 356, 456, 504, 530, 533, 578, 624; self-glorification xv; sense of political mission xv, 63, 70, 92, 253, 314, 323; a skilled dissembler 29–30; Valhalla mentality 577; vegetarianism 509; public speaker: antisemitism 5, 39; criticism of the ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ speech (1943) 555; Finnish recording (1942) 525; performing skills xli, 117, 189, 432; speech to the last ever session of the Reichstag 510–12; speeches loses their impact 540; use of his hands 303; on working with other nations 27; works: Mein Kampf 19, 21, 39, 45, 63, 65–6, 151, 206, 237, 255, 375, 752, 821; Second Book 19, 21, 237
Hitler, Alois (Aloys) (H’s father) 37, 80
Hitler, Klara (née Pölzl; H’s mother) 36, 37, 80
Hitler Youth 7, 51, 55, 56, 81–2, 142, 162, 704, 765, 790, 798, 808
Hoche, Dr Alfred 254
Hodges, General Courtney H. 760
Hoepner, Colonel-General Erich 359–60, 442, 455, 507, 510, 676–7, 681, 690, 692
Hofacker, Lieutenant-Colonel Cäsar von 733
Hoffmann, Heinrich 34, 36, 206, 210, 590
Hohenlychen clinic 782
Hohenlychen Red Cross hospital 633
Holland see Netherlands
Holocaust, the path to the 389
Holste, Lieutenant-General Rudolf 813, 814, 826
Holy Roman Empire 267
homosexuality 234
Höppner, SS-Sturmbannführer Rolf-Heinz 471, 475
‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561
Horthy de Nagybánya, Nicklas 735–6
Horthy de Nagybánya, Admiral Nikolaus, regent of Hungary 366, 559, 581, 582, 584, 624, 626–8, 734, 735–6
Heß, Rudolf 837
Hoßbach, General Friedrich 32, 47, 49, 53, 54–5, 119, 758
Hoßbach meeting (1937) 49, 50, 64, 66, 87, 88, 191, 228, 343
Hotel Dreesen, Bad Godesberg 113, 114–15
Hotel Imperial, Vienna 81
Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, Munich 138–9
Hotel Weinzinger, Linz 79–80
Hoth, Colonel-General Hermann 465–6, 543–4, 545
House of Commons, London 265–6
Hradcany Castle, Prague 518
Hradschin Castle, Prague 171–2
Hube, General Hans Valentin 629, 632, 633
Huber, Kurt 552
Hugenberg, Alfred 814
Humber estuary 598
Hungarian army 538, 549–50
Hungary 194, 624, 631, 719, 739, 756, 782, 803; Arrow Cross 734, 735, 736; changes sides 734; criminality and the black market 582; German occupation 625, 626–8; German troops leave 791; Jews 624, 628, 736; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; Nicklas Horthy kidnapped 735; oil-fields 757, 772, 788; revisionism 95, 157; and Ruthenia 157–8, 165, 166, 167; unstable alliance with Germany 734
I G Farben 11, 18, 20, 22, 132
Ibiza 43
incurably sick 235, 252–7
India 391, 456; H inspired by the Raj 401, 402, 405, 449; independence 48; industrialization 403; and Japan 326
inflation 161
Innitzer, Cardinal Theodor 81, 82
Innsbruck 141, 834
International Olympic Committee 5, 7
Iran 189, 530
Iraq 189, 381, 530
Iraqi army 381
Ireland, Republic of 189
Ironside, General William Edmund 203
Italian army: driven out of Libya 546; in German captivity 600; H’s opinion of 549, 588; troops disarmed 600; Wehrmacht’s reliance on 538
Italy: Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 65; alliance with Germany 24–6, 68; Allied landing 587, 600; annexation of Albania 193; armistice with France 299; and Austria 4, 65, 66, 68, 69; and Bolshevism 25; British 8th Army enters Naples 600; and Czechoslovakia 95, 99, 109, 193; Fascist Grand Council 593, 594, 615; German military outposts 759; H loses trust of 543; H renounces any claim to the South Tyrol 98–9; H’s state visit (1938) 98–9; invasion of Greece 331, 346, 361; ‘Pact of Steel’ with Germany 193; rearmament 25–6; signs armistice with the Allies (3 September 1943) 599, 626; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326
Jaenecke, General Erwin 631
Japan: the Anti-Comintern Pact 27; attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448; attempts to broker a peace settlement between Germany and Russia 728–9, 730; and China 26–7; economic sanctions 443; H anticipates a victory over China 44; H places his hopes in 457; H seeks commitment to Japanese attack Singapore 363, 364; H’s approval of a German-Japanese alliance 448; H’s attitude towards 504–5; H’s view of Japan’s entry into the war 456, 516; imperial expansion 326; relations with the USA 442–3; and Russia 13; seeks an anti-Soviet alliance 193; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; Tojo replaces Konoye 443; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326
Japanese air force 443–4
Japanese General Staff 443
Japanese navy 443–4, 517
Jeckeln, Friedrich 486
Jeschonnek, Luftwaffe Chief of Staff Hans 543, 544, 545, 572
Jessen, Jens 664
‘Jewish Question’ 39, 41, 42, 136, 138, 144, 147, 235, 319, 323, 325, 350, 352, 462, 478, 570, 624, 625; and the decision to deport Jews to the east 479; first used by H in diplomatic discussions 583; Goebbels and 279, 472–3, 474, 490; Göring on 131; H ‘pitiless’ (unerbittlich) concerning 494, 510; Höppner’s memorandum 475–6; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; in Poland 317, 324; police force and xliv; radicalization of thinking 318; SS involvement 86, 139
Jews: allegations against xliii, 150, 582; anti-Jewish ‘Blood Law’ 256; and the arts xlii; and Bolshevism 17, 19, 39, 42, 127, 153, 325, 339, 343, 350, 353, 354, 359, 382, 388–9, 399, 431, 461, 463, 465, 466, 620, 740, 749, 752, 781, 792; Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; citizens’ behaviour in the pogrom 142–3; decision to deport Jews to the east 479–80; deportation from western Europe begins (July 1942) 493; deported to Vichy France 323–4; draconian economic measures 143–4, 148; and Edward VIII 24; enforced takeover of Jewish firms 42–3; extermination camps 147, 484; ghettos 144, 244, 249, 319–20, 464, 479, 485, 520, 583, 588, 736, 837; H aims to destroy xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 482–3, 588; H attacks lack of ability and creativity 489; H’s ‘prophecy’ of 30 January 459, 473–4, 478, 479; identification mark 144, 472, 473, 474–5; Jewry and Christianity 488; ‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 324, 349, 350, 351, 383, 470, 521; massacres by the Einsatzgruppen 463–4, 467–9; massacres by Wehrmacht soldiers 246–7; Mischlinge 148; mounting discrimination against xxxix, xl; November pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249; the Number One racial and social enemy 234; refugees 145–6; Reichkristallnacht (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472; ‘removal’ of xliii, xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 127, 134–5, 136, 151–2, 279, 317–19, 336, 349–54, 383, 462–3, 470–74, 476–82, 493; shooting of vom Rath 136, 137; ‘territorial solution’ 462–3, 472; treatment in Austria 84–6; Ukrainian 668; see also antisemitism; ‘Final Solution’; Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism and under individual countries
Jodl, General Alfred 51, 64, 69, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 159, 289, 291, 302, 307, 325, 335, 353, 354, 366–7, 396, 410, 411, 414, 417, 450, 513, 532, 533, 537, 580, 591, 593, 597, 616, 639, 642, 649, 718, 719, 732, 737, 740, 741, 771, 774, 779, 803, 805, 811, 814, 816, 820, 834–5, 837
Johannmeier, Major Willi 825
Johnson, Cornelius 7
Jud Süß (antisemitic film) 423
Junge, Traudl 801, 804, 821, 823, 824, 827, 828, 833
Juno Beach 640
Jüterbog 104
Jutland 288
Kaether, Colonel Ernest 808
Kalac 530
Kalisz 758
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 628, 689, 698, 758, 770, 776, 798, 800, 837
Kaminski Brigade 725
Kannenberg, Arthur 31
Karinhall (Göring’s country house) 571
Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Congress of the Sudeten German Party (April 1938) 96, 108, 109
Karlshorst 836
Karnau, Hermann 830
Kassel 137
Kattowitz 318, 767
Katyn Forest, Poland 583
Kaufmann, Gauleiter Karl 598
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von: Entry of the Sun Goddess 32
Kaunas (Kowno), Lithuania 463
Kazakhstan 477
KDP see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
Keitel, Field-Marshall Wilhelm 52–3, 57, 70, 72, 75, 76, 78, 81, 94, 97, 99, 101, 159, 170, 214, 215, 219, 231, 245, 246, 269, 294, 298, 299, 312, 345, 350, 356, 357, 396, 405, 414, 465, 525, 532, 533, 566, 578, 618, 619, 642, 644, 650, 671, 672, 674, 676, 677, 678, 687, 688, 723, 733, 774, 779, 787, 788, 798, 799, 803, 805, 814, 816, 820, 825, 834–5, 836, 837; in the Committee of Three 568, 569, 570
Kempka, Erich 32, 660, 827, 829–30
Keppler, Wilhelm 45–6, 66, 72, 77, 78, 81
Kerch peninsula 455, 514, 515, 518
Kerrl, Hanns 11, 40, 256
Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albert 452, 533, 580, 581, 593, 597, 599, 617, 760, 788, 792, 834
Ketzin 809
Kharkhov 409, 410, 416, 515, 518, 524, 578, 581
Kiel 504
Kielce, Poland 769
Kießel, SS-Obersturmbannführer Georg 690, 691
Kiev 400, 410, 413, 414–15, 434, 468; ‘Battle of Kiev’ 403, 417, 419; recaptured 603
Killy, Leo 568
Kirkpatrick, Ivone 116, 371, 377, 378
Kleist, Lieutenant Ewald Heinrich von 670
Kleist, General Ewald von 439, 441, 630, 670
Klemperer, Victor 8–9, 474, 766
Kiessheim Castle, near Salzburg 513, 514, 581, 582, 626, 633, 640, 670
Kluge, Field-Marshal Günther von 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 531, 559, 579, 592, 596, 597, 600, 649, 661, 667, 670, 678, 696, 717, 719, 720–22
Knappertsbusch, Hans 512, 513, 632
Koblenz 760
Koch, Gauleiter Erich 261, 406, 715, 779, 837–8
Koch, Robert 470
Koeppen, Werner 433, 478
Kolberg 782, 788
Kolberg (film) 713, 782
Koller, General Karl 635, 739, 799, 801, 804, 807, 812
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) xxxvi, xxxvii, 211, 272
Konev, Marshal Ivan 756, 793, 802, 809
Königgrätz 433
Königsberg, East Prussia 82, 210, 684, 738, 759, 762, 788, 791
Königsbronn, Württemberg 271, 272
Königswusterhausen 802
Konoye, Prince 443
Konstanz 273, 274
Koppe, Wilhelm 252, 261, 316, 319, 484, 838
Kordt, Erich 262, 269
Kordt, Theo 262
Korherr, Dr Richard 521, 583
Körner, Theodor 561
Korps Holste 826
Korten, General Günther 650, 674
Kowno, Lithuania 176, 398, 464, 485
Krampnitz 805
Krauch, Karl 11
Krause, Karl 31, 32
Krebs, General Hans 788, 798, 802, 803, 806, 811–14, 816, 823, 825, 827, 830–33
Kreipe, General Werner 739
Kreisau Circle 665, 666, 668, 690
Kreyssig, Lothar 253–4
Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm 568
Kroll Opera House 168, 303
Kronstadt 408
Krüger, Else 833
Krüger, Wilhelm 316
Krupp 132, 231, 242
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav 26
Kuban 529, 600
Kube, Wilhelm 406–7, 486
Kubis, Jan 519
Kubizek, August 30, 198, 306
Küchler, Colonel-General Georg von 359–60
Kunz, Helmut Gustav 833
Kurhessen 138
Kursk 526, 579, 592, 596
Küstrin 759, 788, 793
Kvaternik, Marshal Sladko 470, 471
labour see under employment
Lagarde, Paul de 320
Lake Balaton 758, 788
Lake Ladoga 531
Lambach 197
Lammers, Hans Heinrich 32, 186, 187, 219, 236, 245, 256, 259, 312, 313, 314, 405, 427, 428, 567, 568, 570, 574, 708, 709, 711, 715, 807; in the Committee of Three 568, 570, 574; loses access to H 716; and the Prussian Finance Ministry 575
Landkreise (local government districts) 574
Landsberg am Lech fortress, H interned in 31, 377
Lange, Herbert 484
Lange, SS-Sturmbannführer Dr Otto 485, 492
Langenheim, Adolf 14, 15
Lansbury, George 29
Lanz, General Hubert 660
Las Palmas 14
Latin America 146
Lattre de Tassigny, Jean de 836
Latvia 194, 393, 757; Latvian Jews 485
Laval, Pierre 328–31, 541, 542, 582
Leader cult see Führer cult
League of Nations 201; German withdrawal (1933) 87
Lebensboden (basis of life) 448
Lebensraum see ‘living-space’
Leeb, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von 266, 270, 345, 393–4, 408, 455, 659
Left: internally in disarray xv; repression of xxxviii, xxxix, xl
Léger, Alexis 121
Legion Condor 17, 70
Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler 32, 33, 78, 787
Leipa, Czechoslovakia 171
Leipzig 761
Leipziger Gewandhaus 512
Leitgen, Alfred 372
Lemberg 380
Lenbach, Franz von 183
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich xvii
Leningrad 345, 346, 393–4, 400, 408, 410, 413, 416, 419, 439, 477, 480–81, 499, 531, 534
Leonding, near Linz 80
Leopold, Captain Josef 72–3
Leopold III, King of Belgium 295
Leuna 761
Leuthen, Battle of (1757) 811
Ley, Robert 313, 350, 374, 563, 569, 571, 573, 699, 774, 836
Libya 347, 523, 539, 546
Lidice 519
Liebmann, General Curt 59, 209
Liège 290
Lindemann, General Georg 650
Lindloff, Ewald 830–31
Linge, Heinz 674, 727, 777, 797, 798, 816, 828, 829, 830, 833
Linz 78–81, 161, 197, 198, 302, 365, 512, 709, 821, 834; model of 777–8
Lipski, Ambassador Jozef 177, 221
List, Field-Marshal Wilhelm 366, 529–33
Liszt, Franz 398
Lithuania 43, 175, 176, 238, 351, 393, 463–4, 714
Litvinov, Maxim 195
living standards xl, 9, 48, 272, 274
‘living-space’ (Lebensraum) xliv, 21, 37, 47–8, 49, 88, 98, 100, 101, 172, 185, 188, 191, 233, 238, 275, 305, 336, 337, 343, 378, 403, 406, 514, 582; see also eastern expansion; expansionism
Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 29, 383
Lob, Lieutenant-Colonel Fritz 11
Locarno Treaty (1925) xxxvi, 4, 188
Lodz 319; German Jews deported to 482, 484; ghetto 249, 319–20, 479; renamed Litzmannstadt 482; Soviet troops take 758
Lohse, Hinrich 406, 486, 492, 838
London 58, 607, 622; the Blitz 309; East End 309; flying-bombs 641, 642; H order a major air-attack 638; Polish Government-in-Exile 725
Londonderry, Lord 12, 13
Lorenz, Heinz 678–9, 797, 816, 825
Lorraine 315
Los Angeles: Olympic Games (1932) 6
Loßberg, Lieutenant-Colonel Bernhard von 307, 408
Lower Bavaria 763
Lower Rhine 760
Lübeck 509, 818
Lublin 319, 321, 484, 493, 494, 520, 589, 725
Lubljanka prison 551
Ludwigshafen 760, 761
Luftwaffe 277, 278, 289, 293, 396, 452, 509, 747, 799, 801, 802; airlift to 6th Army 544, 545, 548, 549; armaments programme 284; attacks London’s East End 309; Baku oilfields 537; in ‘Barbarossa’ 409; the Blitz 309; bomb-proof bunkers 633–4; bomber shortage 535; and the bombing of Cologne 524; and ‘Citadel’ 592; creation of xxxviii, 38; death blow to 745–6; Dunkirk 295, 296; failure of 535, 570, 572, 587, 620, 629, 696, 717, 738, 825–6; fighter production 732; forces against Timoshenko 433; fuel shortages 717, 732, 739; and Göring 57, 413; Göring assures H of imminent improvements 535; H’s preoccupation with deficiencies of 543, 729; H’s threat 786; and I G Farben 18; ‘Kirschkern’ Programme 622; Me262 production 621, 635, 739; and Memel 176; and the Normandy landings 641; Operation Barbarossa 384, 409; preferential treatment 46; and a proposed invasion of Britain 301; reform 645; Udet scapegoated for failures 420
Lüneburg 836
Lutze, SA-Chief Viktor 584
Luxembourg 295, 315
Luzk, eastern Poland 463
McAuliffe, Brigadier-General Anthony 744
McLean, Donald 370
‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 321–4, 324, 349–52, 383, 470, 521
Madeira xl
Magdeburg 761
Magdeburg-Anhalt 138
Maginot Line 265, 297
Magnuszev bridgehead 756
Maidanek 520
Main river 788
Mainz 761
Maisel, General Ernst 733
Malta 367, 514, 524
Manchester Guardian 124, 829
Mannerheim, Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf von 524,724
Mannesmann 132
Mansfeld, Erich 830
Manstein, Lieutenant-General Erich von 103, 290, 291, 452, 466, 514, 523, 524, 526, 531, 544–5, 549, 578–81, 592, 597, 599, 600, 603, 607, 616–19, 629, 630, 666
Manteuffel, General Hasso von 741, 744
Manziarly, Constanze 801, 804, 827
Mao Zedong xvii
Marburg 139
March, Werner 5
Mareks, General Erich 408
‘Marcks Plan’ 408
Margarethe I 626
Margarethe II 626
Margival (Führer Headquarters) 642
Markt Schellenberg 766
Marne river 722
Marseilles 722
Marx Brothers 371
Marxism 130; H’s use of the term xli–xlii
Marzahn 801
Maschmann, Melita 9, 142
Mastny, Dr Voytech 170
Masurian woods 395
Matsuoka, Yosuke 363–4, 444
Mauthausen concentration camp 604, 735, 768
Mayen 764
Mayer, Dr Joseph 259
Maykop 438, 497, 514, 529, 530, 536
Mediterranean 49, 50, 533, 539, 591; defence of 586; German supply difficulties 543; ‘an Italian sea’ 25; successful Allied landing 592–3
Meichner, Colonel Joachim 669
Meiser, Bishop Hans 28
Meissner, Otto 170, 218, 800
Memel district, Czechoslovakia 163, 166, 175–6
mentally ill patients 252–7, 259, 261, 317, 424, 427–8, 430, 484
mentally retarded children 257
Meran, South Tyrol 633
Mers-el-Kébir 301
Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel Albrecht Ritter 676, 681, 682, 683, 689
Mesopotamia 537
Messerschmitt, Professor Willi 621, 635
Metz 642, 721
Meuse river 295, 744
Meyer, Gauleiter Alfred 483
Michael, King of Romania 723
Middle East 523, 537, 591
Mierendorff, Carlo 666
Miklas, President Wilhelm 77, 78, 80–1
Milan 26
Milch, Field-Marshal Erhard 75, 548, 621, 634, 635
Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich (Ministerrat für die Reichsverteidigung) 219, 312, 541, 568, 570, 573, 709
Minsk 394, 398, 399, 466, 483, 486, 647, 661
Mischlinge (part-Jews) 148, 474, 486, 492
Mitford, Diana (later Mosley) 13
Mitford, Unity Valkyrie 13
Model, Colonel-General Walter 579–80, 592, 630, 650, 721, 754, 784, 786, 792
Mogilev 483, 647
Mohnke, SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm 813, 814, 826, 827
Möllendorf, Rittmeister Leonhard von 673
Molotov, Vyacheslav 192, 195, 196, 204–5, 210, 331, 332–4, 336, 342, 360–1, 734
Moltke, Helmuth James Graf von 665, 666
monasteries, closing of the 427, 428, 430
Mönichkirchen 366, 368
Montgomery, General Bernard 535, 538, 546, 600, 721
Montoire (H/Pétain/Laval discussions, 1940) 330–1
Moravia 46, 164, 165, 172, 318, 479
Moravská-Ostrava 165
Morell, Dr Theodor 36, 171, 411, 612, 674, 694, 726, 727, 728, 798, 801, 803
Morgenthau Plan (1944) 784
Morocco 14, 348
Moscow 397, 400, 416, 435, 477, 534, 536, 769; air-raids 409; the drive to 417, 442, 499; German Embassy 195, 205; and Guderian’s panzer army 437; ‘Marcks Plan’ 408; non-aggression pact signed 210–11, 228; ‘of no great importance’ 335, 345, 346; Operation Typhoon 415, 431; plans to take 408–11, 412, 414, 438, 439, 440
Mosley, Sir Oswald 13, 302
Mühldorf am Inn 78
Müller, General Friedrich-Wilhelm 758
Müller, SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich 464, 492, 758
Munich: Americans reach 834; Artists’ Club 140; bombing of 535, 761; Bürgerbräukeller 137, 271–4, 656; Chamberlain in no; Circus Krone 526; Deutsches Künstlerhaus (‘German Artists’ House’) 37, 38, 132; Feldherrnhalle 140, 840; Hofbräuhaus 614, 623–4, 779, 781; H’s flat in 34, 535; Jewish community 132, 485; Löwenbräukeller 436, 539, 565, 606, 739; Old Town Hall 137, 138, 149; Putsch commemoration 420; ‘Rally of German Art 1939’ 197–8; rebuilding 567, 709; Reich Food Estate’s Agricultural Exhibition (1937) 37; Stoétrupp Hitler wreaks havoc in 138, 149; synagogues demolished 132, 138, 139, 140, 149; Technische Hochschule 258
Munich Agreement (1938) 91, 105, 121–5, 157, 158, 159, 164, 172, 175, 208, 272, 291, 655; the basis of 113; cynical demolition of 173; Göring pushes for peace 89; H’s regrets 163, 230; legacy of 125
Munich University: White Rose opposition-group 552
Münster 427, 429, 791
Müritzsee, Mecklenburg 36
Mussert, Anton 518
Mussolini, Benito xvii, 48, 207, 276, 314, 597, 671; and anti-Bolshevism 285; and antisemitism 285; and Austria 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80; Baldwin on 4; and ‘Barbarossa’ 287; Brenner Pass talks 291–2, 327–8, 382–3; captured and executed 826; coins ‘Axis’ term 26; and Czechoslovakia 98, 99, 119, 120–1, 193; desperate to stop the war spreading 222; discusses the French armistice request 297–8; ‘discussions’ with H at Klessheim Castle 513–14; fall of (25 July 1943) 559, 594, 598, 599, 609; freed by SS 602, 689, 734; H loses confidence in 588; H on 25, 601; health 541, 586, 594; and the Heé affair 372, 375, 382–3; and H’s cancelled invasion of Poland (August 1939) 214–16; loss of prestige 347; meeting with H at Feltre 593; and the Munich Agreement 121; prepared to intercede with Britain 219, 222; on Ribbentrop 98; sets up ‘Repubblica di Salò’ in northern Italy 602; and the Spanish Civil War 14; Special Train 291; state visit to Germany (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; talks with H (May 1938) 133; talks with H (January 1941) 346–7; talks with H (April 1943) 581; talks with H (22 April 1944) 633; told of the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; visits FHQ after the assassination attempt 683, 684
Mutschmann, Martin 779
Naples 600
Napoleon Bonaparte xvi, xvii, 188, 384, 385, 393, 400, 412, 453, 455, 470, 499, 561, 644, 713
Narev river 238, 756, 757, 769
Narvik, Norway 286, 288, 289
National Committee of Free Germany 772, 793
‘national community’ xlv, 424
National Labour Day (1 May) 5
‘national rebirth’ xlii, xliv
‘national redemption’ xliv
‘national salvation’ xlii, xliv, xlvi
National Socialist Doctors’ League 254
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) aesthetics of power 5; aims to force Jews out 146; antisemitism xliii; attacks on the Church xxxvi, 29, 40; Bormann restructures 790; business closures 575; and Christianity 424; the crucifix issue 425–6; ‘elections’ of 29
March 1936 xxxv; and the First World War 233; Foreign Organization see Auslandsorganisation; functionaries leave for safer havens (1945) 763; the ‘good old times’ 611; grandiose Party buildings 185; H praises 537; and the Heé affair 374; ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561; H’s ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; ideological drive 314, 343, 395; Leadership crisis (July 1921) 648; membership xlii; the Nazi calendar 37; nazified Memel population 175; Party Chancellery 372, 421, 424, 568, 709; Party Rally of 1929 255; Party Rally of 1934 6; Party Rally of 1936 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22–3; Party Rally of 1937 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45; Party Rally of 1938 108, 109–10; Party Rally of 1939 (cancelled) 197, 214; penal law 256; programme 37, 42, 65; Propaganda Department 474; Putch commemoration 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420; Reichsleitung 258; reserves of hard-core Nazi support for H 556; triumphalism 136; ‘world-view’ 40
National Socialist Leadership Officers 616
National Socialist Racial and Political Office (NS-Rasse-und Politisches Amt) 257
nationalism: H galvanizes the nationalist masses xli; Ukrainian 158, 165, 166
Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV) 424
Naumann, Werner 729, 823
Naval Agreement 189
Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
Nebe, SS-Gruppenführer Arthur 318, 466
Neckar River 139
Neisse river 793
Nemmersdorf 738
Nero, Emperor 594
Netherlands 405, 434, 745, 834; bombing of Rotterdam 295; German invasion plans 659; Jews flee to 145–6; neutrality 277; the Queen and government flee to exile 294
Neumann, Ernst 166
Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von 4, 25, 26, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 76, 90, 120, 121, 481, 586, 599, 837
Neustadt 261
‘New Order’ 404, 407, 603
Nice 328
Nicolson, Harold 211
Niemöller, Pastor Martin 41
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 597
‘Night of the Long Knives’ (30 1934) xxxvii
Nijmegen 723, 760
Nikopol 603, 617
Nile river 524
Nisko district, south of Lublin 318
Non-Aggression Pact 189, 191
Normandy 639–41, 696, 699, 707
North Africa 328, 346, 347, 348, 439, 448, 513, 514, 535, 538–42, 546, 553, 554, 580–81, 609, 668
North Schleswig 288
North Sea 369, 375
Norway xl, 194, 286, 287–9, 293, 332, 405, 759
November 9th 1918 127, 151, 298–9, 697
November Pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249
November Revolution 150
NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party
NSV see Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
Nuremberg: air-raids on 573, 761, 764; compared with Fürth 582; demolition of the main synagogue 132; Party Rallies see under National Socialist German Workers’ Party; prison 58, 377, 836
Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 574, 836, 837
Nuremberg Laws 148
Nußdorf (Bouhler’s country house) 571
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) see German Army: High Command
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) see Wehrmacht: High Command
Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden 107, 110, 168, 199, 207, 301, 306, 373, 556, 570, 587, 636, 637, 639, 644, 651, 799, 800, 810
Occupied Eastern Territories 478, 483
Oder front 782, 793
Oder river 160, 756, 759, 793
Odessa 630
Oertzen, Major Hans Ulrich von 690
Ohlau 759
Okamoto, General 443
OKH (Oberkommando der Heeres) see German Army: High Command
OKW (Oberkommando des Wehrmacht) see Wehrmacht: High Command
Olbricht, Major-General Friedrich 86, 659, 660, 667, 668, 671, 676, 681, 682, 682–3, 689
Oldenburg 508
Olympic Games (Berlin, 1936) 5–9, 379
Olympic Games (Los Angeles, 1932) 6
Omaha Beach 640, 641
Operation Anton 542
Operation Autumn Mist 741, 743–7
Operation Axis 599, 600
Operation Bagratian 646
Operation Barbarossa 335, 339, 343, 344, 348, 353, 360, 361, 363, 367–8, 371, 377, 380, 382, 462, 463, 466, 468, 469, 525, 566, 646; aim of 384; Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357; and Bolshevism 387, 388, 389; ‘Commissar Order’ 357–9; Directive No.21 (‘Barbarossa Directive’) 335, 408; Directive No.34 410; escalating problems 419; German military leaders’ confidence 369; H provides the driving force 368–9; H’s intervention in military matters 407, 417, 419, 499; H’s letter to Mussolini 387–8; H’s proclamation 386, 387; initial reactions of the German people 422; initial territorial gains 398, 400; the invasion begins (22 June 1941) 393; and the invasion of Yugoslavia 365; the long front 579; operational plan fails 407, 417; partisan war 395, 405; postponed 362–3; Soviet captives 394–5; Soviet counter-attack begins (5 December 1941) 442; ‘special announcements’ 398; spiralling barbarization 395; ‘Study’ 413; ‘Supplement to Directive No.33’ 409, 410; Supplement to Directive No.34 411; toll on the German army and Luftwaffe 309; transport statistics 393; winter provisions for the troops 435, 439
Operation Blue 514–15, 523, 524, 526–8; Directive No.41 (5 April 1942) 528, 529
Operation Braunschweig 528; Directive No.45 (23 July 1942) 528–9
Operation Citadel 591, 592, 647; plans for 579–80; postponed 580, 587
Operation Cobra 718
Operation Dragoon 722
Operation Felix 348
Operation Gomorrha 597
Operation Magic Fire (Unternehmen Feuerzauber) 16
Operation Marita 361, 364–5
Operation Market Garden 723
Operation Mercury 367
Operation North Wind 744, 745
Operation Overlord 641
Operation Panzerfaust (‘Bazooka’) 735
Operation Sealion 302–3, 310
Operation Thunderclap 545
Operation Typhoon 415, 431, 433, 436
Operation Valkyrie 668–9, 671, 675, 676, 690
Operation Watch on the Rhine 741
Opfer der Vergangenheit (Victims of the Past) (film) 257
Oppeln, Upper Silesia 759, 788
Oppenheim 760
Oran, French Algeria 327, 539
Oranienburg 793
Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 468
Orel 592, 596, 597
Organisation Todt (OT) 623, 634, 675, 678, 679, 742, 808
Orgaz y Yoldi, General 14
Orsha 647
Oscarsborg, straits of 288
Oshima, Ambassador Hiroshi 27, 383, 398, 443, 445, 449, 470, 729, 730, 732, 743
Oslo 288
Oster, Colonel Hans 157, 225, 262, 268, 270, 659, 667, 690
Osteria Bavaria restaurant, Munich 143, 512
Ostland (Eastern Region) 406, 486, 491, 520
‘Ostmark’, Goebbels in 506
Ostrogoth Gau (Ostgotengau) 440
Ostrov, Poland 394, 690
Ott, General Eugen 443
Oven, Wilfried von 678
Owens, Jesse 6, 7
Pacific Ocean 728
Paderborn 172
Palestine 189, 530; Britain refuses entry for Jewish refugees 146; as a Jewish state 134, 321, 350
Pan-German League/pan-Germanism 65, 67
Panzer Corps ‘Grodeutschland’ 768–9
Panzer Group 4 359
Panzer Group West 641
Papen, Franz von 68, 226, 428, 732–3; Ambassador to Austria 66; and the Anschlué 76, 82, 83; Austrian Nazi plans to murder 69; on H 71–2; meets Schuschnigg 70; plans to topple Schuschnigg 45, 67, 69
‘paper war’ 566
Paris: H visits 299–300; H’s orders 722; liberated 722; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; Stülpnagel backs the insurrectionists (1944) 678
Party of National Concentration (Nationale Sammlungspartei) 819
Pas de Calais 641
Pasewalk military hospital 754
Patton, General George S. 720, 744, 788
Paul, Prince, of Yugoslavia 360
Paulus, Field-Marshal Friedrich 497, 530, 533, 537, 543, 544, 545, 548–51
Pavelic, Ante 581
pax americana xviii
Payne Best, Captain S. 271
Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448, 486–7, 490
Peenemünde 622
Peloponnese 361
Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg 636
People’s Court (Volksgerichtshof) 507, 508, 552, 688–9, 721, 733; show trials 691–2
Perkowski, Tadeusz 202
Persian Gulf 276, 514
Petacci, Clara 826
Pétain, Marshal 297, 299, 328–32, 525, 542
Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 360
Petersberg Hotel, Bad Godesberg 113, 114
Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island), Havel 7
Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 436
Philip of Hesse, Prince 76, 78, 600
Phipps, Sir Eric 25, 46
‘Phoney War’ (autumn and winter 1939–40) 274–5
physically handicapped 258–9
Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 24–5
Pillau 762
Pilsudski, Marshal 237
Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 371, 372
Pirow, Oswald 151
Pissia river 238
Platterhof hotel, Obersalzberg 636
Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration 709
Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort (Reichsbevollmächtigter für den totalen Kriegseinsatz) 708–12, 713
Ploesti oilfields 332, 343, 635
Plön 820, 832
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin 693
Poland: British Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237; the collapsing front in 762; Danzig Question 158, 177; death camps closed 766–7; deportation of Jews into the foreign-speaking Gau 244; Eastern Wall 244; the Einsatzgruppen 241, 243, 244, 246; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 240–1, 248, 355; as an experimental training-ground 234–5, 355; extermination of Europe’s Jews 430; fatalities 236; and the ‘final solution of the Jewish Question’ 483; first shots fired in (1 September 1939) 221–2; General Government 239, 244, 245–6, 250, 252, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 351, 352, 375, 462, 471, 475, 480, 488, 491, 492, 493, 494, 520, 589; the German minority 241–2; German position strengthened 165; German propaganda 200, 201; Government-in-Exile (London) 725; H and Haider want to smash Poland at breakneck speed 180; H hopes to win allies in 43; H on 191–2; H rescinds invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; H sanctions mass murder 248; H views devastation in Warsaw 236; Haider’s speech (1939) 179–80; H’s approach changes markedly 166–7; intelligentsia 245; Jewish population 234; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134, 317; ‘the key to the situation’ 174; military alliance with Britain 215; mobilization (March 1939) 177, 190, 229; and Moravská-Ostrava 165, 190; murder of Polish officers at Katyn (1940) 583; and the national-conservative resistance 263; a new division of 782; ‘New Order’ 243, 251, 252; Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 189, 190, 191; not expected to fight (1939) 205; the Polish front 276; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German-Russian agreement partitioning Poland 196; revisionism 46, 95; and Ruthenia 165; scope for the Nazi Party 315; Security Police 251, 252; seeks a strong central European cordon of states 157; ‘September Murders’ (1939) 242; Soviet Union invades from the east 236; Stauffenberg’s attitude 668; Ukrainian minority 165–6; Volkstumskampf (‘ethnic struggle’) 243
Polavy bridgehead 756
police force: ideologically driven xliii; and the Jewish Question xliv
Polish air-force 236
Polish army 179, 236, 240
‘Polish Committee for National Liberation’ 725
Polish Corridor 158, 165, 166, 177, 178, 181, 190, 200, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 238, 664
Polish crisis (summer 1939) 123, 129
Polish Question 165, 279, 321
Polish underground army 724–5
Poltava 444, 524, 527, 660
Pomerania (Hinterpommern) 235, 758, 759, 762, 779, 787
Poméen, near Leipzig 258, 259
Ponza 594
Popitz, Johannes 659, 664, 690
Posen 758, 759; Himmler speaks of vengeance against plotters 691; Himmler’s antisemitic speech to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5
Potsdam 815, 820, 826
Prague 85, 107, 112, 164, 166, 168–73, 286, 318, 481, 482, 518, 526, 683, 801
Presidential Chancellery 709, 800
Pretzsch 382, 463
Price, Ward 80
Prinz Eugen (heavy cruiser) 504
Pripet Marsh 346, 350, 368, 463, 488
Probst, Christoph 552 propaganda: and the Anschlué 76, 79; and antisemitism xliii, 141–2, 583; before ‘Barbarossa’ 386; British 432, 436; caricature of Jews 249; and Czechoslovakia 90, 91, 96–7, 99, 166, 169; displays 184; and the economic crisis 18; and the elections of 1938 82; the ‘euthanasia action’ 429; and formation of the Axis 26; and H’s memorandum (1936) 22; and national pride xxxix; and the Olympic Games 5, 8; and Pearl Harbor 445; and the plight of the 6th Army 548; and Poland 200, 201, 209, 214, 241, 242
Protestant Church xxxix, 39
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The 588
Prussia: bulwark of the Reich’s power xviii; Finance Ministry 574–5; and Frederick the Great 277; history 581; Ministerial Council 22
putsch attempt (Munich, 1923) 31, 60, 258; annual celebration of 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420, 436, 489, 539–40, 606, 614, 739–40, 840
Puttkamer, Captain Karl-Jesko Otto von 32, 235, 294, 738, 800, 816
Quisling, Vidkun 287, 289, 581
racecourses 575–7
racial determinism 19
racial struggle xli
Rademacher, Franz 321, 322
radicalism xliv, 73, 147, 148
radicalization xlvi, 43, 44, 64, 146, 234, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318, 324, 336, 421, 495, 508, 548, 562, 707, 708
radio see broadcasting
Radio Stockholm 816
Raeder, Admiral 43, 46, 47, 50, 94, 100, 176, 267, 286, 287, 289, 298, 301–2, 304, 307, 322, 326, 327, 341, 585, 837
Raj, the 401
Rangsdorf aerodrome 676
Rastenburg, East Prussia 334, 395, 502, 527, 602, 662, 671, 675
Rath, Ernst vom 136, 137, 138, 145
Rattenhuber, SS-Standartenführer Johann 623
Raubal, Geli (H’s niece) 36, 197
Ravensbrück concentration camp 519
raw materials: in Austria 67, 68; the crisis xxxviii, xlv, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 45, 47, 49, 68, 161, 191, 193, 294; in Czechoslovakia 89, 164; in the Ukraine 414
Rechlin, Mecklenburg 197, 806, 820
Red Army 237, 305, 308, 335, 380, 383, 384, 394, 398, 399, 409, 412, 415, 422, 423, 431, 433, 435, 437, 466, 513, 525, 528–9; advances into Lithuania 714; advances towards the Carpathians 626; Army Group South Ukraine attacked 723; attack on Berlin 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; begins new big offensive in the east (‘Bagratian’) 646; bombardment before ‘Citadel’ 592; bridgeheads on the Dnieper 602, 616; build-up of forces (October 1942) 537, 538; in Bulgaria 723; fatalities 578; first major counter-offensive by 487; forced on the defensive in East Prussia 738; and German military tactics 687; the heavy panzers 447; High Command 83z; major advances 616–17; presses towards the borders of the Reich 658, 696, 698, 707; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; spring offensive ends (1943) 630; ‘Stalingrad Front’ 543, 554; the tanks 448; unprepared for the German spring offensive 515; vengeance of 763; and Volkssturm 715; and Warsaw Uprising 724, 725; winter offensive (January 1945) 747, 756–60, 766, 767, 777, 779, 782, 787, 788, 791, 792
Redesdale, Lord 13
Regensburg: Gau Party Rally of the Bayerische Ostmark (1937) 37
Reggio di Calabria 599, 600
Reich, Das newspaper 482, 508
Reich Association of Asylums 260
Reich Chancellery, Berlin 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 53, 55, 75–8, 107, 115, 116, 117, 120, 178, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 227, 245, 258, 260, 269, 273, 275, 288, 289, 355, 384, 385, 386, 426, 429, 431, 490, 509, 512, 515, 518, 568, 709, 769, 775, 776, 779, 783, 788, 794, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 809, 811, 812, 815, 816, 820, 825, 826, 827, 829, 830, 831
Reich Citizenship law 132
Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Suffering (Reichsausschuß zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung erb- und anlagebedingter schwerer Leiden) 259
Reich Cultural Chamber 712
Reich Defence Commissars 575, 706, 707, 710, 786
Reich Defence Council (Reichsverteidigungsrat) 161, 311–12
Reich Food Estate 37
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 406, 486
Reich Security Head Office 382, 471, 486, 604, 667, 817
Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von 57, 58, 70, 75, 103, 268, 441, 455, 465
Reichskristallnacht (Crystal Night) (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472
Reichsbank 161
Reichsgau Posen (Reichsgau Wartheland) 239, 245, 250, 261; see also Warthegau
Reichsgau Wartheland see Warthegau
Reichstag: divided xlii; Fire 60; H declares war on the USA (11 December 1941) 444–6; H dissolves (1938) 82; H’s prophecy on 30
January 1939 459, 473–4, 478; H’s three-hour speech (1937) 38; last ever session 510–12; recall discussed (1942) 507; Resolution (Beschlu) 511; stenographers sent to FHQ 533
Reichswerke Hermann Göring 161
Reichwein, Adolf 666
Reinhardt, Fritz 442
Reinhardt, Colonel-General Hans 758
Reisser, Obersturmführer Hans 830–31
Reitsch, Captain Hanna 621, 812, 820, 821
Remagen 760, 782
Remer, Major Otto Ernst 679–80, 689–90
Rendulic, Colonel-General Lothar 758
Reschny, SA-Obergruppenführer Hermann 75
Reserve Army 450, 689, 690, 706
Reuters 816, 817
Reval 483
Rheims 835, 836
Rhine river 106, 112, 113, 114, 696, 760, 779, 782
Rhineland, remilitarization xv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xxxix, xlvi, 3, 4, 23, 38, 63, 64, 74, 83, 87, 91, 208
Rhineland-Westphalia 173
Ribbentrop, Joachim von 70, 199, 215, 218, 227, 298, 320, 446, 478, 513, 595, 601, 628, 723, 753, 776, 779, 798, 800; Ambassador in London 7, 23–4, 75, 76, 90; anti-British 44, 90, 159, 160, 325; arch-rival of Göring 123; assurances to Oshima 443–4; attempts to obtain peace (1945) 770–71; the Berlin Olympic Games 7; blamed for the war 226; contempt and loathing for 774; and Czechoslovakia 99–100, 114, 120, 121; and Danzig 158; devotion to H 90, 640; European-Asiatic Bloc proposal 331–2; and a German-Japanese rapprochement 26–7; the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; and a German-Soviet agreement 194–6; hanged at Nuremberg 837; and the Heé affair 372, 375; the Hitler/Chamberlain talks 110, 111; and H’s ‘peace plan’ 3; ideas of a future European federation 584; influence on H 90–1; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; meeting with Ciano at Fuschl 203–4; meeting with Henderson 219–20; and Memel 176; and Molotov 333–4; Mussolini on 98; the mutual assistance pact with Italy 98; the ‘Pact of Steel’ 193; pleads with H to negotiate with Stalin 539; presents H’s ultimatum to Schmidt 71; replaces Göring as H’s right-hand man 123; replaces Neurath at the Foreign Office 58, 60, 90; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 210–11; the Spanish Civil War 16; supports war to destroy Czechoslovakia 90, 104, 119, 120, 122, 129; talks with Guderian 770; talks in Moscow (1939) 204, 205; in Warsaw 166; and Wiedemann’s mission 105
Richthofen, Colonel-General Wolfram Freiherr von 544
Riefenstahl, Leni 6
Riem racecourse 576
Riga 483, 485, 486
Ritter von Greim, Colonel-General Robert 738, 739, 812, 820, 821, 836
Rohland, Walter 440
Röhm, Captain Ernst xxxvii, 52, 53, 358, 814
Romania 174, 333, 617, 719, 734; collapse of 723, 724; an economic satellite of Germany 194; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; oil-fields 305, 328, 343, 347, 361, 388, 413, 414, 418, 549, 603, 635; protection of oil-fields 305, 328; Soviet designs on 332
Romanian army 384, 538, 543, 549, 554, 602, 625–6, 723
Rome 58; Allies take 638; German Embassy 600; Germany takes 600; Göring visits 68, 546; H in (1938) 98; Jewish community 604; planned occupation of 595, 598
Rominten, East Prussia 709
Rommel, Erwin 348, 514, 523, 524, 534, 538, 540, 546, 581, 586, 595, 599, 631, 638, 641, 642, 643, 649, 696, 717–18, 733
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 446, 536, 612, 782; armaments output claims 516–17; death 791; declares war on Japan 442; the Evian Conference 145; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; H’s response to his telegram 189; meeting with Churchill at Casablanca 577; at Yalta 761, 778
Roques, General Karl von 467
Rosenberg, Alfred 39, 149, 184, 199, 205–6, 244, 265, 320, 374, 405–6, 433, 478, 479, 483, 491, 800, 837
Roslavl 451
Rostock 509–10
Rostov 345, 439, 441, 444, 529
Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters’ League) 272
Rothschilds, Die (antisemitic film) 423
Rotterdam 295
Röver, Ganleiter Carl 515, 516
Royal Air Force (RAF): Battle of Britain 309; Bomber Command 597, 761; bombs the Berghof 809; and Dresden 761; and Dunkirk 296; first bombing raids on Berlin 309; German attacks on airfields of southern England 309; nightly raids intensified 535
Royal Navy: and the Anglo-German naval treaty (1935) xxxviii; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; Germany’s challenge to supremacy of 178; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; submarines in the Mediterranean 543; US grant of fifty destroyers 310
Royal Observer Corps 370
Ruhr 162, 186, 265, 277, 587, 719, 784, 791, 792
Runciman, Lord 108, 109
Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd von 103, 268, 269, 270, 290, 296, 345, 393, 394, 408, 415, 441, 533, 617, 628, 639, 642, 649, 659, 688, 717, 733, 737, 760–61
Russia see Soviet Union
Russia-Centre 466
Russian Empire 355
Russian Revolution 205
Rust, Bernhard 800
Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine) 157–8, 165, 166, 167
Ryti, State President Risto 525, 724
Rzhev area 531
SA (Sturmabteilung): and the armed forces xxxvii; dissatisfaction with the non-aggression pact 206; murder of leaders (1934) xxxix, 248, 358
SA-Reserve 139
Saar 81, 785; plebiscite (1935) 75, 76
Saar-Palatinate 315
Saarbrücken 297
Sachenhausen concentration camp 141, 274, 768
St Germain, Treaty of (1919) 65
St Lamberti Church, Münster 427
St Nazaire 660, 719
Salmuth, General Hans von 358
Salonika 361, 362, 366, 367, 595
Salzburg 70, 71, 202, 212, 643
Salzkammergut, near Salzburg 595
San Remo 16
San river 238
Sander, Lieutenant Ludolf Gerhard 673
Sanssouci 36
Saône river 722
Sardinia 586, 587, 592, 600
Sauckel, Fritz 563, 567–8, 707, 837
Saur, Karl Otto 633, 634, 823
Scandinavia 194, 286–9, 293, 332, 434
Schach, Gerhard 680
Schacht, Hjalmar 19, 89, 188, 225, 227, 320, 690; dispute with Darré 10; and Göring 11, 19; leaves the Economics Ministry 42, 46; opposes rearmament 9, 18; political impotence 146; replaced by Funk 58, 143; sacked as President of the Reichsbank 161; standing abroad 21–2
Schädle, Franz 833
Scharnhorst (battleship) 504
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 644
Schaub, Julius 31–2, 140, 149, 235, 294, 643, 738, 797, 800, 805
Scheldt estuary 722–3
Schellenberg, SS-Brigadeführer Walter 689, 817, 819
Schenck, Dr Ernst Günther 826
Schiller Theatre 150
Schirach, Baldur von 7, 315, 351, 482, 590, 755, 837
Schirach, Henriette von 590
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 659, 661, 662
Schlegelberger, Franz 506, 508
Schleicher, Kurt von xxxvii, 814
Schleswig-Holstein (battleship) 222
Schlitt, Ewald 508–9, 510–11
Schloß Belvedere, Vienna 360
Schloß Hirschberg, near Weilheim 736
Schmidt, Ernest 299
Schmidt, Guido 68–9, 71
Schmidt, Otto 54, 55, 56
Schmidt, Dr Paul 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 170, 171, 213, 214, 219–20, 223, 322, 581, 627, 628, 683
Schmorell, Alexander 552
Schmundt, Major-General Rudolf 119, 191, 192, 214, 235, 291, 294, 414, 450, 451, 452, 454, 478, 532, 533, 543, 549, 628, 630, 643, 660, 674, 726, 733, 788
Schnurre, Karl 196
Schoengarth, Karl 492
Scholl, Hans 552, 663
Scholl, Sophie 552, 663
Schönerer, Georg 65, 83
Schorfheide 799
Schörner, Field-Marshal Ferdinand 630, 724, 754, 758, 802, 815,825
Schroeder, Christa 30, 171, 235, 396–7, 398, 455, 500, 798, 800
Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der 195, 196, 210, 334
Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der 667, 683, 690
Schuschnigg, Kurt 58, 96; meetings with Hitler 61, 69, 70–2; proposed referendum on Austrian independence 64, 74, 76, 77, 80; resignation 75–7; von Papen plans to topple 45, 67, 69
Schwägermann, Günther 833
Schwanenwerder 150
Schwarze Korps, Das (SS organ) 151, 257
Schwede-Colburg, Franz 261
Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia 142
Schwerin, General Gerd Graf von 737
Schwerin, Lieutenant-Colonel Gerhard Graf von 225
Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf 790, 800, 823, 834
Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf 690, 692
Schwielow Lake 826
Scotland 369, 373, 377, 379
SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service) 42, 107, 365, 430, 476, 596, 606; cooperation over massacre of Jews 465; and a ‘crisis in confidence’ (1942) 508; discrimination against Jews 472; on economic expansion 186; and the Einsatzgruppen 382; and Goebbels’ ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482; and the Heé affair 374; and H’s battle against the Jews 494; H’s speeches 540; on the intervention of the NSDAP in business closures 575; and Jewish resettlement 134, 135, 320; ‘Jewish Section’ (Judenreferat) 42, 84; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; and newsreels of H 501; reports joy at H’s survival 699–702; role in shaping anti-Jewish policy 133
Sea of Azov 435, 526, 532, 599
Second Reich 65
Second World War: the attack on the West 266, 267, 275, 276, 278–9, 284, 286, 293; Britain declares war on Germany 223; fatalities 236, 297, 394, 404, 446, 490, 515, 547, 578, 647, 717, 726, 760, 764; first extermination unit (in Chelmno, 1941) 485; France declares war on Germany 223; German drive for ‘total war’ 548–9; Germany declares war on the USA 446; H’s aims for Scandinavia 288; H’s peace ‘offer’ 239, 265–6, 267; Jewish ‘guilt’ 489; Operation Barbarossa begins 393; responsibility for 224; Ribbentrop blamed 226; spring offensive begins (8 May 1942) 514; the summer offensive (1942) 526–30; the ‘world war’ term 490
Security Police 318, 324, 325, 336, 353, 355, 365, 382, 395, 464, 465, 467, 475, 486, 495
Security Service see SD
Seeckt, General Hans von 44, 205
Seldte, Franz 800
‘September Murders’ (Poland, 1939) 242
Serbia 476
Serbs 365
Serrano Suñer, Ramón 327
Sevastopol 451, 514, 523, 526, 630, 631, 735
Seven Years War 610–11, 742, 783, 792
Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walter 628–9, 772
Seyé-Inquart, Arthur 69–72, 74–9, 823, 837
Shanghai 146
Shirer, William 8, 78, 107, 113–14, 117, 118,
189, 221, 222, 239–40, 303
Siberia 462, 470–71, 477, 520, 703, 793
Sicherheitsdienst see SD
Sicily 581, 586, 587, 592, 593, 600; evacuation of 595, 599 ‘sickle cut’ plan 291, 295
Silesia 239, 305, 436, 758, 759, 762, 782
Simpson, Mrs Wallis (later Duchess of Windsor) 24
Sinclair, Sir Archibald 371
Singapore 293, 326, 363, 364, 456, 504
Skoda works, Czechoslovaklia 165
Skorzeny, Sturmbannführer Otto 602, 689,
734, 735, 736–7, 738
Slavs, hostility towards 173
Slovakia 164, 166, 167, 168–9, 177, 350, 724;
joins the Tripartite Pact 361
Smolensk 394, 399, 408, 409, 661
Sobibor extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603
Social Democrats see SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)
social-Darwinism 19, 208, 256, 405, 615, 636
socialism: admiration of H xxxix; powerlessness xxxvi
SOE see Special Operations Executive Soldau, East Prussia 484
‘Sonderkommando Lange’ 261
Sonderkommandos (‘special forces’) 382
Sonnenstein asylum 261
‘Sopade’ 201, 240; and the ‘Crystal Night’ 142;
‘Germany Report’ xxi
South America 25
South Tyrol 98–9, 664
South Tyroleans 267
Soviet air-force 343
Soviet army see Red Army Soviet radio 724
Soviet Union: admitted to the League of Nations 13; attack on (1941) 241, 252, 281; the ‘Blue’ offensive 514–15, 523; counter-offensive (December 1941) 452; decreasing number of captured Soviet prisoners 527–8; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8, 480; economic agreement with Germany (January 1941) 343; economic difficulties 195; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 355; Finland signs an armistice 724; Five-Year Plan 23; food supplies 518; foreign policy aims 276; Friendship Treaty with Yugoslavia 365; genocidal actions in (1941) 248, 249; German delay in attacking 368; and German eastern expansion xlvi, 449; German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238; Göring’s policy 406; Guderian favours a retreat 454; H stresses Russian strength 43; Himmler’s policy 406; H’s opinion of Slavs 400–401; H’s reasons for deciding to attack 335–6; H’s view 12–13; H’s vision for 400–405; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335, 341; invades Poland from the east 236; and Japan 13; Jewish influence 489–90; the Katyn case 583; labour camps 480, 481–2; massacre of Jews 463–4, 477; militarily weak 285–6; mutual assistance agreement with Britain (1941) 457; non-aggression pact with Germany (1939) 205, 206, 210–11, 212, 228, 236, 238, 285, 292, 326, 385; ‘Northern Lights’ offensive 531; oil supplies 514, 517, 528, 529, 530, 536, 537; and Poland 192, 194, 204; preoccupied with internal upheavals 95, 286; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; the retreat from the Caucasus begins 545; Russian prisoners-of-war gassed in Auschwitz 383; Soviet offensive begins (19 November 1942) 543; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; talks in Moscow (1939) 204–5; trade talks (1939) 196; trade treaty with Germany 205; treaty with Czechoslovakia 95; winter crisis of the German army 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516
Spaatz, General Carl 836
Spain: and the Axis 327, 329, 330, 348; Popular Front 13; reprisals for bombing of the Deutschland 43–4; Spanish Right 13–14
Spandau prison 377, 837
Spanish Civil War 9, 13–17, 23, 71; Guernica 24–5; H and 4, 13–17; Mussolini and 14
Spanish Morocco 14, 16
SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) xl, xlii, 173, 184, 754
‘Special Commission, 20 July’ 690
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 518, 519
Speer, Albert 19, 32, 150, 350, 559, 571, 611, 612, 613, 696, 773, 774–5, 791, 798, 799, 834; Armaments Minister 504, 519, 554, 563, 567, 635, 706, 711–12, 823; and the atomic bomb 731; the Berlin Olympics 6; blames Goebbels for the ‘excesses’ 149; and Citadel 580; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; court favourite 183, 199, 227, 503; driving ambition 503, 504; Goebbels reproaches over FHQ security 678; H’s reaction to Heé’s flight 371; knee operation 633; life after prison 837; memorandum of 15 March 1945 784–5; Messerschmitt production 621; New Reich Chancellery 167; organizational talent 503; the Paris visit 299, 300; position weakens 715; the rebuilding of Berlin 35, 366; relations with H 35, 105, 503–4; his return to the Berghof ‘family’ 634; taste in architecture 35; unable to break free from H 806; and the uprising (1944) 679
Speidel, Major-General Hans 660
Spengler, Oswald: Decline of the West xlii
Sperrle, Field-Marshal Hugo 70, 503, 649
Sponeck, Hans Graf von 455
SS (Schutszstaffel; Protection Squad) 313, 314, 358, 625; arbitrary police lawlessness 692; armed wing 129; attempts to deport Poles from the Lublin area 589; and Auschwitz-Birkenau 767–8; conflict with the Wehrmacht 465; deportations by 318–19; determined to be masters of Germany and Europe 129; and ‘euthanasia action’ 261; and filmed executions 693; and the ‘Final Solution’ 604; frees Mussolini 602; and H’s personal security 660, 769; and Hungarian Jews 736; involvement in the ‘Jewish Question’ 86, 139; Kube and 406–7; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; Lohse and 406; massacres of Ukrainian Jews 668; mission of 130; motto 819; Poland seen as an experimental playground 235; and a potential German attack on Poland 179; and power 64, 234; relations with the army 247, 248; reprisals for Heydrich’s assassination 519; transfer of responsibility for Jewish forced emigration 147; and the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 242; and the Volkstumskampf 243
SS-Division ‘Berlin’ 798
Staaken aerodrome 801
Stalin, Joseph xvii, 194, 276, 328, 336, 386, 422, 470, 518, 527, 612, 728, 729, 730, 782, 788; and ‘Barbarossa’ 412, 416; and Bolshevism 285, 292; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8; destroys own officer corps 308; H admires his brutality 401, 772; and the Heé affair 379–80; invades Poland from the east 236; involvement in military affairs 453; Jewish influence 490; military incompetence 394; mutual distrust of H 331; non-aggression pact with Germany 205, 210–11; opposes a Polish rump state 238; partisan war 395; and Poland 195, 196; pressure on the Balkan states 305; purges 286, 688, 699; show-trials 689; speech to the Communist Party Congress (March 1939) 195; at Yalta 761, 778
Stalingrad 416, 435, 438, 497, 528–31, 533, 563, 578, 579, 619, 625, 647, 659, 663, 723, 752; the 6th Army is completely encircled 543; attempt to break the siege fails 545; battle for 534–8, 540, 544–50; H blames Germany’s allies 553–4; reaction to the fate of the 6th Army 551–2, 556–7
Stalino 532
Stauffenberg, Berthold 683, 690
Stauffenberg, Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von 651, 653, 655, 656, 657, 660, 664, 667–73, 675, 677, 681, 682, 683, 688, 689, 691, 695, 698, 699, 702, 705, 706, 715, 727
Steinau river 759
Steiner, SS-Obergruppenführer Felix 793, 802, 803, 814, 817, 818
‘Sterilization Law’ 256 sterilization programmes 234, 255, 259
Stettin 261, 290, 319
Stevens, Major R.H. 271
Steyr 160
Stieff, Major-General Hellmuth 661, 665, 669, 670, 671, 690, 692
Stockholm 816
Stoétrupp Hitler 138, 140, 149
Straits of Messina 599
Straits of Kerch 600
Straits of Sicily 585
Stralsund 261
Strang, William no Strasbourg 745
Strasser, Gregor 372, 373, 648, 755
Strasser, Otto 271
Straué, Adolf 455
Straué, Johann 634
Strauss, Richard 455; the Berlin Olympics 6;
Friedenstag 197; ‘Olympic Hymn’ 6
Streicher, Julius 200, 320, 374, 837; the Nazi Party’s Jew-baiter-in-chief 132 ‘Strength Through Joy’ xl, 350
Stroop, SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen 589, 837
Stuckart, Wilhelm 80, 245
Student, General Kurt 367
Stülpnagel, General Karl Heinrich von 678, 733
Stülpnagel, General Otto von 269
Stumpfegger, SS-Obersturmbannführer
Ludwig 727, 824–5, 833–4
Stumpff, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen 836
Stuttgart 139, 685, 746
Styria province, Austria 73, 160, 698
Suchum 530
Sudeten German League 113
Sudeten German Party (Congress, Carlsbad, April 1938) 96
Sudeten Question 99, 108, 111, 121; see also under Czechoslovakia
Sukhinichi 531 survival of the fittest xli
swastika: at the Berlin Olympics 6
Sweden 194, 402, 604, 617, 817
Swinemünde 176, 261
Switzerland 267, 273, 274, 676, 817
Sword Beach 640
Syria 189
Szalasi, Ferencz 734, 735, 736
Sztojay, Döme 627, 628, 640, 734
T4 (euthanasia action code-name) 260–1, 429, 430
Taganrog 526
Tannenberg, Battle of 197, 214
Tannenberg, first battle of 725
Tarnopol 629
Tedder, Air-Marshal Arthur W. 836 television see broadcasting Tetuán 14
Thiele, Major-General Fritz 675
Thierack, Otto Georg 507, 508, 692, 800, 823
Third Reich: administration chaos 569; the Anschlué a defining moment 64, 83; the Berlin Olympics 9; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Concordat with the Vatican (1933) 40; cut in two 809; destruction of xl; economic and political power of xvii; expansion 311; the governance of 504; growing British alienation 24; H authorizes mass-murder 252; H incapable of reforming 573; Hoepner wins law suit 507; and H’s fiftieth birthday 184; legislation (1941) 420–21; loss of eastern provinces xvii; mode of execution for civilian capital offences 693; readiness to strike down opposition 556; sectional interests 93; war fever 300
Thirty Years War 41
Thomas, General Georg 225, 344, 345–6, 353
Thorn 242
‘Three-Man Collective’ 312–13
Thuringia 15, 402, 765, 778
Thuringian Forest 539
Thyssen 132
Tilsit 176
The Times 840
Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 394, 433, 528
Tirpitz (battleship) 178
Tiso, Father Jozef 169, 581
Titian 183
Tobruk 347, 523
Todt, Dr Fritz 98, 106, 334, 434, 441, 502–4, 526
Tojo, General 443
Tokyo 58
Topf, J.A. and Sons 483
‘Torch’ landings 542
Torgau 809
Torgler, Ernst 349
Tornow, Sergeant Fritz 825
‘total war’ 566, 643, 644, 699, 713, 729; and deployment of female labour 563; Goebbels and 561, 562, 563
Toulon 722
tourism xl
trade unions, suppression of xxxviii, xlii
Transylvania 723
Treblinka extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603
Tresckow, Major-General Henning von 358, 359, 653, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 666–70,721
Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 328, 332, 360, 444
Tripolitania 348
Trondheim 288
Troost, Paul Ludwig 37
Trott zu Solz, Adam von 225, 663, 665
‘Trustees of Labour’ (Treuhänder der Arbeit) 186–7
Tscherniakowski, General Ivan 738
Tübingen 139
Tunis 328, 539, 546, 554, 581, 584–5, 586
Tunisia 542
Turkey 194, 365, 603, 617, 645, 719, 723, 732
Tyrol 292, 836
U-boats: building of 284, 719; hopes for continuation of the U-boat war 800; H’s high expectations 448, 585, 618; losses 585, 717; ordered to sink American ships 445; successes in the Atlantic 416, 523, 554
Udet, General Ernst 372, 420
Uebelhoer, Friedrich 484
Uiberreither, Siegfried 698
Ukraine 172, 177, 238, 384, 401, 406, 408, 411, 413, 414, 415, 468, 491, 507, 521, 562, 565, 590, 603, 630; Jews 668; nationalists 158, 165
Ulex, General Wilhelm 247, 248
Ulm 733
‘Ultra’ code-breaker 379, 585
unemployment: in Britain and America 402–3; reduction in xl, 185, 434
United States: air-raids on German fuel plants 635; American Jewry 321, 477; and the Ardennes offensive 743, 744; armaments 502, 516–17; the atomic bomb 731; Congress 442; economic power 285; economy 402–3; enters the war after the Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 364, 442; first commitment of ground-troops to the war in Europe 539; Germany declares war (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; isolationism 285; Jewish refugees in 146; a menacing presence in the wings 752; mighty resources 457; Normandy landings 640–41; and the race for Norway 288; relations with Japan 442–3; US soldiers greeted in Germany 788
University of Leipzig Children’s Clinic 259
Unruh, General Walter von 567
Upper Bavaria 701
Upper Franconia 181, 200
Upper Silesia 235, 238, 772, 784, 785
Urals 400, 403, 405, 448, 462, 591
Urbsys, Joseph 176
Ustasha Movement 366
Utah Beach 640
VI (Vergeltungswaffe-1 (Retaliation Weapon 1), flying-bombs 622, 641–3, 645
V2 rocket 622, 645, 731, 736, 746
Valencia 43
Vatican 604; and the Badoglio plot 596;
Concordat with the Reich (1933) 40
Veesenmaeyer, Edmund 628, 734, 735
Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 371
Venezuela 134
Verdun 540
Vereinigte Stahlwerke 19
Versailles Treaty (1919) xxxv–ix, 29, 38, 158, 163, 188, 224, 238, 265, 275, 668, 754
Viaz’ma 433
Vichy government 299, 328, 541
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 98, 216, 586, 595–6
Victoria, Queen 123
Viebahn, General Max von 78
Vienna 45, 58, 75, 80, 160, 198, 590; H’s sense of personal degradation xvi; H’s threat 61, 70; H’s triumph in 80–2; Jewish community 84–6, 131, 133, 318, 485; Jodl transferred to 159; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; and Linz 365; Nazi Party 81; population 65; Red Army advances on (April 1945) 791; ‘Reich Theatre Week’ 197; removal of Jews 351–2, 482, 488; taken by the Red Army 792
Vienna State Opera Orchestra 512–13
Vilna, Lithuania 398, 464, 650
Vinniza, Ukraine 617; see also Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’
Vistula river 238, 244, 319, 724, 725, 756, 757, 758, 769
Vitebsk 646, 647
Vogel, Sergeant-Major Werner 672
Vögler, Albert 19
Volga basin 402
Volga river 477, 527, 528, 529, 530, 534, 536, 547, 550
völkisch movement 250, 258, 382, 465, 466, 688; H on the völkisch state 237, 517; the press 551
Völkischer Beobachter 273, 632
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 231, 242–3
Volkssturm (people’s militia) 713, 714–15, 766, 800, 808, 811, 821
Volkswagen (‘People’s Car’) 400
Volkswagen factory, Fallersleben 197
Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 714
Vormann, Nikolaus von 215, 226–7
Voronezh 526, 528
Voé, Vice-Admiral 813, 815
Vyshinsky, Andrei 689
Waffen-SS 47, 381, 516, 583, 596–7, 758, 787
Wagner, Adolf 40, 138, 374, 425, 630
Wagner, General Eduard 243, 409, 433, 435, 687, 690
Wagner, Frau Josef 436
Wagner, Gerhard 42, 256
Wagner, Ganleiter Josef 436
Wagner, Richard 13, 15, 16, 198, 455, 500, 513, 634
Wagner, Ganleiter Robert 323
Wagner, Winifried 198, 821
Wagner family 33, 34, 198
Waldau, General Otto Hoffmann von 309
Walter, Bruno 512, 513
Wannsee, Berlin 671, 793
Wannsee Conference (1942) 148, 491–3
War Economy (Wehrwirtschaft) 225
War Economy Decree (4 December 1939) 274
Warburg 132
Warlimont, Major-General Walter 289, 307, 356, 359, 396, 592.
Warm Springs, Georgia 791
Warsaw 59, 166, 236, 240, 264, 295, 583, 589, 647, 725–6, 756, 757, 769, 837; Uprising 724–5, 735
Warthegau 239, 250–2, 316, 318, 319, 320, 428, 471, 475, 479, 480, 484, 485, 490, 758, 759, 769, 838
Weber, Christian 575–6
‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 99–100
Wehrmacht: and the Anschlué 75, 78; anti-Polish feeling 190; the assassination attempt (1944) 699; begins the spring offensive (8 May 1942) 514; Blomberg tells of H’s wishes (1938) 50; ‘Case Green’ 88; ‘Case White’ 179; conflict with the SS 465; conscription reintroduced (1935) xxxvii, 38, 83, 87; demand for raw materials 45; directive of 21
October 1938 163, 175; discredited and disbanded xviii; and the Einsatzgruppen 241, 461, 465; expenditure 161–2; field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty to H 628; and the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; H addresses top military leaders (23 May 1939) 190–3; H praises 432, 740; H takes over 56–8; Haider’s ambition 452;
High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW) 94, 101, 102, 287, 289, 290, 357, 381, 398, 415, 417, 419, 422, 435, 514, 534, 568, 578, 591, 618, 638, 639, 649, 672, 681, 741, 742, 747, 799, 826, 834, 835; Operations Staff 600, 601, 669; H’s ‘Basic Order’ 290–1; H’s dominance 60, 97, 284; H’s proclamation of 11
March 1945 783; H’s three addresses (1939) 167–8; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335; incapable of blocking the Red Army’s advance (1945) 757; incompetent economic planning 502; intelligence 582; interests of 63; and Jewish skilled workers 486; lack of plans for the war 284; the last report (9 May 1945) 836; leadership weak and divided 94, 209; loss of men (1944) 717, 723; magnitude of task in ‘Barbarossa’ 411; manpower needs 563; meeting to discuss the Polish situation (22 August 1939) 207–9, 225; preparations for ‘Case X’ 43; pushed back along the southern front (October 1943) 602; reform 644–5, 708; reinforcements cut off 643; reports of desertions 703–4; and the Security Police 467; the soldierly duty of its highest leaders 102; the Stalingrad crisis 548; Operations Staff 362, 366, 396, 408, 410, 591, 837; treatment of Jews 246
Weichs, Field-Marshall Freiherr Maximilian von 248, 527, 529, 534, 537, 544
Weidling, General Helmuth 808, 809, 813, 815, 825, 826, 827, 832
Weimar Republic 657; collapse of xlii; euthanasia rejected 254; H attacks xli; and industrialists xxxviii; miseries and divisions of xl; outrages against the Jews xliii; unemployment and economic failure 28
Weié, Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf 825
Weizsäcker, Ernst von 90, 91, 99, 105, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 170, 190, 195–6, 199, 212, 225, 226, 228, 262, 264, 266–9, 306, 329
Welczek, Johannes von 109
Wels 302
Weltanschauung 129
Wenck, General Walther 759, 802, 805, 806, 809–10, 811, 813–16, 820, 825, 826
Wenner-Gren, Axel 226
Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’, near Vinnitsa, Ukraine 527, 531, 572, 578, 587; crisis in relations with military leaders 531–3
Werwolf 790–91
Wesel 760
‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübung’) 287–9
West Africa 329
West Prussia 242, 243, 245, 247
Westphalia 429, 430, 791
Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 41, 267
Westphalia-South 436
White Rose opposition-group 552, 663
White Russia 394, 463
Wiedemann, Fritz 32, 53, 88, 98, 105, 187
Wilhelm Gustloff (ship) 37
Wilhelm II, Kaiser 10, 202, 540
Wilhelmshaven 178, 504
Wilson, Sir Horace no, 116, 117–18, 121, 223
Winkelmann, SS-Obergruppenführer Otto 735
‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 55, 431, 535, 601
Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936) 5
Wittenberg 810
Witzleben, Field-Marshal Erwin von 270, 676, 677, 690, 692
Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 474
Wohltat, Helmut 226
Wolf, Hugo 500
Wolf, Johanna 798, 800
Wolff, Karl 149, 834
Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze) ‘Führer
Headquarters’, near Rastenburg 395–8, 400, 407, 420, 437, 440, 441, 449, 455, 499, 524, 543, 578, 587, 591, 595, 600, 650, 651, 690; Antonescu talks 723; assassination attempt (20 July 1944) 651, 655–8, 671–5, 676; buoyant mood (1941) 433; communications centre 677; the daily routine 500; the deportation issue 479; and filmed executions 693; Guderian favours a retreat in Russia 454; H addresses Party leaders on the consequences of the assassination attempt 706–7; H broadcasts from 619–20; H leaves for good 741; H rarely leaves 420; H resists pressure to leave 738; H speaks on Jews 461, 487–90; headquarters moved to Werewolf, near Vinnitsa 527; H’s speech to Gauleiter 605–6; an important meeting (16 July 1941) 405–6; map room 527; security 623, 694; the Stalingrad crisis 548–9; talks with Ciano and Cavalero 546
Wriezen 782
Wuppertal-Barmen 587
Würzburg 761
Yalta Agreement 761, 778
Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Graf 665, 666, 683, 690, 692
Yugoslav army 366
Yugoslavia: capitulation of 366; Friendship Treaty with Russia 365; German plans to attack 36z, 363; loss of Austrian territory to 73; military coup (1941) 360, 36z, 368; minerals 194; and the Tripartite Pact 360, 361–2
Zagreb 366
Zamosc district, Lublin 589
Zander, SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm 825
Zaporozhye 599, 602, 660
Zeitschel, SS-Sturmbannführer Carltheo 475
Zeitzier, Major-General Kurt 533, 534, 537, 543, 544, 548, 578–9, 580, 616, 617, 632, 646, 649–50, 665, 694
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi 394, 756, 759, 793, 809, 831, 836
Ziegenberg see Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) Zionism, Eichmann’s Zionist contacts 134
Zitomir 394
Zoppot 236
Zossen 769, 793
Zuckmayer, Carl 85
Zwickau 514
Zyklon-B 483