63107.fb2 Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis - читать онлайн бесплатно полную версию книги . Страница 29

Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis - читать онлайн бесплатно полную версию книги . Страница 29

INDEX

1st Belorussian Front 756

1st Panzer Army 629, 632

1st Ukrainian Front 756

1st US Army 737, 760

2nd Army 450, 454, 658

2nd Belorussian Front 756

2nd Panzer Army 454

3rd Belorussian Front 756

3rd Panzer Army 442, 647

3rd US Army 744, 788

3rd White Russian Front 738

4th Army 450, 758

4th Army (Romanian) 543

4th Panzer Army 442, 544, 545, 617, 793

5th Panzer Army 741, 744

6th Army 465, 530, 531, 537, 543, 544, 545, 547–54, 772

6th Panzer Army 747, 757, 787

6th SS Panzer Army 741, 743–4

7th Airborne Division 170–1

7th Army 638

7th Army (French) 542

8th Army 78

8th Army (British) 523, 535, 538, 540, 600

8th Army (Italian) 546

9th Army 531, 580, 647, 788, 793, 802, 805, 808, 809, 813, 814, 815, 826

10th Panzer Division 668

11th Army 514, 531

12th Army 366, 805, 809

17th Army 465

18th Army 359, 408

48th Panzer Corps 543

56th Panzer Corps 808

57th Panzer Corps 545

101st Airborne Division 744

A

Aachen 703, 737, 742

A4 rocket 622, 645

Aalborg aerodrome 288

Abetz, Otto 322, 475, 541

Abruzzi 602

Absberg, Franconia 426

Abwehr (military intelligence) 90, 157, 217, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271, 655, 659, 661, 667, 676

Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 25, 65

Adam, General Wilhelm 98, 103, 106, 107

Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) (‘Führer Headquarters’), Ziegenberg 742, 756, 768

Adlon Hotel, Berlin 170

Admiral Scheer (cruiser) 43

Africa 405, 423

Afrika Korps 540, 546, 586

agriculture 162, 186, 187

Air Ministry, Berlin 7

‘Aktion Reinhard’ 484, 603

‘Alarich’ plans 594

Albania: annexation of 193; Italian military setbacks 364

Albrecht, NSKK-Oberführer Alwin-Broder 797

Albritton, David 7

Alexandria 524

Algiers 539

Almería, shelling of (1937) 43–4

Alsace 315, 323, 744, 747

Alsace-Lorraine 664

Altmark 287

Alvensleben, Ludolf von 231, 242–3

Amann, Max 299

Amerika (H’s special armoured train) 294, 365

Amsterdam 590

Andalusia 15

Anglo-German Society 378

Anschluß xviii, 44, 45, 64–86, 147, 224; and Austrian plebiscites 65; a defining moment in the Third Reich 64, 83; Einsatzgruppen (task forces) 241, 246; legal framework 78–9, 80; provides the impetus to radicalization 64; a watershed for H 83, 92, 94

anti-clericalism 39–40

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 27, 158, 420

antisemitism: in the armed forces 147, 360; and Bolshevism 389; Der ewige Jude 249; first wave (1933) 131, 148; Goebbels plans to rid Berlin of Jews 133–4, 135; and pogroms 137; second wave (1935) 131, 148; suppressed during the Berlin Olympics 5, 9; third wave of antisemitic violence (1938) 131–6; widespread in Germany xliii; see also Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism; Jews

Antonescu, Marshal 332, 383–4, 581, 582, 584, 626, 723

Antwerp 722, 731, 737, 741

Anzio 625

apartheid 251

Appenines 601, 638, 719

Arabia 189

Ardennes 290, 291, 295, 731; the offensive 685, 732, 737, 738, 740, 741–7, 756, 757, 760, 777, 779

aristocracy: Junker xviii; support of H’s regime xv

Army Group A 290, 291, 296, 529–33, 544, 545,630

Army Group Β (later Army Group Centre) 291, 358, 529, 530, 534, 537, 544, 660, 792

Army Group Centre (previously Army Group B) 358, 394, 407–15, 418, 419, 435, 436, 437, 442, 450, 451, 453, 466–7, 531, 596, 617, 646, 649, 658, 659, 661, 667, 670, 721, 758, 802, 815, 835

Army Group Command 2 98

Army Group Don 544

Army Group North 408, 411, 412, 413, 435, 451, 455, 617, 650

Army Group North Ukraine 630, 649

Army Group South 346, 407, 410, 412, 413, 435, 441, 444, 451, 524, 529, 599, 616, 617, 618

Army Group South Ukraine 630, 723

Army Group Vistula 758, 759, 779, 782, 787, 802, 818

Army High Command headquarters, Zossen 262, 268, 270, 271, 278

Arnhem 723, 726

Arnim, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen von 581

Arrow Cross 734, 735, 736

‘aryanization’ of the economy xliii, 22, 42, 43, 131, 146

Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank 109

Asia 400, 403, 416, 423, 440, 517

Asia Minor 530

Astakhov, Georgei 196

Astrakhan 529, 536–7

Athens 366

Atlantic Gap 585

Atlantic Ocean 416, 523, 585, 717

Atlas (H’s special train) 307

Attila the Hun xvii

Attolico, Bernardo 120–1, 122, 214, 218–19

Aufbau-Ost (Build-Up in the East) 307

Aufschwung (revival) 8

Augsburg 38, 369

Augsburg region 764

Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp 483, 493, 520, 604, 628, 736, 749, 767–8

Auslandsorganisation (AO; Foreign Countries’ Organization) 14, 15, 376

Austria: agreement with Germany (July 1936) 4, 24, 25, 45, 66, 67; Anschlué xviii, 44, 45, 64–86; and Czechoslovakia 84; Dollfuß assassinated 65, 66; ‘Eastern Marches (Ostmark) of the German People’ 82; elections (1938) 79, 82; geographical position 66, 68; Gleichschaltung (‘coordination’) 77; Goerdeler and 664; H’s meetings with Schuschnigg 61, 69, 70–2; and Italy 4, 24, 65, 66, 68, 69; ‘Law for the Reunion of Austria with the German Reich’ 80; march into xlvi; Ministerial Council 80; Nazi Movement 65, 66, 67, 69–73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82; the new Austria of 1919 65; plebiscites 65; proposed German expansion 49–50; raw materials 67, 68, 161; reconstituted independence xviii; Zusammenschluß (merger) with Germany 68

Austrian army 75, 81

Austrian Question 45, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 96

authoritarianism xv, xl, xlvi

Avranches 718, 720

Axis: agreement formalized 98; Bulgaria commits itself to 361; formation 26, 204; H’s efforts to bind Axis partners to the cause 582, 583–4; intentions in Yugoslavia, Greece and Poland 334; Lloyd George and 383; Mussolini the junior partner 298, 347; in North Africa 534–5, 538; Spain and 327, 329, 330, 348; successes and position of 363; surrender of troops 585; and unoccupied France 514

Axmann, Artur 798, 812–13, 828

Azores 585

B

Baarova, Lida 145, 199

Babarin, Evengy 196

Babi-Yar 468

Bach, Johann Sebastian xlii Bach-Zelewski, SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem 466, 725, 735

Backe, Herbert 823

Bad Godesberg 112, 116, 655

Bad Kissingen, Lower Franconia 575

Bad Nauheim 742

Bad Reichenhall 307

Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 593, 594, 595–6, 597, 598, 601

Baillet-Latour, Count Henri 5, 7

Bakhmut river 441

Baku 529, 530, 537

Baldwin, Stanley 4

Balkans 43, 165, 166, 194, 276, 305, 308, 334, 335, 346, 347, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 450, 586, 601, 719, 723, 724, 759

Baltic region 345, 346, 406, 408, 413, 463, 464, 470, 485, 617, 647

Baltic Sea 25, 163, 194, 276, 286, 288, 684, 756, 757

Baltic states 196

Bamberg 539

baptism 424–5

Barandon, Dr Paul 770

Baranov bridgehead 756

Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357

Bardia 346

Barth, Pomerania (meeting of army high commanders, June 1938) 101–2

Bastogne 744, 747

Bath 510

Battle of Britain 309, 310

‘Battle of the Peoples’ 713

Baum, Herbert 519

Baur, Captain Hans 32, 183

Bavaria: Austrian Nazis in 75; the crucifix issue 425–6; Goebbels in 506; H in 53, 614; the hold of the Church 40; the mood in 1941 424; the peasants’ mood in 186

Bavarian Alps 792

Bavarian State Opera 512

Bayerische Ostmark (Bavarian Eastern Marches): Gau Party Rally, Regensburg(1937) 37

Bayerischer Wald 799

Bayreuth, H at 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 34, 198, 306

BDM see Bund deutscher Mädel

Beamish, Henry Hamilton 320

Beaverbrook, Lord 379–80

Beck, Field Marshal Fedor von 393

Beck, Joseph 166, 177, 217, 248

Beck, General Ludwig 4, 10, 11, 49, 50, 75, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, 101–5, 107, 263, 268, 659, 664, 667, 676, 677, 681, 682, 683, 689

Beethoven, Ludwig van xlii, 513, 632

Belgian army 295

Belgian Congo 434

Belgium 267, 291, 295, 405, 518, 722, 731, 741, 745; neutrality 194, 277, 295

Belgrade 365

Bell, Bishop George 663

Belorussia 406–7

Below, Frau 33, 651

Below, Captain Nicolaus von 30, 32, 33, 70, 77, 118, 137–8, 149, 165, 235, 294, 295, 310, 345, 452, 535, 543, 548, 553, 554, 581, 616, 621, 637, 674–5, 718, 738, 739, 747, 784–5, 792, 807, 813, 815, 817, 823, 825

Belzec extermination camp 483, 484, 493, 494, 520, 603

Benes, President Eduard 108, 109, 111, 115, 117, 170

Berchtesgaden, Bavarian Alps 12, 13, 18, 34, 72, 74, 81, 110, 111, 114, 135, 197, 199, 200, 201, 207, 211, 213, 565, 569, 623, 642, 781, 799, 801, 803, 805, 810

Berdicev 394

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Celle 768

Berger, SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob 520

Berger, Hans 141

Berger, Dr Heinrich 674

Berghof, Obersalzberg 29, 33, 34, 70, 72, 73, 100, 103, 105, 109, 110, 111, 151, 166, 188, 195, 198, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 210, 212, 214, 225, 301, 302, 307, 335, 346, 369, 372, 373, 375, 376, 381, 397, 512, 514, 542, 565, 581, 582, 590, 593, 611, 623, 624, 628, 630–34, 637, 639, 643, 644, 650, 651, 670, 738, 766, 781, 805, 808, 809

Berlin 305, 379, 397, 420, 804, 822; the Bendlerblock 681, 683, 689; bombing raids on 309, 366, 620, 761, 769, 775; cenotaph 37; the Citadel (Festung) 813, 815, 825, 826, 827; the first week of the war 239–40; H returns after his triumph in Czechoslovakia 172; H’s welcome after the French armistice 300; H’s welcome after Munich 124; International Car Exhibition 37; Luna Park 8; Lustgarten 5, 37, 519; military court 59; Olympic Games (1936) 5–9, 379; open to attack (1945) 759–60, 770; the rebuilding of 35, 36, 38–9, 709; Red Army attacks 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; refugees 763, 806; Remer put in charge of security 680; ‘Soviet Paradise’ exhibition (May 1942) 519; Sportpalast 116, 117, 118, 309, 348, 431, 432, 459, 494, 505, 517, 526, 535, 536, 538, 561, 562, 601, 619; State Opera house 632; State Theatre 240; synagogues destroyed 140; Technical University 38; Tempelhof aerodrome 45, 809; treatment of Jews 133–4, 135, 351, 472–3, 481, 482, 485, 488, 519, 583; Weidling made responsible for Berlin’s defence 808; ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 535, 601; the Zeughaus 662; zoo 801

Berlin Congress (1878) 123, 183

Berlin Defence District (Wehrkreis III) 690

Berlin Philharmonia 632

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 513

Berlin-Charlottenburg, Tiergartenstraße 4 260

Bernadotte, Count Folke 817, 818, 819

Bernburg asylum 261

Bernhardt, Johannes 14, 15

Bessarabia 332, 351, 384

Best, Werner 603

Bialystok 380, 398, 399, 407

Bielefeld 472

Binding, Professor Karl 254

Birkenau 768

Birmingham 174

birth-rates 48

Bismarck (battleship) 178, 381

Bismarck, Prince Otto von xlii, 183, 188, 283, 505, 665

Bitterfeld 514

Black Forest 764

‘Black Order’ 252

Black Sea region 413, 434, 529, 630

‘Blackshirts’ see British Union of Fascists

Blaschke, Dr Johann 831

Blaskowitz, Colonel-General Johannes 247, 248

Bleichröder (bank) 132

Blomberg, Fräulein Margarethe (née Gruhn) 52–3

Blomberg, Werner von 10, 11, 16, 19, 21, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50; the Blomberg scandal 51–60, 64, 69, 83, 86, 94, 147, 167, 224, 358, 668

Blondi (H’s dog) 564, 602, 611, 776, 777, 825

‘Blood and Soil’ (Blut und Boden) 374

‘Blood Law’ 256

Blücher (cruiser) 288

Blücher, Gebbard Leberecht von, Prince of Wahlstadt 713

Blum, Léon 17

Blumentritt, General Guenther 456

Blutrache (blood-vengeance) 691

Bobruisk 647

Bochum 587

Bock, Field-Mashal Fedor von 78, 269, 270, 334, 345, 359, 394, 408, 415, 419, 435, 438, 450–51, 454, 515, 524, 526–7, 529, 658, 659

Bodenschatz, General Karl Heinrich 376, 396

Boehm, Admiral-General 207

Boeselager, Lieutenant-Colonel Georg Freiherr von 661

Bohemia 46, 164, 165, 166, 172, 479; Kings of 171

Bohle, Gauleiter Ernst Wilhelm 15, 376

Boldt, Gerhard 825

Bolshevism 18, 20, 38, 82, 159, 160, 205, 310, 378, 416, 433, 479, 525, 609, 615, 703, 818, 819, 832, 835, 840, 841; anti-Bolshevism tactic 25; and ‘Barbarossa’ 387, 388, 389; and the Catholic bishops xxxix; and Czechoslovakia’s strategic position 97; fear of xlv; Heé’s mission 379; H’s crusade against 335, 384, 406, 505, 555–6, 636–7; and H’s foreign policy 12; and H’s ‘world-view’ 21; and Italy 25; and Jews 17, 19, 39, 42, 127, 153, 325, 339, 343, 350, 353, 354, 359, 382, 399, 431, 461, 463, 465, 466, 620, 740, 749, 752, 781, 792; and a showdown with the Soviet Union 305; and the Spanish Civil War 14–15; Stalin and 285, 292

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 663, 667

Bonn 760

Bonnet, Georges 206

Bor-Komorowski, General Tadeusz 724–5

Border Police School, Pretzsch 382

Börgermoor internment camp, Emsland 55

Boris, King of Bulgaria 366, 581

Bormann, Albert 32

Bormann, Gerda 789

Bormann, Martin 32, 144, 202, 227, 231, 236, 245, 259, 315, 350, 372, 375, 378, 396, 405, 406, 421, 424, 425, 428–9, 506, 508, 522, 568, 569, 616, 698, 707, 709–12, 738, 741, 776, 789, 798, 800, 801, 816, 819, 825, 827, 829, 832; and the assassination attempt 706; begs Speer to persuade H to leave the bunker 806; in the Committee of Three 568, 570; forces Göring to resign 807–8; H relies on concerning domestic matters 571; and H’s cremation 829, 830; names Fromm 689; Party Minister 823, 830; political and organizational matters 714; position strengthens 715–16; the Prussian Finance Ministry 575; remains wholly loyal 774; restructures the Party 790; and the Schirach incident 590; ‘Secretary of the Führer’ 572, 715; sets up quasi-guerrilla organizations 790–91; signs the Political Testament 823; suicide 833–4

Borneo 326

Bornewasser, Bishop Franz Rudolf 427

Bosch, Hieronymus 85

Bottrop 761

Bouhler, Philipp 253, 258, 259, 260, 429, 571

Brabant 518

Brack, Viktor 258–61

Brahms, Johannes 513

Brandenburg asylum 261

Brandt, Frau 651

Brandt, Lieutenant-Colonel Heinz 661, 662, 674

Brandt, Karl (H’s doctor) 137, 235, 253, 256, 259, 260, 294, 429, 727

Brandt, SS-Sturmbannführer Rudolf 484

Bratislava 169, 791

Brauchitsch, Walther von 58, 72, 75, 76, 78, 94, 97, 101–4, 146–7, 178, 209, 215, 216, 217, 225, 246, 247–8, 266, 268, 269–70, 277, 278, 290, 296, 298, 303, 306, 335, 344, 345, 346, 355, 384, 396, 407, 411–14, 417, 418, 434, 441, 450–53,454, 536

Braun, Eva 199, 512, 564, 634, 639, 797, 807, 816; cremation 829–31; in the Führer Bunker 776, 798, 801, 804, 821, 827; H’s treatment of 34; marries H 820–21; her room in the ‘Führer Apartment’ 32, 34; suicide 828; suicide attempts 35

Braun, Gretl 199

Braun, Wernher von 622

Braunau am Inn 79

Bräutigam, Otto 478

Bredow, Major-General Ferdinand von xxxvi

Breitenbuch, Rittmeister Eberhard von 670

Bremen 535

Brenner border 76

Brenner Pass 291, 327, 382

Breslau 762, 779, 823; Festival of German Singers (1937) 37–8; Jews deported from 485; under siege 759

Brest 504, 719, 720

Brest-Litowsk 395, 398

Britain 752; accepts the need for war 174; the Blitz 309, 310; Churchill evokes resilience and idealism 286; and Czechoslovakia 95–6, 97, 118, 173; declares war on Germany 223; economic blockade of 284; economy 402–3; ‘encirclement policy’ 178; the ‘eternal trouble-causer in Europe’ 783; Foreign Office 25, 203; Goebbels favours the devastation of English ‘cultural centres’ 510; Göring wants an agreement 50, 67, 771–2; Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237, 586; H obsessed with ‘beating England’ 278; H prepares for conflict with 169, 192–3; H warns against underestimating 43; hatred for 275, 300; Heé’s flight to Scotland 369; Home Guard 370; H’s high esteem of British resilience and fighting-power 264; H’s ‘Offer’ regarding Poland (August 1939) 213, 216, 217; H’s ‘peace offer’ 300, 301, 306, 379; H’s ‘peace plan’ 3–4; H’s plans for dealing with 292–3; intelligence 585, 586; intervention in Greece 366; invasion seen as a last choice 301–2; and Iraq 381; Jewish influence 489; Jewish refugees 145, 146; military alliance with Poland 215; mutual assistance agreement with Russia (1941) 457; Naval Pact with the Reich (1935) xxxviii, 23, 189, 190; oil supplies 530, 537; the race for Norway 287–8; rearmament 25, 157; Ribbentrop’s hatred of 44, 90, 159, 160; Secret Service 271, 274, 373, 377, 380; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 206, 212, 213; ultimatum to Germany 223, 230; War Office 295; weakness of xxxvi, 43, 44, 48

British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) (BBC) 373, 600, 816

British Empire 25, 48, 49, 95, 168, 190, 213, 216, 293–4, 295, 298, 302, 304, 377, 401, 405, 456, 504

British Expeditionary Force 295, 297, 367

British Guarantee to Poland 155

British Union of Fascists 302 ‘Britons, The’ (antisemitic organization) 320

Brittany 718, 720

Brjansk and Viaz’ma double battle 433 broadcasting: the Berlin Olympics 8; the ‘people’s radio’ (Volksempfänger) xl

Bromberg (Bydgoszcz), West Prussia 242, 763

Brooks, Collin 211

Bruckmann, Frau Elsa 33

Bruckmann, Hugo 33

Bruckner, Anton 513

Brückner, SA-Gruppenführer Wilhelm 31, 186, 218, 235

Brûly-de-Pesche 297

Brussels 722

Buchanan Castle, near Loch Lomond 371

Bucharest 328, 723

Buchenwald concentration camp 141, 768

Bückeberg, Hanover 38

Budapest 627, 734, 735, 736, 757; Citadel 734–5, 736, 738; Jews 624, 736; Soviet troops enter 758

Bug river 238, 244, 630

Bühler, Josef 493

Bukovina 332, 351, 384

Bulgaria 361, 603, 617, 719, 723–4, 734

Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM; German Girls’ League) 81–2, 142

Bürckel, Gauleiter Josef 81, 315, 323

Burckhardt, Carl 201, 202, 203, 250

Burgdorf, General Wilhelm 733, 788, 797, 798, 803, 823, 825, 827, 830

Burgsinn, Lower Franconia 142–3

Burgundy 267

Burma 326

Busch, Field-Marshal Ernst 103, 464, 646, 647, 649, 667, 670

business community, Groraumwirtschaft concept xliv

Bussche, Captain Axel Freiherr von dem 669

Busse, General Theodor 788, 793, 802, 809, 813, 814

C

Cádiz 16

Cadogan, Sir Alexander 203, 211, 379–80

Cameroon 434

Canada, attempted landing of troops in Dieppe 436

Canadian 1st Army 760

Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 90, 109, 207, 225, 231, 262, 268, 270, 667, 690

Canary isles 327, 328

Carinhall 68, 799

Carlyle, Thomas 783, 791

Carpathians 169, 626, 756

Casablanca (Roosevelt-Churchill meeting, January 1943) 577, 755

‘Case Green’ 88, 101, 106, 109 ‘Case Otto’ 76

‘Case White’ (Fall Weiß) 179, 213, 214

‘Case Yellow’ (western offensive) 266, 289–91

Caspian Sea 529, 532

Catholic Church 39; and the Anschluß 81, 82;

and euthanasia 256, 259; Nazi attacks on xxxvi, 29, 702

Catholic Ultramontanism 147

Caucasus 408, 409, 411, 413, 416, 434, 438, 440, 499, 513, 514, 518, 523, 528–31, 535, 536, 544, 545, 591, 603

Cavalero, Marshal Count Ugo 546

Central Africa 520, 521

Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8

Chamberlain, Neville 116, 164, 772; Birmingham speech 174, 177; blamed for the Allied fiasco in Norway 289; blames H solely for the war 224; evaluation of H 112; letter to H (22 August 1939) 211–12, 216; the Munich Agreement 122, 123; pledges support of Poland 155, 177–8, 213; proposals on the Czech issue 119; rejects the ‘peace offer’ (12 October 1939) 239, 265–6, 267; talks with H over Czechoslovakia 110–14, 117; view of H 61, 157

Channon, Sir Henry ‘Chips’ 7–8, 211

Charlemagne 703

Charleville 296

Charlottenburg 816

Chefbesprechungen (discussions of departmental heads) 313

Chelmno, Warthegau 485, 490, 520, 838

Cherbourg 641, 642, 643, 720, 722

Chiang Kai-shek 55

Chiemsee 571

‘child-euthanasia’ 257–60

China: and a German-Japanese rapprochement 26–7; H anticipates a Japanese victory 44

Choltitz, General Dietrich von 722

Chotin 463

Christian, Gerda 804, 827, 833

Christianity, Jewry and 488

Christie, Group Captain 46

Church Struggle xxxvi, xxxviii–ix, 28, 39–41, 46, 81, 184, 185, 235

Churches: attacks on xxxvii, xl, 130, 424, 428, 429; and eastern expansion 449; and euthanasia 255, 257, 259; and ‘euthaniasia action’ 426–7; lack of protest against treatment of Jews 146; a pet theme for Goebbels 509, 516; Rosenberg attacks 199

Churchill, Sir Winston 383, 412, 536, 612, 760, 772, 782, 788; and America’s entry into the war 442; and the British Empire 298; concerned to speak to the British public 420; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; and Dunkirk 297; during ‘Barbarossa’ 416; evokes resilience and idealism in the British people 286; First Lord of the Admiralty 230; and the Heé affair 370–1, 373, 375, 378, 379; H’s arch-enemy 286; meeting with Roosevelt at Casablanca 577; and Norway 288, 289; and the Russian war-machine 433; ‘warmonger’ 304, 306; at Yalta 761,778

Chvalkovsky, Franzisek 127, 152, 170

Ciano, Count (the ‘Ducellino’) 25, 26, 98, 121, 196, 198, 203–4, 291, 292, 298, 301, 304, 322, 327, 328, 347, 364, 366, 383, 387, 444, 513, 541, 542, 546

Cincar-Markovic, Aleksandar Yugoslav Foreign Minister 362

clergy: harassing of xxxvi; influence of xxxviii; led by public opinion xxxviii–xxxix

Cologne 760, 782; bombing of 524, 704; political activism 704, 705

colonization 244

Columbia 134

Comintern 211

‘Commissar Order’ (6 June 1941) 357–9, 658

Committee of Three (Dreierausschuß; Keitel, Lammers and Bormann) 569–70, 571, 574, 575, 577

Communism: in Czechoslovakia 88; and Fascism 17; murder of Communists in Russia 463, 464; the Spanish Civil War 14, 15, 16; in Stalingrad 534; suppression of xxxvi, xxxvii, xl, xlii; see also Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands

Community Foundation for the Care of Asylums 260

Community Patients’ Transport Service 260, 429

concentration camps: and the Church xxxix, 428; ‘euthanasia-centres’ 430; resistance members in xxxvii; and the Russian people 470; see also individual camps

‘Confessing Church’ 41

conscription xxxvii–xxxviii

conservative élites xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii

Conti, Dr Leonardo 259, 260

Copenhagen 288

Corsica 328, 542, 600

Cossack (destroyer) 287

Cotentin peninsula 640, 641, 643

Cottbus 798, 802

Coulondre, Robert 215

coup d’état 263, 268

Courland 757, 759

Courland army 798

‘Court of Honour’ 688

Coventry 310

Cracow 244, 318, 320, 482

Craig, William 370

Cremona 594

Crete 367

Crimea 400, 401, 402, 413, 414, 415, 434, 440, 451, 455, 600, 602, 603, 617, 618, 630, 631, 650, 723

Cripps, Sir Stafford 379

Croatia 470, 782

Croydon airport 110

Crystal Night (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472

Csáky, István 166

Cuba 145

currency, foreign 10

Cvetkovic, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 360, 362

Cyprus 383

Czech army 88, 96, 115

Czechoslovakia 43, 133, 163; armament plants 89; arsenal 165; and Austrian refugees 85; British reaction to the invasion 173–4; ‘Case Green’ 88, 101, 106, 109; central Europe’s last, betrayed, democracy 71; Communism in 88; Czechs’ alleged oppression of Sudeten Germans 91, 96–7, 107, 111, 114; deportation of Jews 488; Einsatzgruppen 241, 246; eliminating Czech resistance 487–8; ethnic minorities 88; founded (1918) 88; generals discuss a potential invasion 102–3; German army enters (1939) 171, 225; the German Protectorate 172; Η aims to destroy 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116, 136, 158, 163–4; Hácha signs agreement 171; Hácha’s meeting with H 170–1; H’s ultimatum 116–17, 119; industrial base 88, 161, 164; industries 164–5; the Karlsbad demands 106, 108, 109; Keitel’s plan for military action 97, 101; mobilization (May 1938) 99, 111, 115, 190; mobilization plans against 51, 115, 120; name changed to Czecho-Slovakia 164; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German expansion 49–50, 61; raw materials 89, 164; Slovakian demand for independence 168–9; strategic position 97, 165; Sudetenland 136, 157, 160, 161, 164, 172–3, 241, 251, 664; crisis (1938) 44, 46, 61, 86, 87, 91, 95, 105, 109, 110, 116, 118, 121, 123, 124, 132, 147, 158, 179, 190, 200, 205, 218, 262, 655; treaties with France and Soviet Union 95; weakened by the incorporation of Austria 84; the ‘Weekend Crisis’ 99–100

D

D-Day 641, 723

Dachau concentration camp 141, 274, 768

DAF see Deutsche Arbeitsfront

Dahlem 7

Dahlems, Birger 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222–3, 226, 379

Daily Telegraph 84

Dakar 329, 331

Daladier, Edouard 112, 121, 122, 175, 216

Danish navy 288

Dannecker, Theo 322, 352

Danube region 777

Danube river 79, 169, 434, 723, 757, 787

Danzig (Gdansk) 67, 165, 166, 172, 177, 178, 179, 181, 190, 200–3, 216, 219–22, 225, 236, 238, 247, 788; Customs Office 201

Danzig Question 158, 177

Danzig-West Prussia 239, 250, 316, 837

Daranowski, Gerda 235, 396–7

Darían, Admiral Jean François 542

Darmstadt 788

Darré, Richard Walther 10, 162, 187, 374

Davos 136

Delp, Pater Alfred 666

democracy: attack on xlii; central Europe’s last, betrayed, democracy 71

Denmark 287, 288, 405, 603–4, 834

Dessau 137

Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF; German Labour Front) xl, 836

Deutsche Bank 132

Deutsche Volksliste (German Ethnic List) 251

Deutsches Jungvolk 765

Deutschkron, Inge 474–5

Deutschland (pocket-battleship) 43, 49, 176

‘Deutschland, Deutschland über alles’ (German national anthem) 561

Dienststelle Ribbentrop 26

Dieppe 536, 660

Dietrich, Otto 32, 78, 170, 294, 373, 396, 623, 678

Dietrich, SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp 32, 743, 757, 787, 803, 817

Dirlewanger Brigade 725

Dirschau 222

Disraeli, Benjamin 123

Ditchley Park, Oxfordshire 370

Djibouti 328

Dnieper river 346, 410, 413, 434, 597, 599, 602, 603, 616, 617, 618, 629

Dniester river 463, 630

Dobbin 826

Dohnanyi, Hans von 262, 268, 659, 667

Dollfué, Engelbert 65, 66

Dollmann, General Friedrich 638

Don river 416, 526, 529, 530, 538, 546

Donald, Major Graham 370

Donets Basin 410, 413, 415, 578, 600

Dönitz, Grand-Admiral Karl 585, 631, 650, 684, 719, 757, 774, 779, 792, 798, 800, 804, 808, 813, 815, 817, 820, 823, 825, 832, 834, 835, 837

Dorpmüller, Julius 800

Dorsch, Xaver 634

Dortmund 587, 761

Dresden 511, 761, 764–5, 779; Jews in 766

Dresdner Bank 132

Duisburg 535, 587, 792

Dulles, Allen 834

Dünaburg 398

Dunkirk 295–7, 321

Düsseldorf 142, 535, 587, 760, 840

Dutch East Indies 326

E

Eagle’s Nest (Adlerborst), Kehlstein 198, 202, 203, 638

East Prussia 158, 239, 261, 334, 414, 420, 432, 437, 483, 501, 527, 546, 565, 595, 614, 650, 651, 715, 719, 740, 741, 749, 756, 758, 759, 762, 763, 769, 779

‘East-West Axis’ 183, 184

eastern expansion xliv, 188, 203; see also expansionism; ‘living-space’

Eastern Question 334

‘Eastern Wall’ 403

Ebermannstadt, Upper Franconia 221

Eberswalde 793

Echtmann, Fritz 831

Economic Staff for the East: Agricultural Group 406

Ecuador 134, 320

Edelweié Pirates 704

Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon): and Bishop Bell 663; and the Heé affair 379–80; and H’s ‘peace plan’ 3–4; resignation 73

Edward VIII, King (later Duke of Windsor) 24, 302

Egypt 189, 350, 523

Eichmann, Adolf: deportations to the Nisko district 318; favours a Jewish state in Palestine 134; forces the emigration of Viennese Jews 131; hanged 837; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322, 324; runs the ‘Jewish Section’ of the SD 42; suggests pogroms 136; the Wannsee Conference 492, 493

Eicken, Professor Karl von 694

Eifel 741

Einsatzgruppe A 463

Einsatzgruppe Β 463, 466

Einsatzgruppe C 463, 468

Einsatzgruppen (‘task groups’): Czechoslovakia 241; Poland 241, 243, 244, 246; reports of slaughter in Russia sent to Η 520; Soviet Union 381–2, 461, 463–9, 477

Einsatzkommando 3 463, 468

Einsatzkommando 4a 468

Einsatzkommandos (‘task forces’) 382, 485

Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 722, 745, 760, 819, 835, 836

El Alamein 534, 538

Elbe river 802, 805, 809, 810

Elberfeld 587

Elbrus mountain 530

‘elections’ (29 March 1936) xxi, 3

Elisabeth, Czarina 791

Elser, Georg 263–4, 271–5, 2–78, 656

Elsterwerda 802

employment 712–13; female labour 563, 567–8, 713; forced labour 707, 736; foreign labour 162, 317, 713; Führer Decree (13 January 1943) 568; Jewish labour gangs 492–3; Jewish skilled workers 486; labour shortages xlv, 162, 186, 187, 502, 515, 540, 707; low wages xxxvi, 423, 449; new sources of skilled labour 161; poor work conditions xxxvi, 423, 540; prisoners-of-war 449

Engel, Major Gerhard 54, 235, 248, 302, 332, 344, 350, 438, 532.

English Channel 295, 310, 504

Erbkrank (Hereditarily 111) (film) 257

Essen 761, 791

Esser, Hermann 512, 781

Estonia 194

‘ethnic cleansing’: authorized by Η 240; Heydrich explains the programme 243–4; instigated by the SS 240–1; liquidation programme at its core 248

ethnic minorities xv

Etzdorf, Rittmeister Hasso von 262, 269 eugenics programmes 234

Eupen-Malmedy 664

Euskirchen 294

‘euthanasia action’ 235, 252–61, 263, 426–9, 462, 480, 483, 522, 838

Evian Conference (1938) 145

Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) (film) 249, 323, 349–50

Exeter 520

expansionism xliv–xlv, 24, 49, 60, 64, 87, 95, 124–5, 129, 157, 161, 173, 241, 305, 343; see also eastern expansion; ‘living-space’

exports xxxviii, 162

F

Falaise Pocket 721, 723

Falkenhorst, General von 287

Fallersleben 197

Far East 13, 25, 442, 504, 505

Farinacci, Roberto 594, 596, 597

Fascism 596; Austrian-nationalist 65; and Communism 17; in Italy 581, 586

Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael 29–30

Fegelein, SS-Gruppenführer Hermann 797, 816, 818, 819, 820

Fegelstein, Gretl (née Braun) 797

Fellgiebel, General Erich 672, 673, 675, 687, 690, 692

Felsennest (Rock Eyrie) (Führer Headquarters near Münstereifel) 294, 300

Feltre, near Belluno 593

Fifth Army (Soviet) 413 ‘fifth-columnists’ 488

‘Final Solution’ 151, 252, 321–2, 352, 463, 471, 481, 487, 489, 492, 493, 495, 520, 559, 603, 636, 736, 822

Finland 308, 333, 334, 524–6, 617, 624, 645, 724

Finnish war 286, 287

First Reich 335

First World War 657, 834; the armistice (1918) 298, 542; blasting of craters with howitzers 454; collapse of morale on the home front 563; ‘fifth-columnists’ 488; German humiliation and loss of national pride xv; H’s experiences 403, 473, 611, 754; Lloyd George and H reminisce 29; the ‘world war’ term 490

Fischlham 197

Flanders 299, 434, 454, 518

Flensburg 834, 835

Flick concern 132

Florian, Gauleiter Friedrich Karl 786

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 298

food crisis xxxvi, 10, 12, 20, 47, 48, 49, 423, 480–81, 506, 507, 540

‘Foreign Armies East’ department 756

foreign exchange 9, 11, 162

Forest of Compiègne 298

Forster, Gauleiter Albert 67, 200, 201, 202, 219, 222, 239, 247, 250, 251, 315, 316, 837

Förster, General Helmuth 455

Four Year Plan organization 22, 226, 313, 354, 406, 492, 502

France: armistice with Germany 298–9; armistice with Italy 299; and the Axis powers 514; and Czechoslovakia 95, 96, 99, 118, 119–20; declares war on Germany 223; deportation of Jews from occupied area 485; divided 299; evacuation of 649; government crisis (1938) 75; H gambles everything on her defeat 285; H mentally distributes provinces 267; H’s plans 293, 542; H’s triumph 286, 421; H’s view of the French military 264, 265; industry 784; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; Napoleon’s legacy xvi; necessity of holding on to 719; northern 291, 295, 745; occupation of southern France 542; Popular Front 14; rearmament 157, 175; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 206; Vichy 323–4, 331, 342; weakness of xxxvi

Franciscans, ‘immorality trials’ of (1937) 40

Franco, Francisco xvii, 13–16, 25, 44, 207, 332;

and the Axis 327; Hendaye meeting (Hitler/

Franco) 329–30, 525; territorial demands 327, 328, 348

François-Poncet, André 29, 119–20, 122

Frank, Hans 25, 204, 239, 245, 250, 316, 319, 322, 351, 352, 375–6, 462, 480, 482, 491–2, 520, 589, 725, 726, 837

Frank, Karl Hermann 108–9, 599

Frankfurt am Main 485, 788

Frankfurt an der Oder 759, 793

Frankfurter, David 136

Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 36, 277, 283, 454, 501, 505, 554, 611, 696, 742, 745, 776, 783, 789, 791, 811

Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 335

‘Free French’ 331, 722

Freemasonry 24, 130, 250, 594, 595

Freies Deutschland (‘Free Germany’) 616

Freikorps 250, 258

Freikorps Adolf Hitler 790

Freinberg, Linz 198

Freisler, Roland 508, 552, 688, 689, 692

French army 277, 284, 295, 297

French Equatorial Africa 331, 434

French Indo-China 326

French Morocco 327

French navy 298; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301

French Resistance 660, 722

Freyend, Major Ernst John von 672, 673

Freytag-Loringhoven, Major Bernd von 811

Frick, Interior Minister Wilhelm 76, 78–91, 172, 219, 245, 312, 571, 574, 599, 837

Friedeburg, Admiral Hans-Georg von 835, 836

Friener, General Johannes 650

Fritsch, Colonel-General Werner Freiherr von 10, 49, 50, 51, 52, 101–2, 147, 209, 237; the scandal 54–6, 64, 69, 83, 86, 89, 94, 101, 147, 167, 224, 262, 358, 668

Fröhlich family 145

Fromm, Colonel-General Friedrich 450, 644, 651, 659, 669, 670, 675, 676, 678, 681–3, 689, 690

Führer Bunker, Berlin 788, 791, 824, 827, 830; communications 811–12, 818; described 775–6; Greim arrives 812; H and Eva Braun commit suicide 828; H’s fifty-sixth birthday 797–8; Speer unable to break free from H 806; Weidling made responsible for Berlin’s defence 808

Führer Chancellery (Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP) 257–8, 259, 260

Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 188, 198, 227, 229, 556, 614, 774

‘Führer Headquarters’: the first (Pomerania, then Upper Silesia) 235–6; Wolf’s Lair, near Rastenburg see Wolf’s Lair

‘Führer Machine’ 524, 710

Führer-Informationen 710

Führerbegleitkommando 830

Funk, Walther 58, 143, 219, 312, 434, 569, 571, 573, 678, 823, 837

Fürth 582

Furtwängler, Wilhelm 13, 513

Fuschl, near Salzburg 203, 595

G

Gabcik, Josef 518–19

Galen, Clemens August Graf von 427–30

Galicia 493, 629

Galland, Adolf 732

Gargzdai, Lithuania 463–4

Garmisch-Partenkirchen: Winter Olympics (February 1936) 5

Gatow aerodrome 801, 806, 809

Gau Unterfranken (Lower Franconia) 37

Gaukönigshofen 142

Gaulle, General Charles de 329, 331, 722

Gaullist movement 328

Gay, Peter 145

Gedye, G.E.R. 84–5

Gehlen, General Reinhard 756, 757

Gelsenkirchen 514, 761

General Army Office 659

General Plan for the East (Generalplan-Ost) 462, 476

General War Office (Allgemeines Heeresamt) 668

Geneva conventions 394–5

Genghis Khan xvii, 756, 772

Genoa 595

genocide xl, 493; all-out genocidal programme 461, 462; attempts to conceal the evidence 766–7; genocidal link between war and the killing of Jews 151; H’s responsibility 487; Jews dehumanized 142; Jews excluded from German society 142; in the Russian campaign (1941) 248, 249; separate strands pulled together 492; the Wannsee Conference and 493

George, Stefan 667

Gercke, Lieutenant-General Rudolf 450

German army: anti-Polish feeling 235, 237; anti-tank gun devloped 448; and armaments factory workers 300; assassination conspiracy (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84; Brauchitsch controls 94; Brauchitsch resigns 451–2, 453; conscription reintroduced (1935) 10; crisis of confidence 103, 450; desertions 763; display of prototype tanks 632; driven out of Libya 546; eastern front stabilized 455–6; enters Czechoslovakia (1939) 171; expansion 10; forces against Timoshenko 433; fuel shortage 530, 635, 696; General Staff 98, 102, 393, 408, 418, 438, 528, 533, 534, 544, 578, 650, 687, 688, 696, 757–8, 769, 782, 787, 826; and German dominance xliv; H takes on the supreme command 452–3; the Halt Order (August 1941) 451–5, 462, 507; High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres; OKH) 287, 357, 361, 381, 407, 408, 409, 413, 414, 417, 418, 434, 435, 439, 452, 505, 514, 528, 655, 661, 662, 671, 675, 811; H’s aim 20; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; losses of weapons and vehicles 515; major changes in leadership 188; moral codex of the officer corps 59; a new panzer army 448; officer corps 86; Operations Department 396; prepares for a spring offensive in Russia (1942) 447, 448, 456, 509; relations with the SS 247, 248; retreating troops (1945) 760; robbery and plundering by (1945) 763; size of xxxvi–xxxviii, 284, 515; support of H’s regime xv; told to hold position in Russia 453–4; the toll of ‘Barbarossa’ 409; transfer of divisions to the east 305–6; view of military action against Poland 159; weak leadership 225; winter crisis in Russia 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516

German Communist Party see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD)

German embassy, Stockholm 287

German Labour Front see Deutsche Arbeitsfront

German navy 58, 59, 277, 278, 289, 302; H on 509, 825; High Command 367; and iron-ore imports 286; and the naval pact with Britain 190; prepares for war with Britain 94, 100; rebuilding of 38, 47, 50; in Scandinavia 287, 289; Z-Plan 159, 191, 284

German Order of the Eagle 449, 525

German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238

‘Germania’, intended new Nazi capital 183

Germanization 235, 244, 250–1, 318, 476

Germany: Abteilung Landesverteidigung (National Defence Department) 307; agreement with Austria (1936) 4, 24, 25, 45, 66, 67; Air Ministry 144; alliance with Italy 24–6, 68; American air-raids on fuel plants 635; anti-aircraft weapon development 449; armaments industry 300, 563, 567, 707, 711, 712; ascendancy destabilizes the international order 4; austerity drive (1944) 712; becomes a major power again 28–9; black-marketeering 506, 508; bureaucracy 566–7; capitulation signed 6 May 1945 835; civil service xv, 575; colonies 67, 100, 176, 203, 216, 264, 293, 328; complicity over deportation of Jews 495; cultural despair xlii; declares war on the United States (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; delay in attacking Russia 368; dialects 434; ‘East Wall’ 159–60; economic agreement with Russia (January 1941) 343; elections (1938) 82–3; expansionism xliv–xlv, 24, 49; fatalities 236; flak installations issue 524, 543, 554; Foreign Ministry xliv, 15, 100, 188, 189, 190, 237, 262, 268, 271, 284, 321, 350, 770; Foreign Office 13, 14, 15, 26, 44, 58, 60, 63–4, 67, 87, 89, 90, 95, 121, 262, 478, 492, 539; Four-Year Plan 12, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 57, 63, 66, 67, 68, 89, 143–4, 161, 226, 313, 354, 406; fuel shortage 11, 18, 345; the German greeting 703; growing domestic consumption 9; H becomes the law 511; H blocks proposals to cut down on bureaucracy 574; housing 449; H’s approval of a German-Japanese alliance 448; intelligence 626, 734, 735, 756; judicial system capitulates to the police state 507; judicial system scapegoated 508, 510–11, 522; loses the initiative in the war (1941) 457; Ministerial Bureau 262, 269; Ministry of Armaments 10; Ministry of the Eastern Territories 492; Ministry of Economics 20, 22, 58, 162; Ministry of Finance 574; Ministry of Food 10; Ministry of the Interior 76, 80, 257–60, 312, 492; Ministry of Justice 426, 492, 506, 508–9; Ministry of War 43, 57, 58; Mitteldeutschland xviii; mobilization 169; and the Munich Agreement 122; Mussolini’s state visit (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; national anthem 6, 561; ‘National Day of Celebration of the German People’ (1 May) 37; national debt 161; national pride xv, xvi, xxxix; Naval Pact with Britain (1935) xxxviii, 23; nemesis xvii; new importance in international affairs xxxvi; non-aggression pact with Russia (1939) 205, 206, 210–11, 212, 228, 236, 238, 285, 292, 326, 385; ‘Pact of Steel’ with Italy 193; position against Poland strengthened 165; Post Office 171; Propaganda Ministry 82, 313, 352, 365, 386, 473, 566, 567, 680, 689, 710, 765; reaction to the fate of the 6th Army 551–2; rearmament xxxviii, xliv, xlv, 1, 9–10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 25–6, 43, 160, 161, 163, 237; reassertiveness xxxvi; seeks a national hero xlii–xliii; steel industry 603; supports Italy in the Abyssinian conflict 4; Transport Ministry 507; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 332; unstable alliance with Hungary 734; war debts 449; Westwall 97–8, 103, 106, 202, 502, 737, 742

Gersdorff, Rudolph-Christoph Freiherr von 659, 660, 662–3, 666

Gerstenmaier, Eugen 666, 690

Gestapo (Secret State Police) 262, 660; arrest and internment of Jews 133, 145; attacks Communism xxxvi, xxxvii; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Edelweié Pirates kill Gestapo men 704; engaged in Einsatzgruppen actions 468; Galen’s protest 427–30; Headquarters 600; interrogation of Fritsch 56; radicalization 43; and resistance groups 263, 667, 670; and Stalingrad 551; suppression of religious orders in Münster 427; torture of coup conspirators 690; on Tresckow 660

Gewitteraktion (‘Storm Action’) 691

Geyr von Schweppenburg, General Leo 641, 649

Gibraltar 327, 328, 347, 348, 539

Giesing, Dr Erwin 694, 726, 727, 728

Giesler, Hermann 299, 512, 514, 575, 777, 778

Giesler, Gauleiter Paul 575, 576, 823

Giraud, General Henri 541–2

Gisevius, Hans-Bernd 225, 268, 675–6, 678, 682

Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund 71, 74, 75, 79

Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia 221

Globocnik, Odilo 319, 483

Gneisenau, August Graf Neithardt von 644

Gneisenau (battleship) 504

Godesberg Memorandum 114–18, 122

Goebbels, Joseph 32–3, 36, 43, 118, 226, 227, 753, 786, 798, 806, 819, 832; affair with Lida Baarova 145, 199; on the Anschlué 75–6; appointed Chancellor of the Reich 823, 830; on attacking England 267; on Barbarossa 385, 415 — 16; the Berlin Olympics 7; and black-marketeering 506, 508; Christian Churches a pet theme 509, 516; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; and Czechoslovakia 96, 107, 112, 113, 115–16, 121; diary 1, 13, 17–18, 39, 41, 44, 46, 83, 137, 138, 148, 161, 164, 177, 382, 395, 474, 487, 521, 571, 610, 638–9, 709, 711, 729; and Der ewige Jude 249; and the food crisis 506; the French armistice 299; and the Fritsch affair 56; in the Führer Bunker 776, 804, 827, 828; fury at the Dresden air-raid 779; on the German declaration of war on the USA 444–5; on Göring 11; and the Heé affair 373, 374–5, 376, 379; Himmler critical of 148; hopes for understanding with Britain 160; H’s most adoring disciple 184, 348, 571, 783; on H’s plans for dealing with Britain 292–3; and H’s threats to Austria 72; instigates the pogrom (1938) 138, 140; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 133, 279, 472–3, 474, 490, 510; on letters criticizing H 566; the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; marital problems 145; on Memel 176; memorandum to H (September 1944) 729–30; the Munich Agreement 122; the OKW’s radio presentation 398; the ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300; plans to rid Berlin of Jews 133–4, 135, 351, 481, 482, 485, 519; pledges loyalty of all German people to H 117; ‘Plenipotentiary for Total War Deployment’ 563; on the Polish Question 279; propaganda against the Poles 241; radio address castigating the plotters (1944) 700; refashions H’s image (1942) 501; refuses to leave H 824; regrets H isolating himself 565–6; relations with H 35; relationship with Lida Baarova 145; remains wholly loyal 774; Rosenberg detests 149; satisfaction with the massacre of Jews 464, 494–5; signs the Political Testament 823; and Slovakia 166; the Spanish Civil War 16; the ‘special announcements’ 398, 422; Sportpalast speech (18 February 1943) 561–2; suggests reviving the Ministerial Council 570–71; suicide 83; threatens Jewish sympathizers 475; told of the assassination attempt (1944) 678–9; and the uprising (1944) 679; urges H to address the nation after six months’ silence 430–31; and vom Rath’s death 138; the winter clothing crisis 453; ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482

Goebbels, Magda 198–9, 783, 827–8, 832–3

Goerdeler, Carl 268, 659, 663, 665, 666; becomes a leading opponent of the Third Reich 19, 664; confession 691; opposes an armaments-led economy 18, 22; Reich Price Commissioner 19; Stauffenberg and 668; warns about H’s aims 90

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 240

Gold Beach 640

Goldlap 738

Gollancz, Victor 840

Göring, Edda 799

Göring, Emmy 799

Göring, Hermann 32, 43, 188, 207, 320, 341, 405, 475, 543, 546, 563, 684, 753, 798, 804; aborted political leadership plan 572–3; aims at economic dominance in southeastern Europe 49, 89; air-lift to 6th Army 544, 545; ambitions 57; and the Anschlué 75–8, 81, 89; and ‘aryanization’ 42; attempts to make a comeback 226; attends two Committee of Three meetings 574; and the Austrian Question 67, 68, 96; the Berlin Olympics 7; blamed for the ‘absolute failure’ of the Luftwaffe 645; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53; Bormann forces him to resign 807–8; chairs the Ministerial Council 312; and the Committee of Three 568–70; contempt for bureaucracy 313; and Czechoslovakia 96, 119, 120; designated to be H’s successor 396; diary 12; and Dunkirk 296; elevated to Reich Marshal 303–4; encourages H to get rid of Halder 533; the end of his influence on foreign policy 123; establishes a Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; on expansion 46; expelled from the Party 823; favours an agreement with Britain 50, 67, 226, 771–2; foreign policy 67–8; Four-Year Plan see under Germany; and Fritsch 55; ‘Fuel Dictator’ 11; on a ‘great showdown’ with the Jews 127; H humiliates 786–7; and the Heé affair 371, 372, 375, 376; and H’s cancellation of the Polish invasion 215; and H’s memorandum (1936) 20, 21; H’s reluctance to oppose 289; illness 574; isolates himself 95; on the ‘Jewish Question’ 131; keen to see the end of Czechoslovakia 89; and the Luftwaffe’s failure 535, 570, 572, 587, 620–21, 629, 738, 825–6; made Field Marshal 58; at a meeting to discuss the Polish situation 208; and the Munich Agreement 121, 123; narcotics intake 574; nominally in charge of anti-Jewish policy 471; popularity evaporates 620, 644, 739; the Prussian Finance Ministry 574–5; pushes for peace at Munich 89; rapaciousness 89; and the Spanish Civil War 14, 15, 16; successful visit to Italy 45; suicide 836; telegram to H 807; on trial at Nuremberg 574; wants total economic exploitation of Russia 406; and Wiedemann’s mission to London 105

Gorki 437, 438

GPU (Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie; Soviet State Political Administration) 359

GPU-Organization 354

Graf, Willi 552

Grafeneck asylum 261

Grand Army (of Napoleon) 393

Grave 723

The Great King (film) 501 ‘greater economic sphere’ see

Groéraumwirtschaft

Greater Russia, Rosenberg’s policy in 406

Greece: capitulation of 366–7; German plans to occupy 361, 363; Italian invasion 331, 346, 361

Greenland 585

Greiner, Helmuth 545

Greiser, Arthur 239, 250–2, 261, 315, 316, 319, 320, 479, 480, 484–5, 759, 837

Groß-Rosen concentration camp, Lower Silesia 768

Großdeutschland (‘Greater Germany’) 83

Groéraumwirtschaft (‘greater economic sphere’) xliv, 68, 343

Grodno 398

Groscurth, Lieutenant-Colonel Helmuth 119, 262, 268, 270

Grozny 497, 514, 529, 530, 532, 536

Grynszpan, Herschel 136, 150

Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237, 586

Guderian, General Heinz 290, 413, 414, 437, 442, 450, 451, 454–5, 501, 577, 578, 580, 591, 618, 650, 688, 694–5, 723, 725, 737, 753, 756–9, 768, 769, 770, 779, 784, 787–8

Guernica 24–5

Guinness family 13

Gulf of Salerno 600

Gumbinnen 738

Günsche, SS-Sturmbannführer Otto 797, 827, 828, 830, 831, 833

Gürtner, Justice Minister Franz 55, 56, 59, 253–4, 256, 262, 506

Gustav V, King of Sweden 817

Gustloff, Wilhelm 136

Gypsies 234, 244, 318, 382

H

Haase, Professor Werner 825, 826

Habsburg Empire: dismembering of 65; hostility towards Czechs 92; imperial crown lands 172

Hácha, Dr Emil 170

Hack, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm 26, 27

Hadamar asylum 261

Haeften, Lieutenant Werner von 671–2, 673, 676, 681, 682, 683, 689

Hafeld 197

Hagen, Lieutenant Hans 680

Hahn, Otto 731

Halder, General Franz 101, 123, 179, 207, 214, 215, 217, 220, 225, 236, 243, 262, 266, 267, 269, 270, 281, 296, 302, 303, 306, 308, 335, 344–5, 346, 356–7, 362, 365, 384, 391, 396, 399, 407–12, 414, 417, 418, 419, 433, 435, 438, 450, 451, 452, 456, 497, 514–15, 527, 528, 529, 531–2, 533–4, 690

Halifax, Lord 66, 67, 69, 73, 77, 99, 105, 109, 174, 213, 215–20, 306

Halle-Merseburg 765

Hamburg 597–8, 637, 800, 806

Hamilton, Duke of 370, 371, 373, 379

Hamm 791

Hanau 788

Hanke, Gauleiter Karl 759, 779, 823

Hanover 294, 791

Harlan, Veit 713

Harpe, Colonel-General Josef 758

Harris, Air Marshal Arthur 761

Harz mountains 402

Hase, Major-General Paul von 680

Hasselbach, Dr Hans-Karl von 235, 727

Hassell, Ulrich von 209, 226, 268, 551, 659, 664

Haus Wahnfried, Bayreuth 15, 198

Haushofer, Albrecht 378

Haushofer, Karl 378

Hawaii 444

Hefelmann, Hans 258, 259, 260

Heim, General Ferdinand 543

Heinemann, General Erich 643

Heinkel works, Rostock 509–10

Heinrici, Colonel-General Gotthard 759, 784, 793, 802

Heisenberg, Werner 731

Helldorf, Wolf Heinrich Graf von 52–3, 133, 135, 374, 691

Hendaye meeting (H-Franco) 328–30

Henderson, Sir Nevile 46, 73, 92, 99, 110, 116, 119, 120, 122, 206, 211–14, 216–21, 226, 228

Henlein, Konrad 46, 88, 96, 108, 109, 113, 218

Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria 245

Herber, Lieutenant-Colonel Franz 681 ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ 37, 505, 555, 565, 598, 631, 662, 783

Herrlingen 733

Heé, Rudolf 219, 245, 272, 298, 312, 315, 369, 381, 382–3, 786, 837; heads the central Party office 129; and the Spanish Civil War 15; mission to Scotland 369–80, 436; weak and ineffectual Party leadership 421

Heß, Wolf Rüdiger 369

Hessen 137

Heusinger, Colonel Adolf 396, 412, 672, 673

Hewel, Walter 170, 199, 212, 216, 226, 350, 594, 633, 797, 816

Heydrich, Reinhard 129, 134, 149, 252, 262, 318, 472, 476, 478; and the Anschlué 82, 84; appointed Deputy Reich Protector 488; approach to the ‘Jewish Question’ 139, 461–2; assassinated by Czech patriots 518–19, 526; concern with the ‘final solution’ 321–2, 471, 492–4; and the Einsatzgruppen 381, 382, 463; explains the ‘ethnic cleansing’ programme in Poland 243–4; ‘final evacuation’ of German Jews to the General Government 352; and the Fritsch file 54; grandiose resettlement scheme in Poland 279; heads the Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147; Jewish ‘emigration action’ 135; and Jews’ identification marks 473; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321, 324, 349; opens the Wannsee Conference 147–8, 492–3; and police state 278; and policy in Russia 468; and the ‘Polish’ assault at Gleiwitz 221; role with the Security Police 495; and ‘special tasks’ 353, 354; suggests a distinctive badge for Jews 144; and the Wannsee Conference 492–3

Hilger, Gustav 195

Himmler, Heinrich 104, 226, 227, 245, 262, 471, 478, 650, 753, 776, 798, 804, 806, 814; addresses Reichs- and Gauleiter (6 October 1943) 605; ambitions 57; and the Anschlué 76, 79, 82, 84; appointed Minister of the Interior 599, 709; approach to the ‘Jewish Question’ 139, 461–2, 469; authorized to deport Jews to the east 479; ‘Black Order’ 252; clashes with Forster 251; as Commander of the Reserve Army 716; commands Army Group Vistula 758–9, 779, 782, 787, 818; Commissar for Settlement 246, 279; conspirators want to eliminate with H 671; critical of Goebbels 148; delights in genocide of Jews 487; demands for ethnic Germans 319; driving out Jews 127; expelled from the Party 823; on extermination of Jews in the Ostland 486, 520; Forster on 316; and the Fritsch file 54, 55; General Plan for the East commissioned 462; on Germany’s ideological enemies 130; given command of the reserve army 677, 690; and the Heé affair 374; on Kiev 434; offer to surrender 816–19; policy in Russia 406, 468; ‘rejected by the Party’ 786; retreats to a convalescent clinic 782; role with the Security Police 495; secret overtures to the West 716–17; speaks to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5; statistics of Jews ‘executed’ 521; suggests deporting Jews to Africa 320–32; suicide 836; supports Ribbentrop in the Sudeten crisis 129; and Volkssturm 714, 716; and the Warsaw Uprising 725; ‘Some Thoughts on the Treatment of the Alien Population in the East’ 321

Hindenburg (airship) 6

Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorff und von xv, 814, 823

Hitler, Adolf: absolute power xxxvi; addresses the German people after the assassination attempt (1944) 684, 701; aims to destroy Czechoslovakia 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116, 136, 158, 163–4; Anschluß a watershed for H 83, 92, 94; appointed Chancellor (1933) xv, 23, 162; approach to Poland changes markedly 166–7; assassination attempt (1939) 263–4, 271–5, 278; assassination plans and attempt (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84, 687–705, 706, 753; and the atomic bomb 731–2; authorizes deportation of Jews to the east 479, 481, 488, 494; awareness of the slaughter of Jews 520–23; Baldwin on 4; ‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 290–91, 522; becomes a remote figure 501, 564, 565–6, 570, 571, 614; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53–4; Brenner Pass talks 291–2; and the ‘Church struggle’ 39–41; cremation of his body 829–31; criticized for the first time (over Stalingrad) 551–2; crusade against Bolshevism 335, 384, 406, 505; daily routine 32–3, 105–6, 198–9, 396, 777; ‘Decree for the Implementation of the Four-Year Plan’ 23; ‘Destructive Measures on Reich Territory’ decree 785–6; disaffection with 95, 556–7; dismay at Britain’s ultimatum 223, 230; disposes of his possessions 821; draconian economic measures against Jews 143–4; effect of ‘Crystal Night’ on 150; the essence of his political ‘career’ 783; the euthanasia authorization 253; experiences in the First World War 403; favours a Polish rump state 238; fiftieth birthday (20 April 1939) 183–4, 187, 228, 806; fifty-fifth birthday 632; fifty-sixth birthday 794, 797, 799, 800; final meeting with his Gauleiter 779–80; final proclamation to the soldiers of the eastern front (15 April 1945) 749, 792–3; foreign policy compared to that of Göring 67–8; the French armistice 298–9; the Fritsch affair 54–6; Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 198; Haider involved in a conspiracy 123, 179; health 36, 92, 411–12, 456, 473, 513, 541, 553, 556, 565, 577, 587, 611–12, 623, 631, 694, 726–8, 732, 741, 779–80; and the Heé affair 371–2, 373, 375, 376–7, 379, 380, 381, 382–3, 436; and Himmler’s offer to surrender 816–17; horoscope 791; ideological aims of the war against Russia 356; imperialist aims 517; interned in Landsberg (1924) 31; and Katyn 583; last ‘election’ campaign 82–3; last offensive 745; last triumph 693; major speech on foreign policy (20 February 1938) 71, 72, 73; marries Eva Braun 820–21; meeting with Franco at Hendaye 329–30; meeting with Mussolini at Feltre 593; memorandum on the future of the economy 19–23, 25, 144; mode of addressing (‘Mein Führer’) 30; the Munich Agreement 122–3; mutual distrust of Stalin 331; ‘offer’ to Britain regarding Poland 213, 216, 217, 265–6, 267; Operation Sealion 302–3, 310; opposition to 262–3, 268–9, 552, 556; the order to attack Poland (on 1 September 1939) 220–1; ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300, 301, 306, 379; personal security 660; his personal staff 30–2; Political and Private Testaments 821–3, 825, 832; popularity 275, 278, 311, 367, 375, 421, 655; popularity wanes 541, 700, 702–3; ‘prophecy’(i939) 459, 473–4, 478, 479, 482, 487, 488, 491, 494, 495, 516, 522, 536, 540, 589, 637; the quintessential hate-figure of the twentieth century xvii; reaction to Mussolini’s replacement 594–5; reactions to H’s survival 699–702; rescinds Polish invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; restores Germany’s position as a major power 28–9; role in the road to the ‘Final Solution’ 495; sees himself as ‘irreplaceable’ 276; ‘sixteen-point proposal’ 219–20, 221; and the Spanish Civil War 4, 13, 14; Special Train 291, 292, 294, 307, 328, 329; style of rule 569; suicide (30 April 1945) 828, 829, 832; support for xxxix–xl; takes over the Wehrmacht 56–8; takes on the supreme command of the army 452–3; talks with Mussolini (January 1941) 346–7; talks with Mussolini (April 1943) 581; talks with Mussolini (22 April 1944) 633; talks with Mussolini (May 1938) 133; treatment of Eva Braun 34; triumph in Vienna 79–81; ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; views devastation in Warsaw 236; war directive (18 December 1940) 335; war as the essence of human activity 403; ‘world-view’ xli, 21, 150, 233, 588; at the zenith of his power (1940–41) 286; antisemitism 285, 360; aims to destroy the Jews xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 582–3, 588; attacks Jewish lack of ability and creativity 489; keen to hide his involvement in the genocide 487; and the Olympic Games 5; ‘removal’ of the Jews xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 279, 336, 349, 383; personality: charm 29, 72; courage xxxix; egomania 613; exploitation of others 30–1, 34; hubris xvi, xviii; hypochondria 411, 612, 727–8, 777; megalomania 34, 36, 187–8, 368, 400; preoccupation with his own mortality 36–7, 84, 92, 228; profound contempt for human existence 500–501; rages 5–6, 7, 39, 43, 116, 178, 202, 229, 270, 530, 531, 532, 539, 564, 573, 590, 612, 627, 675, 732, 757–8, 759, 769, 818; restlessness xlvi, 27; secretiveness 30, 487, 522, 523; self-confidence xlvi, 15, 356, 456, 504, 530, 533, 578, 624; self-glorification xv; sense of political mission xv, 63, 70, 92, 253, 314, 323; a skilled dissembler 29–30; Valhalla mentality 577; vegetarianism 509; public speaker: antisemitism 5, 39; criticism of the ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ speech (1943) 555; Finnish recording (1942) 525; performing skills xli, 117, 189, 432; speech to the last ever session of the Reichstag 510–12; speeches loses their impact 540; use of his hands 303; on working with other nations 27; works: Mein Kampf 19, 21, 39, 45, 63, 65–6, 151, 206, 237, 255, 375, 752, 821; Second Book 19, 21, 237

Hitler, Alois (Aloys) (H’s father) 37, 80

Hitler, Klara (née Pölzl; H’s mother) 36, 37, 80

Hitler Youth 7, 51, 55, 56, 81–2, 142, 162, 704, 765, 790, 798, 808

Hoche, Dr Alfred 254

Hodges, General Courtney H. 760

Hoepner, Colonel-General Erich 359–60, 442, 455, 507, 510, 676–7, 681, 690, 692

Hofacker, Lieutenant-Colonel Cäsar von 733

Hoffmann, Heinrich 34, 36, 206, 210, 590

Hohenlychen clinic 782

Hohenlychen Red Cross hospital 633

Holland see Netherlands

Holocaust, the path to the 389

Holste, Lieutenant-General Rudolf 813, 814, 826

Holy Roman Empire 267

homosexuality 234

Höppner, SS-Sturmbannführer Rolf-Heinz 471, 475

‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561

Horthy de Nagybánya, Nicklas 735–6

Horthy de Nagybánya, Admiral Nikolaus, regent of Hungary 366, 559, 581, 582, 584, 624, 626–8, 734, 735–6

Heß, Rudolf 837

Hoßbach, General Friedrich 32, 47, 49, 53, 54–5, 119, 758

Hoßbach meeting (1937) 49, 50, 64, 66, 87, 88, 191, 228, 343

Hotel Dreesen, Bad Godesberg 113, 114–15

Hotel Imperial, Vienna 81

Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, Munich 138–9

Hotel Weinzinger, Linz 79–80

Hoth, Colonel-General Hermann 465–6, 543–4, 545

House of Commons, London 265–6

Hradcany Castle, Prague 518

Hradschin Castle, Prague 171–2

Hube, General Hans Valentin 629, 632, 633

Huber, Kurt 552

Hugenberg, Alfred 814

Humber estuary 598

Hungarian army 538, 549–50

Hungary 194, 624, 631, 719, 739, 756, 782, 803; Arrow Cross 734, 735, 736; changes sides 734; criminality and the black market 582; German occupation 625, 626–8; German troops leave 791; Jews 624, 628, 736; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; Nicklas Horthy kidnapped 735; oil-fields 757, 772, 788; revisionism 95, 157; and Ruthenia 157–8, 165, 166, 167; unstable alliance with Germany 734

I

I G Farben 11, 18, 20, 22, 132

Ibiza 43

incurably sick 235, 252–7

India 391, 456; H inspired by the Raj 401, 402, 405, 449; independence 48; industrialization 403; and Japan 326

inflation 161

Innitzer, Cardinal Theodor 81, 82

Innsbruck 141, 834

International Olympic Committee 5, 7

Iran 189, 530

Iraq 189, 381, 530

Iraqi army 381

Ireland, Republic of 189

Ironside, General William Edmund 203

Italian army: driven out of Libya 546; in German captivity 600; H’s opinion of 549, 588; troops disarmed 600; Wehrmacht’s reliance on 538

Italy: Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 65; alliance with Germany 24–6, 68; Allied landing 587, 600; annexation of Albania 193; armistice with France 299; and Austria 4, 65, 66, 68, 69; and Bolshevism 25; British 8th Army enters Naples 600; and Czechoslovakia 95, 99, 109, 193; Fascist Grand Council 593, 594, 615; German military outposts 759; H loses trust of 543; H renounces any claim to the South Tyrol 98–9; H’s state visit (1938) 98–9; invasion of Greece 331, 346, 361; ‘Pact of Steel’ with Germany 193; rearmament 25–6; signs armistice with the Allies (3 September 1943) 599, 626; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326

J

Jaenecke, General Erwin 631

Japan: the Anti-Comintern Pact 27; attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448; attempts to broker a peace settlement between Germany and Russia 728–9, 730; and China 26–7; economic sanctions 443; H anticipates a victory over China 44; H places his hopes in 457; H seeks commitment to Japanese attack Singapore 363, 364; H’s approval of a German-Japanese alliance 448; H’s attitude towards 504–5; H’s view of Japan’s entry into the war 456, 516; imperial expansion 326; relations with the USA 442–3; and Russia 13; seeks an anti-Soviet alliance 193; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; Tojo replaces Konoye 443; Tripartite Pact (1940) 326

Japanese air force 443–4

Japanese General Staff 443

Japanese navy 443–4, 517

Jeckeln, Friedrich 486

Jeschonnek, Luftwaffe Chief of Staff Hans 543, 544, 545, 572

Jessen, Jens 664

‘Jewish Question’ 39, 41, 42, 136, 138, 144, 147, 235, 319, 323, 325, 350, 352, 462, 478, 570, 624, 625; and the decision to deport Jews to the east 479; first used by H in diplomatic discussions 583; Goebbels and 279, 472–3, 474, 490; Göring on 131; H ‘pitiless’ (unerbittlich) concerning 494, 510; Höppner’s memorandum 475–6; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; in Poland 317, 324; police force and xliv; radicalization of thinking 318; SS involvement 86, 139

Jews: allegations against xliii, 150, 582; anti-Jewish ‘Blood Law’ 256; and the arts xlii; and Bolshevism 17, 19, 39, 42, 127, 153, 325, 339, 343, 350, 353, 354, 359, 382, 388–9, 399, 431, 461, 463, 465, 466, 620, 740, 749, 752, 781, 792; Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; citizens’ behaviour in the pogrom 142–3; decision to deport Jews to the east 479–80; deportation from western Europe begins (July 1942) 493; deported to Vichy France 323–4; draconian economic measures 143–4, 148; and Edward VIII 24; enforced takeover of Jewish firms 42–3; extermination camps 147, 484; ghettos 144, 244, 249, 319–20, 464, 479, 485, 520, 583, 588, 736, 837; H aims to destroy xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 482–3, 588; H attacks lack of ability and creativity 489; H’s ‘prophecy’ of 30 January 459, 473–4, 478, 479; identification mark 144, 472, 473, 474–5; Jewry and Christianity 488; ‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 324, 349, 350, 351, 383, 470, 521; massacres by the Einsatzgruppen 463–4, 467–9; massacres by Wehrmacht soldiers 246–7; Mischlinge 148; mounting discrimination against xxxix, xl; November pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249; the Number One racial and social enemy 234; refugees 145–6; Reichkristallnacht (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472; ‘removal’ of xliii, xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 127, 134–5, 136, 151–2, 279, 317–19, 336, 349–54, 383, 462–3, 470–74, 476–82, 493; shooting of vom Rath 136, 137; ‘territorial solution’ 462–3, 472; treatment in Austria 84–6; Ukrainian 668; see also antisemitism; ‘Final Solution’; Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism and under individual countries

Jodl, General Alfred 51, 64, 69, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 159, 289, 291, 302, 307, 325, 335, 353, 354, 366–7, 396, 410, 411, 414, 417, 450, 513, 532, 533, 537, 580, 591, 593, 597, 616, 639, 642, 649, 718, 719, 732, 737, 740, 741, 771, 774, 779, 803, 805, 811, 814, 816, 820, 834–5, 837

Johannmeier, Major Willi 825

Johnson, Cornelius 7

Jud Süß (antisemitic film) 423

Junge, Traudl 801, 804, 821, 823, 824, 827, 828, 833

Juno Beach 640

Jüterbog 104

Jutland 288

K

Kaether, Colonel Ernest 808

Kalac 530

Kalisz 758

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 628, 689, 698, 758, 770, 776, 798, 800, 837

Kaminski Brigade 725

Kannenberg, Arthur 31

Karinhall (Göring’s country house) 571

Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Congress of the Sudeten German Party (April 1938) 96, 108, 109

Karlshorst 836

Karnau, Hermann 830

Kassel 137

Kattowitz 318, 767

Katyn Forest, Poland 583

Kaufmann, Gauleiter Karl 598

Kaulbach, Wilhelm von: Entry of the Sun Goddess 32

Kaunas (Kowno), Lithuania 463

Kazakhstan 477

KDP see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands

Keitel, Field-Marshall Wilhelm 52–3, 57, 70, 72, 75, 76, 78, 81, 94, 97, 99, 101, 159, 170, 214, 215, 219, 231, 245, 246, 269, 294, 298, 299, 312, 345, 350, 356, 357, 396, 405, 414, 465, 525, 532, 533, 566, 578, 618, 619, 642, 644, 650, 671, 672, 674, 676, 677, 678, 687, 688, 723, 733, 774, 779, 787, 788, 798, 799, 803, 805, 814, 816, 820, 825, 834–5, 836, 837; in the Committee of Three 568, 569, 570

Kempka, Erich 32, 660, 827, 829–30

Keppler, Wilhelm 45–6, 66, 72, 77, 78, 81

Kerch peninsula 455, 514, 515, 518

Kerrl, Hanns 11, 40, 256

Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albert 452, 533, 580, 581, 593, 597, 599, 617, 760, 788, 792, 834

Ketzin 809

Kharkhov 409, 410, 416, 515, 518, 524, 578, 581

Kiel 504

Kielce, Poland 769

Kießel, SS-Obersturmbannführer Georg 690, 691

Kiev 400, 410, 413, 414–15, 434, 468; ‘Battle of Kiev’ 403, 417, 419; recaptured 603

Killy, Leo 568

Kirkpatrick, Ivone 116, 371, 377, 378

Kleist, Lieutenant Ewald Heinrich von 670

Kleist, General Ewald von 439, 441, 630, 670

Klemperer, Victor 8–9, 474, 766

Kiessheim Castle, near Salzburg 513, 514, 581, 582, 626, 633, 640, 670

Kluge, Field-Marshal Günther von 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 531, 559, 579, 592, 596, 597, 600, 649, 661, 667, 670, 678, 696, 717, 719, 720–22

Knappertsbusch, Hans 512, 513, 632

Koblenz 760

Koch, Gauleiter Erich 261, 406, 715, 779, 837–8

Koch, Robert 470

Koeppen, Werner 433, 478

Kolberg 782, 788

Kolberg (film) 713, 782

Koller, General Karl 635, 739, 799, 801, 804, 807, 812

Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) xxxvi, xxxvii, 211, 272

Konev, Marshal Ivan 756, 793, 802, 809

Königgrätz 433

Königsberg, East Prussia 82, 210, 684, 738, 759, 762, 788, 791

Königsbronn, Württemberg 271, 272

Königswusterhausen 802

Konoye, Prince 443

Konstanz 273, 274

Koppe, Wilhelm 252, 261, 316, 319, 484, 838

Kordt, Erich 262, 269

Kordt, Theo 262

Korherr, Dr Richard 521, 583

Körner, Theodor 561

Korps Holste 826

Korten, General Günther 650, 674

Kowno, Lithuania 176, 398, 464, 485

Krampnitz 805

Krauch, Karl 11

Krause, Karl 31, 32

Krebs, General Hans 788, 798, 802, 803, 806, 811–14, 816, 823, 825, 827, 830–33

Kreipe, General Werner 739

Kreisau Circle 665, 666, 668, 690

Kreyssig, Lothar 253–4

Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm 568

Kroll Opera House 168, 303

Kronstadt 408

Krüger, Else 833

Krüger, Wilhelm 316

Krupp 132, 231, 242

Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav 26

Kuban 529, 600

Kube, Wilhelm 406–7, 486

Kubis, Jan 519

Kubizek, August 30, 198, 306

Küchler, Colonel-General Georg von 359–60

Kunz, Helmut Gustav 833

Kurhessen 138

Kursk 526, 579, 592, 596

Küstrin 759, 788, 793

Kvaternik, Marshal Sladko 470, 471

L

labour see under employment

Lagarde, Paul de 320

Lake Balaton 758, 788

Lake Ladoga 531

Lambach 197

Lammers, Hans Heinrich 32, 186, 187, 219, 236, 245, 256, 259, 312, 313, 314, 405, 427, 428, 567, 568, 570, 574, 708, 709, 711, 715, 807; in the Committee of Three 568, 570, 574; loses access to H 716; and the Prussian Finance Ministry 575

Landkreise (local government districts) 574

Landsberg am Lech fortress, H interned in 31, 377

Lange, Herbert 484

Lange, SS-Sturmbannführer Dr Otto 485, 492

Langenheim, Adolf 14, 15

Lansbury, George 29

Lanz, General Hubert 660

Las Palmas 14

Latin America 146

Lattre de Tassigny, Jean de 836

Latvia 194, 393, 757; Latvian Jews 485

Laval, Pierre 328–31, 541, 542, 582

Leader cult see Führer cult

League of Nations 201; German withdrawal (1933) 87

Lebensboden (basis of life) 448

Lebensraum see ‘living-space’

Leeb, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von 266, 270, 345, 393–4, 408, 455, 659

Left: internally in disarray xv; repression of xxxviii, xxxix, xl

Léger, Alexis 121

Legion Condor 17, 70

Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler 32, 33, 78, 787

Leipa, Czechoslovakia 171

Leipzig 761

Leipziger Gewandhaus 512

Leitgen, Alfred 372

Lemberg 380

Lenbach, Franz von 183

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich xvii

Leningrad 345, 346, 393–4, 400, 408, 410, 413, 416, 419, 439, 477, 480–81, 499, 531, 534

Leonding, near Linz 80

Leopold, Captain Josef 72–3

Leopold III, King of Belgium 295

Leuna 761

Leuthen, Battle of (1757) 811

Ley, Robert 313, 350, 374, 563, 569, 571, 573, 699, 774, 836

Libya 347, 523, 539, 546

Lidice 519

Liebmann, General Curt 59, 209

Liège 290

Lindemann, General Georg 650

Lindloff, Ewald 830–31

Linge, Heinz 674, 727, 777, 797, 798, 816, 828, 829, 830, 833

Linz 78–81, 161, 197, 198, 302, 365, 512, 709, 821, 834; model of 777–8

Lipski, Ambassador Jozef 177, 221

List, Field-Marshal Wilhelm 366, 529–33

Liszt, Franz 398

Lithuania 43, 175, 176, 238, 351, 393, 463–4, 714

Litvinov, Maxim 195

living standards xl, 9, 48, 272, 274

‘living-space’ (Lebensraum) xliv, 21, 37, 47–8, 49, 88, 98, 100, 101, 172, 185, 188, 191, 233, 238, 275, 305, 336, 337, 343, 378, 403, 406, 514, 582; see also eastern expansion; expansionism

Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 29, 383

Lob, Lieutenant-Colonel Fritz 11

Locarno Treaty (1925) xxxvi, 4, 188

Lodz 319; German Jews deported to 482, 484; ghetto 249, 319–20, 479; renamed Litzmannstadt 482; Soviet troops take 758

Lohse, Hinrich 406, 486, 492, 838

London 58, 607, 622; the Blitz 309; East End 309; flying-bombs 641, 642; H order a major air-attack 638; Polish Government-in-Exile 725

Londonderry, Lord 12, 13

Lorenz, Heinz 678–9, 797, 816, 825

Lorraine 315

Los Angeles: Olympic Games (1932) 6

Loßberg, Lieutenant-Colonel Bernhard von 307, 408

Lower Bavaria 763

Lower Rhine 760

Lübeck 509, 818

Lublin 319, 321, 484, 493, 494, 520, 589, 725

Lubljanka prison 551

Ludwigshafen 760, 761

Luftwaffe 277, 278, 289, 293, 396, 452, 509, 747, 799, 801, 802; airlift to 6th Army 544, 545, 548, 549; armaments programme 284; attacks London’s East End 309; Baku oilfields 537; in ‘Barbarossa’ 409; the Blitz 309; bomb-proof bunkers 633–4; bomber shortage 535; and the bombing of Cologne 524; and ‘Citadel’ 592; creation of xxxviii, 38; death blow to 745–6; Dunkirk 295, 296; failure of 535, 570, 572, 587, 620, 629, 696, 717, 738, 825–6; fighter production 732; forces against Timoshenko 433; fuel shortages 717, 732, 739; and Göring 57, 413; Göring assures H of imminent improvements 535; H’s preoccupation with deficiencies of 543, 729; H’s threat 786; and I G Farben 18; ‘Kirschkern’ Programme 622; Me262 production 621, 635, 739; and Memel 176; and the Normandy landings 641; Operation Barbarossa 384, 409; preferential treatment 46; and a proposed invasion of Britain 301; reform 645; Udet scapegoated for failures 420

Lüneburg 836

Lutze, SA-Chief Viktor 584

Luxembourg 295, 315

Luzk, eastern Poland 463

M

McAuliffe, Brigadier-General Anthony 744

McLean, Donald 370

‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 321–4, 324, 349–52, 383, 470, 521

Madeira xl

Magdeburg 761

Magdeburg-Anhalt 138

Maginot Line 265, 297

Magnuszev bridgehead 756

Maidanek 520

Main river 788

Mainz 761

Maisel, General Ernst 733

Malta 367, 514, 524

Manchester Guardian 124, 829

Mannerheim, Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf von 524,724

Mannesmann 132

Mansfeld, Erich 830

Manstein, Lieutenant-General Erich von 103, 290, 291, 452, 466, 514, 523, 524, 526, 531, 544–5, 549, 578–81, 592, 597, 599, 600, 603, 607, 616–19, 629, 630, 666

Manteuffel, General Hasso von 741, 744

Manziarly, Constanze 801, 804, 827

Mao Zedong xvii

Marburg 139

March, Werner 5

Mareks, General Erich 408

‘Marcks Plan’ 408

Margarethe I 626

Margarethe II 626

Margival (Führer Headquarters) 642

Markt Schellenberg 766

Marne river 722

Marseilles 722

Marx Brothers 371

Marxism 130; H’s use of the term xli–xlii

Marzahn 801

Maschmann, Melita 9, 142

Mastny, Dr Voytech 170

Masurian woods 395

Matsuoka, Yosuke 363–4, 444

Mauthausen concentration camp 604, 735, 768

Mayen 764

Mayer, Dr Joseph 259

Maykop 438, 497, 514, 529, 530, 536

Mediterranean 49, 50, 533, 539, 591; defence of 586; German supply difficulties 543; ‘an Italian sea’ 25; successful Allied landing 592–3

Meichner, Colonel Joachim 669

Meiser, Bishop Hans 28

Meissner, Otto 170, 218, 800

Memel district, Czechoslovakia 163, 166, 175–6

mentally ill patients 252–7, 259, 261, 317, 424, 427–8, 430, 484

mentally retarded children 257

Meran, South Tyrol 633

Mers-el-Kébir 301

Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel Albrecht Ritter 676, 681, 682, 683, 689

Mesopotamia 537

Messerschmitt, Professor Willi 621, 635

Metz 642, 721

Meuse river 295, 744

Meyer, Gauleiter Alfred 483

Michael, King of Romania 723

Middle East 523, 537, 591

Mierendorff, Carlo 666

Miklas, President Wilhelm 77, 78, 80–1

Milan 26

Milch, Field-Marshal Erhard 75, 548, 621, 634, 635

Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich (Ministerrat für die Reichsverteidigung) 219, 312, 541, 568, 570, 573, 709

Minsk 394, 398, 399, 466, 483, 486, 647, 661

Mischlinge (part-Jews) 148, 474, 486, 492

Mitford, Diana (later Mosley) 13

Mitford, Unity Valkyrie 13

Model, Colonel-General Walter 579–80, 592, 630, 650, 721, 754, 784, 786, 792

Mogilev 483, 647

Mohnke, SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm 813, 814, 826, 827

Möllendorf, Rittmeister Leonhard von 673

Molotov, Vyacheslav 192, 195, 196, 204–5, 210, 331, 332–4, 336, 342, 360–1, 734

Moltke, Helmuth James Graf von 665, 666

monasteries, closing of the 427, 428, 430

Mönichkirchen 366, 368

Montgomery, General Bernard 535, 538, 546, 600, 721

Montoire (H/Pétain/Laval discussions, 1940) 330–1

Moravia 46, 164, 165, 172, 318, 479

Moravská-Ostrava 165

Morell, Dr Theodor 36, 171, 411, 612, 674, 694, 726, 727, 728, 798, 801, 803

Morgenthau Plan (1944) 784

Morocco 14, 348

Moscow 397, 400, 416, 435, 477, 534, 536, 769; air-raids 409; the drive to 417, 442, 499; German Embassy 195, 205; and Guderian’s panzer army 437; ‘Marcks Plan’ 408; non-aggression pact signed 210–11, 228; ‘of no great importance’ 335, 345, 346; Operation Typhoon 415, 431; plans to take 408–11, 412, 414, 438, 439, 440

Mosley, Sir Oswald 13, 302

Mühldorf am Inn 78

Müller, General Friedrich-Wilhelm 758

Müller, SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich 464, 492, 758

Munich: Americans reach 834; Artists’ Club 140; bombing of 535, 761; Bürgerbräukeller 137, 271–4, 656; Chamberlain in no; Circus Krone 526; Deutsches Künstlerhaus (‘German Artists’ House’) 37, 38, 132; Feldherrnhalle 140, 840; Hofbräuhaus 614, 623–4, 779, 781; H’s flat in 34, 535; Jewish community 132, 485; Löwenbräukeller 436, 539, 565, 606, 739; Old Town Hall 137, 138, 149; Putsch commemoration 420; ‘Rally of German Art 1939’ 197–8; rebuilding 567, 709; Reich Food Estate’s Agricultural Exhibition (1937) 37; Stoétrupp Hitler wreaks havoc in 138, 149; synagogues demolished 132, 138, 139, 140, 149; Technische Hochschule 258

Munich Agreement (1938) 91, 105, 121–5, 157, 158, 159, 164, 172, 175, 208, 272, 291, 655; the basis of 113; cynical demolition of 173; Göring pushes for peace 89; H’s regrets 163, 230; legacy of 125

Munich University: White Rose opposition-group 552

Münster 427, 429, 791

Müritzsee, Mecklenburg 36

Mussert, Anton 518

Mussolini, Benito xvii, 48, 207, 276, 314, 597, 671; and anti-Bolshevism 285; and antisemitism 285; and Austria 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80; Baldwin on 4; and ‘Barbarossa’ 287; Brenner Pass talks 291–2, 327–8, 382–3; captured and executed 826; coins ‘Axis’ term 26; and Czechoslovakia 98, 99, 119, 120–1, 193; desperate to stop the war spreading 222; discusses the French armistice request 297–8; ‘discussions’ with H at Klessheim Castle 513–14; fall of (25 July 1943) 559, 594, 598, 599, 609; freed by SS 602, 689, 734; H loses confidence in 588; H on 25, 601; health 541, 586, 594; and the Heé affair 372, 375, 382–3; and H’s cancelled invasion of Poland (August 1939) 214–16; loss of prestige 347; meeting with H at Feltre 593; and the Munich Agreement 121; prepared to intercede with Britain 219, 222; on Ribbentrop 98; sets up ‘Repubblica di Salò’ in northern Italy 602; and the Spanish Civil War 14; Special Train 291; state visit to Germany (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; talks with H (May 1938) 133; talks with H (January 1941) 346–7; talks with H (April 1943) 581; talks with H (22 April 1944) 633; told of the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; visits FHQ after the assassination attempt 683, 684

Mutschmann, Martin 779

N

Naples 600

Napoleon Bonaparte xvi, xvii, 188, 384, 385, 393, 400, 412, 453, 455, 470, 499, 561, 644, 713

Narev river 238, 756, 757, 769

Narvik, Norway 286, 288, 289

National Committee of Free Germany 772, 793

‘national community’ xlv, 424

National Labour Day (1 May) 5

‘national rebirth’ xlii, xliv

‘national redemption’ xliv

‘national salvation’ xlii, xliv, xlvi

National Socialist Doctors’ League 254

National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) aesthetics of power 5; aims to force Jews out 146; antisemitism xliii; attacks on the Church xxxvi, 29, 40; Bormann restructures 790; business closures 575; and Christianity 424; the crucifix issue 425–6; ‘elections’ of 29

March 1936 xxxv; and the First World War 233; Foreign Organization see Auslandsorganisation; functionaries leave for safer havens (1945) 763; the ‘good old times’ 611; grandiose Party buildings 185; H praises 537; and the Heé affair 374; ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561; H’s ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; ideological drive 314, 343, 395; Leadership crisis (July 1921) 648; membership xlii; the Nazi calendar 37; nazified Memel population 175; Party Chancellery 372, 421, 424, 568, 709; Party Rally of 1929 255; Party Rally of 1934 6; Party Rally of 1936 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22–3; Party Rally of 1937 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45; Party Rally of 1938 108, 109–10; Party Rally of 1939 (cancelled) 197, 214; penal law 256; programme 37, 42, 65; Propaganda Department 474; Putch commemoration 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420; Reichsleitung 258; reserves of hard-core Nazi support for H 556; triumphalism 136; ‘world-view’ 40

National Socialist Leadership Officers 616

National Socialist Racial and Political Office (NS-Rasse-und Politisches Amt) 257

nationalism: H galvanizes the nationalist masses xli; Ukrainian 158, 165, 166

Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV) 424

Naumann, Werner 729, 823

Naval Agreement 189

Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)

Nebe, SS-Gruppenführer Arthur 318, 466

Neckar River 139

Neisse river 793

Nemmersdorf 738

Nero, Emperor 594

Netherlands 405, 434, 745, 834; bombing of Rotterdam 295; German invasion plans 659; Jews flee to 145–6; neutrality 277; the Queen and government flee to exile 294

Neumann, Ernst 166

Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von 4, 25, 26, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 76, 90, 120, 121, 481, 586, 599, 837

Neustadt 261

‘New Order’ 404, 407, 603

Nice 328

Nicolson, Harold 211

Niemöller, Pastor Martin 41

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 597

‘Night of the Long Knives’ (30 1934) xxxvii

Nijmegen 723, 760

Nikopol 603, 617

Nile river 524

Nisko district, south of Lublin 318

Non-Aggression Pact 189, 191

Normandy 639–41, 696, 699, 707

North Africa 328, 346, 347, 348, 439, 448, 513, 514, 535, 538–42, 546, 553, 554, 580–81, 609, 668

North Schleswig 288

North Sea 369, 375

Norway xl, 194, 286, 287–9, 293, 332, 405, 759

November 9th 1918 127, 151, 298–9, 697

November Pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249

November Revolution 150

NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party

NSV see Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt

Nuremberg: air-raids on 573, 761, 764; compared with Fürth 582; demolition of the main synagogue 132; Party Rallies see under National Socialist German Workers’ Party; prison 58, 377, 836

Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 574, 836, 837

Nuremberg Laws 148

Nußdorf (Bouhler’s country house) 571

O

Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) see German Army: High Command

Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) see Wehrmacht: High Command

Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden 107, 110, 168, 199, 207, 301, 306, 373, 556, 570, 587, 636, 637, 639, 644, 651, 799, 800, 810

Occupied Eastern Territories 478, 483

Oder front 782, 793

Oder river 160, 756, 759, 793

Odessa 630

Oertzen, Major Hans Ulrich von 690

Ohlau 759

Okamoto, General 443

OKH (Oberkommando der Heeres) see German Army: High Command

OKW (Oberkommando des Wehrmacht) see Wehrmacht: High Command

Olbricht, Major-General Friedrich 86, 659, 660, 667, 668, 671, 676, 681, 682, 682–3, 689

Oldenburg 508

Olympic Games (Berlin, 1936) 5–9, 379

Olympic Games (Los Angeles, 1932) 6

Omaha Beach 640, 641

Operation Anton 542

Operation Autumn Mist 741, 743–7

Operation Axis 599, 600

Operation Bagratian 646

Operation Barbarossa 335, 339, 343, 344, 348, 353, 360, 361, 363, 367–8, 371, 377, 380, 382, 462, 463, 466, 468, 469, 525, 566, 646; aim of 384; Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357; and Bolshevism 387, 388, 389; ‘Commissar Order’ 357–9; Directive No.21 (‘Barbarossa Directive’) 335, 408; Directive No.34 410; escalating problems 419; German military leaders’ confidence 369; H provides the driving force 368–9; H’s intervention in military matters 407, 417, 419, 499; H’s letter to Mussolini 387–8; H’s proclamation 386, 387; initial reactions of the German people 422; initial territorial gains 398, 400; the invasion begins (22 June 1941) 393; and the invasion of Yugoslavia 365; the long front 579; operational plan fails 407, 417; partisan war 395, 405; postponed 362–3; Soviet captives 394–5; Soviet counter-attack begins (5 December 1941) 442; ‘special announcements’ 398; spiralling barbarization 395; ‘Study’ 413; ‘Supplement to Directive No.33’ 409, 410; Supplement to Directive No.34 411; toll on the German army and Luftwaffe 309; transport statistics 393; winter provisions for the troops 435, 439

Operation Blue 514–15, 523, 524, 526–8; Directive No.41 (5 April 1942) 528, 529

Operation Braunschweig 528; Directive No.45 (23 July 1942) 528–9

Operation Citadel 591, 592, 647; plans for 579–80; postponed 580, 587

Operation Cobra 718

Operation Dragoon 722

Operation Felix 348

Operation Gomorrha 597

Operation Magic Fire (Unternehmen Feuerzauber) 16

Operation Marita 361, 364–5

Operation Market Garden 723

Operation Mercury 367

Operation North Wind 744, 745

Operation Overlord 641

Operation Panzerfaust (‘Bazooka’) 735

Operation Sealion 302–3, 310

Operation Thunderclap 545

Operation Typhoon 415, 431, 433, 436

Operation Valkyrie 668–9, 671, 675, 676, 690

Operation Watch on the Rhine 741

Opfer der Vergangenheit (Victims of the Past) (film) 257

Oppeln, Upper Silesia 759, 788

Oppenheim 760

Oran, French Algeria 327, 539

Oranienburg 793

Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 468

Orel 592, 596, 597

Organisation Todt (OT) 623, 634, 675, 678, 679, 742, 808

Orgaz y Yoldi, General 14

Orsha 647

Oscarsborg, straits of 288

Oshima, Ambassador Hiroshi 27, 383, 398, 443, 445, 449, 470, 729, 730, 732, 743

Oslo 288

Oster, Colonel Hans 157, 225, 262, 268, 270, 659, 667, 690

Osteria Bavaria restaurant, Munich 143, 512

Ostland (Eastern Region) 406, 486, 491, 520

Ostmark’, Goebbels in 506

Ostrogoth Gau (Ostgotengau) 440

Ostrov, Poland 394, 690

Ott, General Eugen 443

Oven, Wilfried von 678

Owens, Jesse 6, 7

P

Pacific Ocean 728

Paderborn 172

Palestine 189, 530; Britain refuses entry for Jewish refugees 146; as a Jewish state 134, 321, 350

Pan-German League/pan-Germanism 65, 67

Panzer Corps ‘Grodeutschland’ 768–9

Panzer Group 4 359

Panzer Group West 641

Papen, Franz von 68, 226, 428, 732–3; Ambassador to Austria 66; and the Anschlué 76, 82, 83; Austrian Nazi plans to murder 69; on H 71–2; meets Schuschnigg 70; plans to topple Schuschnigg 45, 67, 69

‘paper war’ 566

Paris: H visits 299–300; H’s orders 722; liberated 722; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; Stülpnagel backs the insurrectionists (1944) 678

Party of National Concentration (Nationale Sammlungspartei) 819

Pas de Calais 641

Pasewalk military hospital 754

Patton, General George S. 720, 744, 788

Paul, Prince, of Yugoslavia 360

Paulus, Field-Marshal Friedrich 497, 530, 533, 537, 543, 544, 545, 548–51

Pavelic, Ante 581

pax americana xviii

Payne Best, Captain S. 271

Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448, 486–7, 490

Peenemünde 622

Peloponnese 361

Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg 636

People’s Court (Volksgerichtshof) 507, 508, 552, 688–9, 721, 733; show trials 691–2

Perkowski, Tadeusz 202

Persian Gulf 276, 514

Petacci, Clara 826

Pétain, Marshal 297, 299, 328–32, 525, 542

Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 360

Petersberg Hotel, Bad Godesberg 113, 114

Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island), Havel 7

Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 436

Philip of Hesse, Prince 76, 78, 600

Phipps, Sir Eric 25, 46

‘Phoney War’ (autumn and winter 1939–40) 274–5

physically handicapped 258–9

Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 24–5

Pillau 762

Pilsudski, Marshal 237

Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 371, 372

Pirow, Oswald 151

Pissia river 238

Platterhof hotel, Obersalzberg 636

Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration 709

Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort (Reichsbevollmächtigter für den totalen Kriegseinsatz) 708–12, 713

Ploesti oilfields 332, 343, 635

Plön 820, 832

Plötzensee Prison, Berlin 693

Poland: British Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237; the collapsing front in 762; Danzig Question 158, 177; death camps closed 766–7; deportation of Jews into the foreign-speaking Gau 244; Eastern Wall 244; the Einsatzgruppen 241, 243, 244, 246; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 240–1, 248, 355; as an experimental training-ground 234–5, 355; extermination of Europe’s Jews 430; fatalities 236; and the ‘final solution of the Jewish Question’ 483; first shots fired in (1 September 1939) 221–2; General Government 239, 244, 245–6, 250, 252, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 351, 352, 375, 462, 471, 475, 480, 488, 491, 492, 493, 494, 520, 589; the German minority 241–2; German position strengthened 165; German propaganda 200, 201; Government-in-Exile (London) 725; H and Haider want to smash Poland at breakneck speed 180; H hopes to win allies in 43; H on 191–2; H rescinds invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; H sanctions mass murder 248; H views devastation in Warsaw 236; Haider’s speech (1939) 179–80; H’s approach changes markedly 166–7; intelligentsia 245; Jewish population 234; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134, 317; ‘the key to the situation’ 174; military alliance with Britain 215; mobilization (March 1939) 177, 190, 229; and Moravská-Ostrava 165, 190; murder of Polish officers at Katyn (1940) 583; and the national-conservative resistance 263; a new division of 782; ‘New Order’ 243, 251, 252; Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 189, 190, 191; not expected to fight (1939) 205; the Polish front 276; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German-Russian agreement partitioning Poland 196; revisionism 46, 95; and Ruthenia 165; scope for the Nazi Party 315; Security Police 251, 252; seeks a strong central European cordon of states 157; ‘September Murders’ (1939) 242; Soviet Union invades from the east 236; Stauffenberg’s attitude 668; Ukrainian minority 165–6; Volkstumskampf (‘ethnic struggle’) 243

Polavy bridgehead 756

police force: ideologically driven xliii; and the Jewish Question xliv

Polish air-force 236

Polish army 179, 236, 240

‘Polish Committee for National Liberation’ 725

Polish Corridor 158, 165, 166, 177, 178, 181, 190, 200, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 238, 664

Polish crisis (summer 1939) 123, 129

Polish Question 165, 279, 321

Polish underground army 724–5

Poltava 444, 524, 527, 660

Pomerania (Hinterpommern) 235, 758, 759, 762, 779, 787

Poméen, near Leipzig 258, 259

Ponza 594

Popitz, Johannes 659, 664, 690

Posen 758, 759; Himmler speaks of vengeance against plotters 691; Himmler’s antisemitic speech to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5

Potsdam 815, 820, 826

Prague 85, 107, 112, 164, 166, 168–73, 286, 318, 481, 482, 518, 526, 683, 801

Presidential Chancellery 709, 800

Pretzsch 382, 463

Price, Ward 80

Prinz Eugen (heavy cruiser) 504

Pripet Marsh 346, 350, 368, 463, 488

Probst, Christoph 552 propaganda: and the Anschlué 76, 79; and antisemitism xliii, 141–2, 583; before ‘Barbarossa’ 386; British 432, 436; caricature of Jews 249; and Czechoslovakia 90, 91, 96–7, 99, 166, 169; displays 184; and the economic crisis 18; and the elections of 1938 82; the ‘euthanasia action’ 429; and formation of the Axis 26; and H’s memorandum (1936) 22; and national pride xxxix; and the Olympic Games 5, 8; and Pearl Harbor 445; and the plight of the 6th Army 548; and Poland 200, 201, 209, 214, 241, 242

Protestant Church xxxix, 39

Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The 588

Prussia: bulwark of the Reich’s power xviii; Finance Ministry 574–5; and Frederick the Great 277; history 581; Ministerial Council 22

putsch attempt (Munich, 1923) 31, 60, 258; annual celebration of 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420, 436, 489, 539–40, 606, 614, 739–40, 840

Puttkamer, Captain Karl-Jesko Otto von 32, 235, 294, 738, 800, 816

Q

Quisling, Vidkun 287, 289, 581

R

racecourses 575–7

racial determinism 19

racial struggle xli

Rademacher, Franz 321, 322

radicalism xliv, 73, 147, 148

radicalization xlvi, 43, 44, 64, 146, 234, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318, 324, 336, 421, 495, 508, 548, 562, 707, 708

radio see broadcasting

Radio Stockholm 816

Raeder, Admiral 43, 46, 47, 50, 94, 100, 176, 267, 286, 287, 289, 298, 301–2, 304, 307, 322, 326, 327, 341, 585, 837

Raj, the 401

Rangsdorf aerodrome 676

Rastenburg, East Prussia 334, 395, 502, 527, 602, 662, 671, 675

Rath, Ernst vom 136, 137, 138, 145

Rattenhuber, SS-Standartenführer Johann 623

Raubal, Geli (H’s niece) 36, 197

Ravensbrück concentration camp 519

raw materials: in Austria 67, 68; the crisis xxxviii, xlv, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 45, 47, 49, 68, 161, 191, 193, 294; in Czechoslovakia 89, 164; in the Ukraine 414

Rechlin, Mecklenburg 197, 806, 820

Red Army 237, 305, 308, 335, 380, 383, 384, 394, 398, 399, 409, 412, 415, 422, 423, 431, 433, 435, 437, 466, 513, 525, 528–9; advances into Lithuania 714; advances towards the Carpathians 626; Army Group South Ukraine attacked 723; attack on Berlin 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; begins new big offensive in the east (‘Bagratian’) 646; bombardment before ‘Citadel’ 592; bridgeheads on the Dnieper 602, 616; build-up of forces (October 1942) 537, 538; in Bulgaria 723; fatalities 578; first major counter-offensive by 487; forced on the defensive in East Prussia 738; and German military tactics 687; the heavy panzers 447; High Command 83z; major advances 616–17; presses towards the borders of the Reich 658, 696, 698, 707; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; spring offensive ends (1943) 630; ‘Stalingrad Front’ 543, 554; the tanks 448; unprepared for the German spring offensive 515; vengeance of 763; and Volkssturm 715; and Warsaw Uprising 724, 725; winter offensive (January 1945) 747, 756–60, 766, 767, 777, 779, 782, 787, 788, 791, 792

Redesdale, Lord 13

Regensburg: Gau Party Rally of the Bayerische Ostmark (1937) 37

Reggio di Calabria 599, 600

Reich, Das newspaper 482, 508

Reich Association of Asylums 260

Reich Chancellery, Berlin 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 53, 55, 75–8, 107, 115, 116, 117, 120, 178, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 227, 245, 258, 260, 269, 273, 275, 288, 289, 355, 384, 385, 386, 426, 429, 431, 490, 509, 512, 515, 518, 568, 709, 769, 775, 776, 779, 783, 788, 794, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 809, 811, 812, 815, 816, 820, 825, 826, 827, 829, 830, 831

Reich Citizenship law 132

Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Suffering (Reichsausschuß zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung erb- und anlagebedingter schwerer Leiden) 259

Reich Cultural Chamber 712

Reich Defence Commissars 575, 706, 707, 710, 786

Reich Defence Council (Reichsverteidigungsrat) 161, 311–12

Reich Food Estate 37

Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 406, 486

Reich Security Head Office 382, 471, 486, 604, 667, 817

Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von 57, 58, 70, 75, 103, 268, 441, 455, 465

Reichskristallnacht (Crystal Night) (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472

Reichsbank 161

Reichsgau Posen (Reichsgau Wartheland) 239, 245, 250, 261; see also Warthegau

Reichsgau Wartheland see Warthegau

Reichstag: divided xlii; Fire 60; H declares war on the USA (11 December 1941) 444–6; H dissolves (1938) 82; H’s prophecy on 30

January 1939 459, 473–4, 478; H’s three-hour speech (1937) 38; last ever session 510–12; recall discussed (1942) 507; Resolution (Beschlu) 511; stenographers sent to FHQ 533

Reichswerke Hermann Göring 161

Reichwein, Adolf 666

Reinhardt, Fritz 442

Reinhardt, Colonel-General Hans 758

Reisser, Obersturmführer Hans 830–31

Reitsch, Captain Hanna 621, 812, 820, 821

Remagen 760, 782

Remer, Major Otto Ernst 679–80, 689–90

Rendulic, Colonel-General Lothar 758

Reschny, SA-Obergruppenführer Hermann 75

Reserve Army 450, 689, 690, 706

Reuters 816, 817

Reval 483

Rheims 835, 836

Rhine river 106, 112, 113, 114, 696, 760, 779, 782

Rhineland, remilitarization xv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xxxix, xlvi, 3, 4, 23, 38, 63, 64, 74, 83, 87, 91, 208

Rhineland-Westphalia 173

Ribbentrop, Joachim von 70, 199, 215, 218, 227, 298, 320, 446, 478, 513, 595, 601, 628, 723, 753, 776, 779, 798, 800; Ambassador in London 7, 23–4, 75, 76, 90; anti-British 44, 90, 159, 160, 325; arch-rival of Göring 123; assurances to Oshima 443–4; attempts to obtain peace (1945) 770–71; the Berlin Olympic Games 7; blamed for the war 226; contempt and loathing for 774; and Czechoslovakia 99–100, 114, 120, 121; and Danzig 158; devotion to H 90, 640; European-Asiatic Bloc proposal 331–2; and a German-Japanese rapprochement 26–7; the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; and a German-Soviet agreement 194–6; hanged at Nuremberg 837; and the Heé affair 372, 375; the Hitler/Chamberlain talks 110, 111; and H’s ‘peace plan’ 3; ideas of a future European federation 584; influence on H 90–1; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; meeting with Ciano at Fuschl 203–4; meeting with Henderson 219–20; and Memel 176; and Molotov 333–4; Mussolini on 98; the mutual assistance pact with Italy 98; the ‘Pact of Steel’ 193; pleads with H to negotiate with Stalin 539; presents H’s ultimatum to Schmidt 71; replaces Göring as H’s right-hand man 123; replaces Neurath at the Foreign Office 58, 60, 90; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 210–11; the Spanish Civil War 16; supports war to destroy Czechoslovakia 90, 104, 119, 120, 122, 129; talks with Guderian 770; talks in Moscow (1939) 204, 205; in Warsaw 166; and Wiedemann’s mission 105

Richthofen, Colonel-General Wolfram Freiherr von 544

Riefenstahl, Leni 6

Riem racecourse 576

Riga 483, 485, 486

Ritter von Greim, Colonel-General Robert 738, 739, 812, 820, 821, 836

Rohland, Walter 440

Röhm, Captain Ernst xxxvii, 52, 53, 358, 814

Romania 174, 333, 617, 719, 734; collapse of 723, 724; an economic satellite of Germany 194; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; oil-fields 305, 328, 343, 347, 361, 388, 413, 414, 418, 549, 603, 635; protection of oil-fields 305, 328; Soviet designs on 332

Romanian army 384, 538, 543, 549, 554, 602, 625–6, 723

Rome 58; Allies take 638; German Embassy 600; Germany takes 600; Göring visits 68, 546; H in (1938) 98; Jewish community 604; planned occupation of 595, 598

Rominten, East Prussia 709

Rommel, Erwin 348, 514, 523, 524, 534, 538, 540, 546, 581, 586, 595, 599, 631, 638, 641, 642, 643, 649, 696, 717–18, 733

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 446, 536, 612, 782; armaments output claims 516–17; death 791; declares war on Japan 442; the Evian Conference 145; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; H’s response to his telegram 189; meeting with Churchill at Casablanca 577; at Yalta 761, 778

Roques, General Karl von 467

Rosenberg, Alfred 39, 149, 184, 199, 205–6, 244, 265, 320, 374, 405–6, 433, 478, 479, 483, 491, 800, 837

Roslavl 451

Rostock 509–10

Rostov 345, 439, 441, 444, 529

Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters’ League) 272

Rothschilds, Die (antisemitic film) 423

Rotterdam 295

Röver, Ganleiter Carl 515, 516

Royal Air Force (RAF): Battle of Britain 309; Bomber Command 597, 761; bombs the Berghof 809; and Dresden 761; and Dunkirk 296; first bombing raids on Berlin 309; German attacks on airfields of southern England 309; nightly raids intensified 535

Royal Navy: and the Anglo-German naval treaty (1935) xxxviii; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; Germany’s challenge to supremacy of 178; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; submarines in the Mediterranean 543; US grant of fifty destroyers 310

Royal Observer Corps 370

Ruhr 162, 186, 265, 277, 587, 719, 784, 791, 792

Runciman, Lord 108, 109

Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd von 103, 268, 269, 270, 290, 296, 345, 393, 394, 408, 415, 441, 533, 617, 628, 639, 642, 649, 659, 688, 717, 733, 737, 760–61

Russia see Soviet Union

Russia-Centre 466

Russian Empire 355

Russian Revolution 205

Rust, Bernhard 800

Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine) 157–8, 165, 166, 167

Ryti, State President Risto 525, 724

Rzhev area 531

S

SA (Sturmabteilung): and the armed forces xxxvii; dissatisfaction with the non-aggression pact 206; murder of leaders (1934) xxxix, 248, 358

SA-Reserve 139

Saar 81, 785; plebiscite (1935) 75, 76

Saar-Palatinate 315

Saarbrücken 297

Sachenhausen concentration camp 141, 274, 768

St Germain, Treaty of (1919) 65

St Lamberti Church, Münster 427

St Nazaire 660, 719

Salmuth, General Hans von 358

Salonika 361, 362, 366, 367, 595

Salzburg 70, 71, 202, 212, 643

Salzkammergut, near Salzburg 595

San Remo 16

San river 238

Sander, Lieutenant Ludolf Gerhard 673

Sanssouci 36

Saône river 722

Sardinia 586, 587, 592, 600

Sauckel, Fritz 563, 567–8, 707, 837

Saur, Karl Otto 633, 634, 823

Scandinavia 194, 286–9, 293, 332, 434

Schach, Gerhard 680

Schacht, Hjalmar 19, 89, 188, 225, 227, 320, 690; dispute with Darré 10; and Göring 11, 19; leaves the Economics Ministry 42, 46; opposes rearmament 9, 18; political impotence 146; replaced by Funk 58, 143; sacked as President of the Reichsbank 161; standing abroad 21–2

Schädle, Franz 833

Scharnhorst (battleship) 504

Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 644

Schaub, Julius 31–2, 140, 149, 235, 294, 643, 738, 797, 800, 805

Scheldt estuary 722–3

Schellenberg, SS-Brigadeführer Walter 689, 817, 819

Schenck, Dr Ernst Günther 826

Schiller Theatre 150

Schirach, Baldur von 7, 315, 351, 482, 590, 755, 837

Schirach, Henriette von 590

Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 659, 661, 662

Schlegelberger, Franz 506, 508

Schleicher, Kurt von xxxvii, 814

Schleswig-Holstein (battleship) 222

Schlitt, Ewald 508–9, 510–11

Schloß Belvedere, Vienna 360

Schloß Hirschberg, near Weilheim 736

Schmidt, Ernest 299

Schmidt, Guido 68–9, 71

Schmidt, Otto 54, 55, 56

Schmidt, Dr Paul 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 170, 171, 213, 214, 219–20, 223, 322, 581, 627, 628, 683

Schmorell, Alexander 552

Schmundt, Major-General Rudolf 119, 191, 192, 214, 235, 291, 294, 414, 450, 451, 452, 454, 478, 532, 533, 543, 549, 628, 630, 643, 660, 674, 726, 733, 788

Schnurre, Karl 196

Schoengarth, Karl 492

Scholl, Hans 552, 663

Scholl, Sophie 552, 663

Schönerer, Georg 65, 83

Schorfheide 799

Schörner, Field-Marshal Ferdinand 630, 724, 754, 758, 802, 815,825

Schroeder, Christa 30, 171, 235, 396–7, 398, 455, 500, 798, 800

Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der 195, 196, 210, 334

Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der 667, 683, 690

Schuschnigg, Kurt 58, 96; meetings with Hitler 61, 69, 70–2; proposed referendum on Austrian independence 64, 74, 76, 77, 80; resignation 75–7; von Papen plans to topple 45, 67, 69

Schwägermann, Günther 833

Schwanenwerder 150

Schwarze Korps, Das (SS organ) 151, 257

Schwede-Colburg, Franz 261

Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia 142

Schwerin, General Gerd Graf von 737

Schwerin, Lieutenant-Colonel Gerhard Graf von 225

Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf 790, 800, 823, 834

Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf 690, 692

Schwielow Lake 826

Scotland 369, 373, 377, 379

SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service) 42, 107, 365, 430, 476, 596, 606; cooperation over massacre of Jews 465; and a ‘crisis in confidence’ (1942) 508; discrimination against Jews 472; on economic expansion 186; and the Einsatzgruppen 382; and Goebbels’ ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482; and the Heé affair 374; and H’s battle against the Jews 494; H’s speeches 540; on the intervention of the NSDAP in business closures 575; and Jewish resettlement 134, 135, 320; ‘Jewish Section’ (Judenreferat) 42, 84; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; and newsreels of H 501; reports joy at H’s survival 699–702; role in shaping anti-Jewish policy 133

Sea of Azov 435, 526, 532, 599

Second Reich 65

Second World War: the attack on the West 266, 267, 275, 276, 278–9, 284, 286, 293; Britain declares war on Germany 223; fatalities 236, 297, 394, 404, 446, 490, 515, 547, 578, 647, 717, 726, 760, 764; first extermination unit (in Chelmno, 1941) 485; France declares war on Germany 223; German drive for ‘total war’ 548–9; Germany declares war on the USA 446; H’s aims for Scandinavia 288; H’s peace ‘offer’ 239, 265–6, 267; Jewish ‘guilt’ 489; Operation Barbarossa begins 393; responsibility for 224; Ribbentrop blamed 226; spring offensive begins (8 May 1942) 514; the summer offensive (1942) 526–30; the ‘world war’ term 490

Security Police 318, 324, 325, 336, 353, 355, 365, 382, 395, 464, 465, 467, 475, 486, 495

Security Service see SD

Seeckt, General Hans von 44, 205

Seldte, Franz 800

‘September Murders’ (Poland, 1939) 242

Serbia 476

Serbs 365

Serrano Suñer, Ramón 327

Sevastopol 451, 514, 523, 526, 630, 631, 735

Seven Years War 610–11, 742, 783, 792

Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walter 628–9, 772

Seyé-Inquart, Arthur 69–72, 74–9, 823, 837

Shanghai 146

Shirer, William 8, 78, 107, 113–14, 117, 118,

189, 221, 222, 239–40, 303

Siberia 462, 470–71, 477, 520, 703, 793

Sicherheitsdienst see SD

Sicily 581, 586, 587, 592, 593, 600; evacuation of 595, 599 ‘sickle cut’ plan 291, 295

Silesia 239, 305, 436, 758, 759, 762, 782

Simpson, Mrs Wallis (later Duchess of Windsor) 24

Sinclair, Sir Archibald 371

Singapore 293, 326, 363, 364, 456, 504

Skoda works, Czechoslovaklia 165

Skorzeny, Sturmbannführer Otto 602, 689,

734, 735, 736–7, 738

Slavs, hostility towards 173

Slovakia 164, 166, 167, 168–9, 177, 350, 724;

joins the Tripartite Pact 361

Smolensk 394, 399, 408, 409, 661

Sobibor extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603

Social Democrats see SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)

social-Darwinism 19, 208, 256, 405, 615, 636

socialism: admiration of H xxxix; powerlessness xxxvi

SOE see Special Operations Executive Soldau, East Prussia 484

‘Sonderkommando Lange’ 261

Sonderkommandos (‘special forces’) 382

Sonnenstein asylum 261

‘Sopade’ 201, 240; and the ‘Crystal Night’ 142;

‘Germany Report’ xxi

South America 25

South Tyrol 98–9, 664

South Tyroleans 267

Soviet air-force 343

Soviet army see Red Army Soviet radio 724

Soviet Union: admitted to the League of Nations 13; attack on (1941) 241, 252, 281; the ‘Blue’ offensive 514–15, 523; counter-offensive (December 1941) 452; decreasing number of captured Soviet prisoners 527–8; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8, 480; economic agreement with Germany (January 1941) 343; economic difficulties 195; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 355; Finland signs an armistice 724; Five-Year Plan 23; food supplies 518; foreign policy aims 276; Friendship Treaty with Yugoslavia 365; genocidal actions in (1941) 248, 249; German delay in attacking 368; and German eastern expansion xlvi, 449; German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238; Göring’s policy 406; Guderian favours a retreat 454; H stresses Russian strength 43; Himmler’s policy 406; H’s opinion of Slavs 400–401; H’s reasons for deciding to attack 335–6; H’s view 12–13; H’s vision for 400–405; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335, 341; invades Poland from the east 236; and Japan 13; Jewish influence 489–90; the Katyn case 583; labour camps 480, 481–2; massacre of Jews 463–4, 477; militarily weak 285–6; mutual assistance agreement with Britain (1941) 457; non-aggression pact with Germany (1939) 205, 206, 210–11, 212, 228, 236, 238, 285, 292, 326, 385; ‘Northern Lights’ offensive 531; oil supplies 514, 517, 528, 529, 530, 536, 537; and Poland 192, 194, 204; preoccupied with internal upheavals 95, 286; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; the retreat from the Caucasus begins 545; Russian prisoners-of-war gassed in Auschwitz 383; Soviet offensive begins (19 November 1942) 543; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; talks in Moscow (1939) 204–5; trade talks (1939) 196; trade treaty with Germany 205; treaty with Czechoslovakia 95; winter crisis of the German army 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516

Spaatz, General Carl 836

Spain: and the Axis 327, 329, 330, 348; Popular Front 13; reprisals for bombing of the Deutschland 43–4; Spanish Right 13–14

Spandau prison 377, 837

Spanish Civil War 9, 13–17, 23, 71; Guernica 24–5; H and 4, 13–17; Mussolini and 14

Spanish Morocco 14, 16

SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) xl, xlii, 173, 184, 754

‘Special Commission, 20 July’ 690

Special Operations Executive (SOE) 518, 519

Speer, Albert 19, 32, 150, 350, 559, 571, 611, 612, 613, 696, 773, 774–5, 791, 798, 799, 834; Armaments Minister 504, 519, 554, 563, 567, 635, 706, 711–12, 823; and the atomic bomb 731; the Berlin Olympics 6; blames Goebbels for the ‘excesses’ 149; and Citadel 580; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; court favourite 183, 199, 227, 503; driving ambition 503, 504; Goebbels reproaches over FHQ security 678; H’s reaction to Heé’s flight 371; knee operation 633; life after prison 837; memorandum of 15 March 1945 784–5; Messerschmitt production 621; New Reich Chancellery 167; organizational talent 503; the Paris visit 299, 300; position weakens 715; the rebuilding of Berlin 35, 366; relations with H 35, 105, 503–4; his return to the Berghof ‘family’ 634; taste in architecture 35; unable to break free from H 806; and the uprising (1944) 679

Speidel, Major-General Hans 660

Spengler, Oswald: Decline of the West xlii

Sperrle, Field-Marshal Hugo 70, 503, 649

Sponeck, Hans Graf von 455

SS (Schutszstaffel; Protection Squad) 313, 314, 358, 625; arbitrary police lawlessness 692; armed wing 129; attempts to deport Poles from the Lublin area 589; and Auschwitz-Birkenau 767–8; conflict with the Wehrmacht 465; deportations by 318–19; determined to be masters of Germany and Europe 129; and ‘euthanasia action’ 261; and filmed executions 693; and the ‘Final Solution’ 604; frees Mussolini 602; and H’s personal security 660, 769; and Hungarian Jews 736; involvement in the ‘Jewish Question’ 86, 139; Kube and 406–7; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; Lohse and 406; massacres of Ukrainian Jews 668; mission of 130; motto 819; Poland seen as an experimental playground 235; and a potential German attack on Poland 179; and power 64, 234; relations with the army 247, 248; reprisals for Heydrich’s assassination 519; transfer of responsibility for Jewish forced emigration 147; and the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 242; and the Volkstumskampf 243

SS-Division ‘Berlin’ 798

Staaken aerodrome 801

Stalin, Joseph xvii, 194, 276, 328, 336, 386, 422, 470, 518, 527, 612, 728, 729, 730, 782, 788; and ‘Barbarossa’ 412, 416; and Bolshevism 285, 292; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8; destroys own officer corps 308; H admires his brutality 401, 772; and the Heé affair 379–80; invades Poland from the east 236; involvement in military affairs 453; Jewish influence 490; military incompetence 394; mutual distrust of H 331; non-aggression pact with Germany 205, 210–11; opposes a Polish rump state 238; partisan war 395; and Poland 195, 196; pressure on the Balkan states 305; purges 286, 688, 699; show-trials 689; speech to the Communist Party Congress (March 1939) 195; at Yalta 761, 778

Stalingrad 416, 435, 438, 497, 528–31, 533, 563, 578, 579, 619, 625, 647, 659, 663, 723, 752; the 6th Army is completely encircled 543; attempt to break the siege fails 545; battle for 534–8, 540, 544–50; H blames Germany’s allies 553–4; reaction to the fate of the 6th Army 551–2, 556–7

Stalino 532

Stauffenberg, Berthold 683, 690

Stauffenberg, Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von 651, 653, 655, 656, 657, 660, 664, 667–73, 675, 677, 681, 682, 683, 688, 689, 691, 695, 698, 699, 702, 705, 706, 715, 727

Steinau river 759

Steiner, SS-Obergruppenführer Felix 793, 802, 803, 814, 817, 818

‘Sterilization Law’ 256 sterilization programmes 234, 255, 259

Stettin 261, 290, 319

Stevens, Major R.H. 271

Steyr 160

Stieff, Major-General Hellmuth 661, 665, 669, 670, 671, 690, 692

Stockholm 816

Stoétrupp Hitler 138, 140, 149

Straits of Messina 599

Straits of Kerch 600

Straits of Sicily 585

Stralsund 261

Strang, William no Strasbourg 745

Strasser, Gregor 372, 373, 648, 755

Strasser, Otto 271

Straué, Adolf 455

Straué, Johann 634

Strauss, Richard 455; the Berlin Olympics 6;

Friedenstag 197; ‘Olympic Hymn’ 6

Streicher, Julius 200, 320, 374, 837; the Nazi Party’s Jew-baiter-in-chief 132 ‘Strength Through Joy’ xl, 350

Stroop, SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen 589, 837

Stuckart, Wilhelm 80, 245

Student, General Kurt 367

Stülpnagel, General Karl Heinrich von 678, 733

Stülpnagel, General Otto von 269

Stumpfegger, SS-Obersturmbannführer

Ludwig 727, 824–5, 833–4

Stumpff, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen 836

Stuttgart 139, 685, 746

Styria province, Austria 73, 160, 698

Suchum 530

Sudeten German League 113

Sudeten German Party (Congress, Carlsbad, April 1938) 96

Sudeten Question 99, 108, 111, 121; see also under Czechoslovakia

Sukhinichi 531 survival of the fittest xli

swastika: at the Berlin Olympics 6

Sweden 194, 402, 604, 617, 817

Swinemünde 176, 261

Switzerland 267, 273, 274, 676, 817

Sword Beach 640

Syria 189

Szalasi, Ferencz 734, 735, 736

Sztojay, Döme 627, 628, 640, 734

T

T4 (euthanasia action code-name) 260–1, 429, 430

Taganrog 526

Tannenberg, Battle of 197, 214

Tannenberg, first battle of 725

Tarnopol 629

Tedder, Air-Marshal Arthur W. 836 television see broadcasting Tetuán 14

Thiele, Major-General Fritz 675

Thierack, Otto Georg 507, 508, 692, 800, 823

Third Reich: administration chaos 569; the Anschlué a defining moment 64, 83; the Berlin Olympics 9; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Concordat with the Vatican (1933) 40; cut in two 809; destruction of xl; economic and political power of xvii; expansion 311; the governance of 504; growing British alienation 24; H authorizes mass-murder 252; H incapable of reforming 573; Hoepner wins law suit 507; and H’s fiftieth birthday 184; legislation (1941) 420–21; loss of eastern provinces xvii; mode of execution for civilian capital offences 693; readiness to strike down opposition 556; sectional interests 93; war fever 300

Thirty Years War 41

Thomas, General Georg 225, 344, 345–6, 353

Thorn 242

‘Three-Man Collective’ 312–13

Thuringia 15, 402, 765, 778

Thuringian Forest 539

Thyssen 132

Tilsit 176

The Times 840

Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 394, 433, 528

Tirpitz (battleship) 178

Tiso, Father Jozef 169, 581

Titian 183

Tobruk 347, 523

Todt, Dr Fritz 98, 106, 334, 434, 441, 502–4, 526

Tojo, General 443

Tokyo 58

Topf, J.A. and Sons 483

‘Torch’ landings 542

Torgau 809

Torgler, Ernst 349

Tornow, Sergeant Fritz 825

‘total war’ 566, 643, 644, 699, 713, 729; and deployment of female labour 563; Goebbels and 561, 562, 563

Toulon 722

tourism xl

trade unions, suppression of xxxviii, xlii

Transylvania 723

Treblinka extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603

Tresckow, Major-General Henning von 358, 359, 653, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 666–70,721

Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 328, 332, 360, 444

Tripolitania 348

Trondheim 288

Troost, Paul Ludwig 37

Trott zu Solz, Adam von 225, 663, 665

‘Trustees of Labour’ (Treuhänder der Arbeit) 186–7

Tscherniakowski, General Ivan 738

Tübingen 139

Tunis 328, 539, 546, 554, 581, 584–5, 586

Tunisia 542

Turkey 194, 365, 603, 617, 645, 719, 723, 732

Tyrol 292, 836

U

U-boats: building of 284, 719; hopes for continuation of the U-boat war 800; H’s high expectations 448, 585, 618; losses 585, 717; ordered to sink American ships 445; successes in the Atlantic 416, 523, 554

Udet, General Ernst 372, 420

Uebelhoer, Friedrich 484

Uiberreither, Siegfried 698

Ukraine 172, 177, 238, 384, 401, 406, 408, 411, 413, 414, 415, 468, 491, 507, 521, 562, 565, 590, 603, 630; Jews 668; nationalists 158, 165

Ulex, General Wilhelm 247, 248

Ulm 733

‘Ultra’ code-breaker 379, 585

unemployment: in Britain and America 402–3; reduction in xl, 185, 434

United States: air-raids on German fuel plants 635; American Jewry 321, 477; and the Ardennes offensive 743, 744; armaments 502, 516–17; the atomic bomb 731; Congress 442; economic power 285; economy 402–3; enters the war after the Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 364, 442; first commitment of ground-troops to the war in Europe 539; Germany declares war (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; isolationism 285; Jewish refugees in 146; a menacing presence in the wings 752; mighty resources 457; Normandy landings 640–41; and the race for Norway 288; relations with Japan 442–3; US soldiers greeted in Germany 788

University of Leipzig Children’s Clinic 259

Unruh, General Walter von 567

Upper Bavaria 701

Upper Franconia 181, 200

Upper Silesia 235, 238, 772, 784, 785

Urals 400, 403, 405, 448, 462, 591

Urbsys, Joseph 176

Ustasha Movement 366

Utah Beach 640

V

VI (Vergeltungswaffe-1 (Retaliation Weapon 1), flying-bombs 622, 641–3, 645

V2 rocket 622, 645, 731, 736, 746

Valencia 43

Vatican 604; and the Badoglio plot 596;

Concordat with the Reich (1933) 40

Veesenmaeyer, Edmund 628, 734, 735

Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 371

Venezuela 134

Verdun 540

Vereinigte Stahlwerke 19

Versailles Treaty (1919) xxxv–ix, 29, 38, 158, 163, 188, 224, 238, 265, 275, 668, 754

Viaz’ma 433

Vichy government 299, 328, 541

Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 98, 216, 586, 595–6

Victoria, Queen 123

Viebahn, General Max von 78

Vienna 45, 58, 75, 80, 160, 198, 590; H’s sense of personal degradation xvi; H’s threat 61, 70; H’s triumph in 80–2; Jewish community 84–6, 131, 133, 318, 485; Jodl transferred to 159; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; and Linz 365; Nazi Party 81; population 65; Red Army advances on (April 1945) 791; ‘Reich Theatre Week’ 197; removal of Jews 351–2, 482, 488; taken by the Red Army 792

Vienna State Opera Orchestra 512–13

Vilna, Lithuania 398, 464, 650

Vinniza, Ukraine 617; see also Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’

Vistula river 238, 244, 319, 724, 725, 756, 757, 758, 769

Vitebsk 646, 647

Vogel, Sergeant-Major Werner 672

Vögler, Albert 19

Volga basin 402

Volga river 477, 527, 528, 529, 530, 534, 536, 547, 550

völkisch movement 250, 258, 382, 465, 466, 688; H on the völkisch state 237, 517; the press 551

Völkischer Beobachter 273, 632

Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 231, 242–3

Volkssturm (people’s militia) 713, 714–15, 766, 800, 808, 811, 821

Volkswagen (‘People’s Car’) 400

Volkswagen factory, Fallersleben 197

Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 714

Vormann, Nikolaus von 215, 226–7

Voronezh 526, 528

Voé, Vice-Admiral 813, 815

Vyshinsky, Andrei 689

W

Waffen-SS 47, 381, 516, 583, 596–7, 758, 787

Wagner, Adolf 40, 138, 374, 425, 630

Wagner, General Eduard 243, 409, 433, 435, 687, 690

Wagner, Frau Josef 436

Wagner, Gerhard 42, 256

Wagner, Ganleiter Josef 436

Wagner, Richard 13, 15, 16, 198, 455, 500, 513, 634

Wagner, Ganleiter Robert 323

Wagner, Winifried 198, 821

Wagner family 33, 34, 198

Waldau, General Otto Hoffmann von 309

Walter, Bruno 512, 513

Wannsee, Berlin 671, 793

Wannsee Conference (1942) 148, 491–3

War Economy (Wehrwirtschaft) 225

War Economy Decree (4 December 1939) 274

Warburg 132

Warlimont, Major-General Walter 289, 307, 356, 359, 396, 592.

Warm Springs, Georgia 791

Warsaw 59, 166, 236, 240, 264, 295, 583, 589, 647, 725–6, 756, 757, 769, 837; Uprising 724–5, 735

Warthegau 239, 250–2, 316, 318, 319, 320, 428, 471, 475, 479, 480, 484, 485, 490, 758, 759, 769, 838

Weber, Christian 575–6

‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 99–100

Wehrmacht: and the Anschlué 75, 78; anti-Polish feeling 190; the assassination attempt (1944) 699; begins the spring offensive (8 May 1942) 514; Blomberg tells of H’s wishes (1938) 50; ‘Case Green’ 88; ‘Case White’ 179; conflict with the SS 465; conscription reintroduced (1935) xxxvii, 38, 83, 87; demand for raw materials 45; directive of 21

October 1938 163, 175; discredited and disbanded xviii; and the Einsatzgruppen 241, 461, 465; expenditure 161–2; field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty to H 628; and the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; H addresses top military leaders (23 May 1939) 190–3; H praises 432, 740; H takes over 56–8; Haider’s ambition 452;

High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW) 94, 101, 102, 287, 289, 290, 357, 381, 398, 415, 417, 419, 422, 435, 514, 534, 568, 578, 591, 618, 638, 639, 649, 672, 681, 741, 742, 747, 799, 826, 834, 835; Operations Staff 600, 601, 669; H’s ‘Basic Order’ 290–1; H’s dominance 60, 97, 284; H’s proclamation of 11

March 1945 783; H’s three addresses (1939) 167–8; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335; incapable of blocking the Red Army’s advance (1945) 757; incompetent economic planning 502; intelligence 582; interests of 63; and Jewish skilled workers 486; lack of plans for the war 284; the last report (9 May 1945) 836; leadership weak and divided 94, 209; loss of men (1944) 717, 723; magnitude of task in ‘Barbarossa’ 411; manpower needs 563; meeting to discuss the Polish situation (22 August 1939) 207–9, 225; preparations for ‘Case X’ 43; pushed back along the southern front (October 1943) 602; reform 644–5, 708; reinforcements cut off 643; reports of desertions 703–4; and the Security Police 467; the soldierly duty of its highest leaders 102; the Stalingrad crisis 548; Operations Staff 362, 366, 396, 408, 410, 591, 837; treatment of Jews 246

Weichs, Field-Marshall Freiherr Maximilian von 248, 527, 529, 534, 537, 544

Weidling, General Helmuth 808, 809, 813, 815, 825, 826, 827, 832

Weimar Republic 657; collapse of xlii; euthanasia rejected 254; H attacks xli; and industrialists xxxviii; miseries and divisions of xl; outrages against the Jews xliii; unemployment and economic failure 28

Weié, Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf 825

Weizsäcker, Ernst von 90, 91, 99, 105, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 170, 190, 195–6, 199, 212, 225, 226, 228, 262, 264, 266–9, 306, 329

Welczek, Johannes von 109

Wels 302

Weltanschauung 129

Wenck, General Walther 759, 802, 805, 806, 809–10, 811, 813–16, 820, 825, 826

Wenner-Gren, Axel 226

Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’, near Vinnitsa, Ukraine 527, 531, 572, 578, 587; crisis in relations with military leaders 531–3

Werwolf 790–91

Wesel 760

‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübung’) 287–9

West Africa 329

West Prussia 242, 243, 245, 247

Westphalia 429, 430, 791

Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 41, 267

Westphalia-South 436

White Rose opposition-group 552, 663

White Russia 394, 463

Wiedemann, Fritz 32, 53, 88, 98, 105, 187

Wilhelm Gustloff (ship) 37

Wilhelm II, Kaiser 10, 202, 540

Wilhelmshaven 178, 504

Wilson, Sir Horace no, 116, 117–18, 121, 223

Winkelmann, SS-Obergruppenführer Otto 735

‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 55, 431, 535, 601

Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936) 5

Wittenberg 810

Witzleben, Field-Marshal Erwin von 270, 676, 677, 690, 692

Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 474

Wohltat, Helmut 226

Wolf, Hugo 500

Wolf, Johanna 798, 800

Wolff, Karl 149, 834

Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze) ‘Führer

Headquarters’, near Rastenburg 395–8, 400, 407, 420, 437, 440, 441, 449, 455, 499, 524, 543, 578, 587, 591, 595, 600, 650, 651, 690; Antonescu talks 723; assassination attempt (20 July 1944) 651, 655–8, 671–5, 676; buoyant mood (1941) 433; communications centre 677; the daily routine 500; the deportation issue 479; and filmed executions 693; Guderian favours a retreat in Russia 454; H addresses Party leaders on the consequences of the assassination attempt 706–7; H broadcasts from 619–20; H leaves for good 741; H rarely leaves 420; H resists pressure to leave 738; H speaks on Jews 461, 487–90; headquarters moved to Werewolf, near Vinnitsa 527; H’s speech to Gauleiter 605–6; an important meeting (16 July 1941) 405–6; map room 527; security 623, 694; the Stalingrad crisis 548–9; talks with Ciano and Cavalero 546

Wriezen 782

Wuppertal-Barmen 587

Würzburg 761

Yalta Agreement 761, 778

Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Graf 665, 666, 683, 690, 692

Yugoslav army 366

Yugoslavia: capitulation of 366; Friendship Treaty with Russia 365; German plans to attack 36z, 363; loss of Austrian territory to 73; military coup (1941) 360, 36z, 368; minerals 194; and the Tripartite Pact 360, 361–2

Z

Zagreb 366

Zamosc district, Lublin 589

Zander, SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm 825

Zaporozhye 599, 602, 660

Zeitschel, SS-Sturmbannführer Carltheo 475

Zeitzier, Major-General Kurt 533, 534, 537, 543, 544, 548, 578–9, 580, 616, 617, 632, 646, 649–50, 665, 694

Zhukov, Marshal Georgi 394, 756, 759, 793, 809, 831, 836

Ziegenberg see Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) Zionism, Eichmann’s Zionist contacts 134

Zitomir 394

Zoppot 236

Zossen 769, 793

Zuckmayer, Carl 85

Zwickau 514

Zyklon-B 483