chief but soon came to see as a rival. To win the support of the
Soviet, still dominated by Socialists Revolutionaries and
Mensheviks, Kerensky did not prosecute the Bolsheviks for the July
putsch and allowed them to emerge unscathed from the debacle.
Антибольшевистский путч и его последствия.
By general consent the decisive event in the history of the
provisional government was Kerensky's conflict with Kornilov,
which broke into the open in August (September, New Style).
Although many aspects of the "Kornilov affair" remain obscure to
this day, it appears that Kerensky deliberately provoked the
confrontation in order to be rid of a suspected competitor and
emerge as the saviour of the Revolution. The prime minister
confidentially informed Kornilov that the Bolsheviks were planning
another coup in Petrograd in early September (which was not, in
fact, true) and requested him to send troops to suppress it. When
Kornilov did as ordered, Kerensky charged him with wanting to
topple the government. Accused of high treason, Kornilov mutinied.
The mutiny was easily crushed.
It was a Pyrrhic victory for Kerensky. His action alienated the
officer corps, whose support he needed in the looming conflict
with the Bolsheviks. It also vindicated the Bolshevik claim that
the provisional government was ineffective and that the soviets
should assume full and undivided authority. In late September and
October the Bolsheviks began to win majorities in the soviets:
Leon Trotsky, a recent convert to Bolshevism, became chairman of
the Petrograd Soviet, the country's most important, and
immediately turned it into a vehicle for the seizure of power.
Эпидемия большевистских путчей перекинулась из России в Германию.
The extreme left, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht,
wished to organize a revolutionary party and founded the Communist
Party of Germany. When younger extremists, overruling Luxemburg
and Liebknecht, organized a left-wing Putsch early in 1919, they
were isolated and easily defeated by the government of the
majority Socialists and its allies among right-wing officers.
Luxemburg and Liebknecht were assassinated, and the remaining
leaders took the group into the Comintern. Another left-wing and
Communist putsch in Bavaria a few months later was also
unsuccessful. In the early 1920s, the independents reunited with
the majority Socialists.
Нацистский путч.
Beer Hall Putsch, also called MUNICH PUTSCH, German BIERKELLER
PUTSCH, NCHENER PUTSCH, or HITLERPUTSCH, Adolf Hitler's attempt to
start an insurrection in Germany against the Weimar Republic on
Nov. 8-9, 1923. Hitler and his small Nazi Party associated
themselves with General Erich Ludendorff, a right-wing German
military leader of World War I. Forcing their way into a
right-wing political meeting in a beer hall in Munich on the
evening of November 8, Hitler and his men obtained agreement that
the leaders there should join in carrying the "revolution" to