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  1204         .       ,      ,   , ,      ,   ,     ,      .[1 - N, 314-15.]

   ,  2001 ,     II       -    ,     .   :    ,  ,        ,       . ,      ,    .  ,              , ,    ,    .

        , ,    ,   ,     .[2 -      : Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade.         .       Godfrey, 2004. The Unholy Crusade.]          ,            .   ,       ,    ,  ,       .[3 -     ,  ,  , : Runciman, History of the Crusades, III; Norwich, Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, 156213.       .: Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades; Angold, The Fourth Crusade.]     ,   .          ,  ,       .      ,       ,         ,      .

   ,     .[4 - Constable, The Historiography of the Crusades.]   XVIII            ,           ,    ,    .[5 - Siberry, Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, 314.]         ,            .    ,       ,               .[6 - Runciman, History of the Crusades, III, 469,480.]

                 XVIII   ,           .[7 - Cited in Bartlett, Medieval Panorama, 1213.]     ,  ,   ,     ,     .[8 - Runciman, History of the Crusades, III, 474.]

  ,            ,  ,    ,  ,     ,       .          1095                        .

  ,        .              ,     ,   ,       20012002 .  ,        ,    , []  []  []  [IX] .        [] .  ,  -      XII  XIII .[9 - Riley-Smith, Islam and the Crusades in History and Imagination 164-7.]

      .       2001         ,      -.        ,  ,        ,     ,         .[10 - Phillips, Why a Crusade will lead to a jihad.]

               .   ,            ,        ,        .

     .   ,    , :    ,           ,  ,      .      :   ,        .[11 - Innocent III, Sources, 107.]        ,        .    III (11981216),   ,      :

      []    ,     ,     ,          ,        ,   .[12 - Innocent III, Sources, 173-4.]

           .       : , , .                ,    .

    ,  ,   ,       .          1204    ,      .    ,                     (  ),     .

    ,     ,      ,   .     (   ),   ,         .

  XII        ,         (10951099)  ,          .    XII           chansons de geste   ,     ,    .          ,    (    )         .     ,                        ,        ,    .

     ,      .   ,            .                ,        ,     .  ,  ,      ,     ,  ,     .

          .       ,         ,         .     ,    ;            ,          .

           .        ,   ,       ,     ,      .[13 -    : Harris, Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Niketas Choniates' Account of the Collapse of Byzantium.]       .      ,      .       , ,           .

,        .       (     ),    ,  , ,        ,    (,  ),    .

  ,          ,     ,             .             ,       XIII .

          . ,  ,  ,        .    ,   ,            ,    .[14 - Jackson, Christians, Barbarians and Masters: The European Discovery of the World Beyond Islam.]

         .[15 - Bull, Origins.]     ,         ,        .

,        XXI       .       ,      .                 ,  ,     . ,          (, ),         .            ,   ,     ,   (       )   .               ,       ,               .

 27  1095    ( )    II     ,     ,       .  ,              .         ,       :   .  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,      .   ,     ,   .  ,   ,   :

      ,            .       ,          ,        ,      .[16 - Guibert of Nogent, cited in and translated by Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade, 3.]

    ,           .       ,    ,   .   ,     .    ,    Deus vult! Deus vult!    !   !,    ,    .

     .        .       60          ,   2500 : #c_1      .    15  1099    ,      .

      ,        ,  .      :     ,     .     ,      . ,    ,    ,  ,     []    ,        .[17 - William of Tyre, 1, 372-3.]         ,      .

    ,   ,        : #c_2   : #c_3.        , ,  ,      .          ,   .           -,          .        (          ).      .

     ,  ,     ,   ,      ,    .        ,    ,     .

        .    ,           ,   .        , -       .        ,           .[18 -    Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.]

 1144      ,    ,     ,      (11451149 ): #c_4.      .       ,     ,       .       ,                ,                  .              .

  VIII           .    ,               .  11131114               ,      .  11471148              .             , ,       ,           .[19 - See Phillips and Hoch, Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, 1-14.] 1150              ,         .

 1170-      ,   ,    ( ).     ,      .           ,     .

   ,   ( )    ,   .  1054         ,        ,      .   -    ,      ,     :    (   )       (, , ,   ).   1054      ,     .                        1204 .

       ,     .         .  1095      I (  10811118 )                 II    .          ,       XII         .         ,     . ,         .   ,      .                  ,      ,      .                   .

          .         (11431180)   .      ,   1171     (11631174)   .         ,        VII  (11371180).               ,         (11831185).

  1182            ,           .[20 - Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 116-20.]  ,       ,  ,        .    ,  ,                  .  ,        ,       .      .       ,      .           .

      .  ,    , :    ,      .[21 - Eustathios of Thessaloniki, The Capture of Thessaloniki, 35.] () ,      1185 , :    ,  ,  ,                 .[22 - William of Tyre, 11, 465.]       ,  ,                 .: #c_5   ,             ,          .              .      ,        ,     ,     .

        IV (11741185)    ,           ,      .[23 - Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs: King Baldwin IV and the Crusader States.]         1187 ,       .           ,     .        .



 1

 ,     




     , 11871199 

,               ,    .  :  ,     ".          ,   ,  ,           ,                     ,      .        ![24 - Gregory VIII, Audita tremendi, 64-5.]

      VIII         4  1187 .             .     .

         .   ,   ,     .   1187      ,    .     (11521190),    ,         .             ,    .   ,            II  (11801223)   I  (11891199).

      ,          .     ,               .  ,    -, :

   []        .         ,      [] ,         ,    ,    .[25 - Beha ad-Din, The Rare and Excelknt History of Saladin, 146, 150.]

        1191 .   ,        ,        .         ,         .           (         )           .            ,         ,      :   ,    .         ,     ,   . ,     ,  ![26 - Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 382.]

   ,                    ,    .     ,         .             .        ,      .[27 -     : Gillingham, Richard 1, 155301.]

             ,         ,   .     ,   ,               ,    .      .   ,   VI (11901197),             (       ). ,       ,      .    1197             .     .       ,            .    III,       ,     ,    .

8  1198   .             .      ,   III   ,     .       ,     .            ,  ,    ,     .         ,       ,    ,       .[28 -       : Sayers, Innocent III.  ,     : Innocent III: Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World? ed. Powell; Pope Innocent III and his World, ed. Moore.]

    37 ,         .    1160  1161      ,   30   -  .        -    .   1180-    ,              .         , ,   ,       ,       .

              (11861189)      ,          .            ,                 .[29 - Sayers, Innocent HI, 1027; Peters, Lothario del Conti di Segni becomes Pope Innocent III, in: Innocent III and his World, 3-24.]

  ,   III      .  ,   1200 ,       .       ,    .    -            ,  (,         )   .  III      ,       .     .        ,   ,    :            .[30 - Sayers, Innocent III, 2.]

        .         ,    ,             XIII      .         ,      III    .   ,     ,        (   ).       ,      (  ),     22 .

 ,          ,       ,   ,          III       (12011202)  .          ,           .[31 - Innocent III, Sources, 79.]

 III                      .        ,     ,      .                  .              .

            .       ,              ,     .[32 - Innocent III, Sources, 9, n.4.]

 1197      ,      .       ,    .           ,     .    1198          ,  15        .[33 - Ross, Relations between the Latin Fast and the West, 11871291, 5860.]      ,      VIII 1187 ,       .            :

      ,     ,      ,        ,  ,    ,        ,             ,     .     ,       ,           ,   ,   ,               ,    ,     .[34 - Innocent III, Sources, 1011.]

        ,       1198 .  ,        ,    .        ,  ,   ,  :

  ,      ,     ? !    . !   ,      ,             ,    .       ,    ,        ,    .         ,       .     ?[35 - Innocent III, Sources, 12.]

,                .      ,       ,    ,      ,    , ,  ,    ,           ,    .      :  ,  ,  ,      .     ,          ,     .[36 - Innocent III, Sources, 14.]

       ,    ,  ,   .            ,      .

     .        1199 .         ,         ,   . ,   ,    ,           XII .   -     ,          ,       ,   ,    .              .

                  ()      .    (11451149)   (11891192)       .           .    ( )       ,     ,   ()   ,      .

         ,   .        ,           .                 . ,           .[37 -      . : Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 80-5.]

         , ,   .    ,     .  ,        :     ,          .  ,    - .     - ,        ,  ,  ,  ,    ,   .            ,   ?                 .

 ,   ,          .        .      ,            ,        .

    -, ,     .    1194          ,       .

     .           1198          .  ,       ,      .[38 - Gillingham, Richard I, 316.]

  ,        .       ,     .          ,        ,  ,    .

  1198       .            (History of William Marshal)  ,   1220-           .[39 -     10 000  . .: History of William Marshal, ed. Holden, tr. Gregory.     .]    ,     :         ,        .   ,       .         .

     ,             .     (,       ,            ),       .   ,    ,   ,    ?      .       ,  (   )   ,       ,     :      ,   ,       .  ,     ,  ,       ,      !             .

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       ,      .  ,      .  ,       ,   ,           .[40 -   : Crosland, William the Marshal, 7881    : Crouch, William Marshal.    : Gillingham, Richard I, 318-20.]

             ,  ,       . 26  1199 ,     -,     ,       .    ,      ,   ,    .  ,        ,      .      ,  ,     .    ,   ,    77 ,     .     .        (,    ),       .

  ,         ,    ,      .            ,     ;           ,    ;        ,     .  , ,              ,   .

  ,   ,      .       1199 .     ,           .      ,    .[41 - Gillingham, Richard I, 323-5.]

    ,    ,      ,         ,          .     ,         ,       XII , ,     , ,      .  ,             .

        .     ,    ,      1180 ,      .   ,         ,       .              ,  ,            1191 .

      ,   .    ,             .          ,          .        .                .     .        25 : #c_6 ,       675 : #c_7.       ,        .   ,     .       , ,    ,      .

   ,   ,    ,    ,  ,    .        . ,     (     20    ,      ),       .

       ,   .   35   .       ,             ,     ,         .

   ,     ,   ,    .   ,  1187 ,     ,     VIII (12231226),       1190-.                .     ,        .    ,           ,  14  1193 ,       .    ,    .

          ,     ,         ,  .     ,    ,    ,         .

        .         ,     1196    .   ,    ,    (      ).             .   ,         ,    ,   ,      .  1203     ,   :

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  ,   1198 ,       ,     .    ,      .     ,   , ,        ,    .       ,     ,     .

 1201   ,      .      ,   1213         .          .

, ,  -   ,        ,                   ,       .[42 -       .: Bradbury, Philip Augustus;       . . 173-94.]

        ,      . ,      ,    .        ,     ,        .

     ,    ,      ,         ?      ,         ?

             1099     .  ,         ,        ,   ,  ,       .        ,    1095 .            ,   .     ,   XII ,        ,     ,    .

-,     .        2500          ,  ,      ,   .  -        ,     ,  , -    .   ,         .

  XII       , ,      ,      .        .          ,       XI ,      ,     ,    :

   ,    ,             ,   .     ,      , ,          ,       .     ,   ,        ?[43 - Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 196.]

        ,     .            , ,  ,   .            .         ,     .        ,        .        .          ,   ,      ,   ,      ,     .[44 - France, Patronage and the First Crusade.]

                      .         .          .        ,         35%,              50%.[45 - Riley-Smith, Casualties and Knights on the First Crusade, 1719; Phillips, Second Crusade.]

        ,      ,    .          -    ,   -      . ,          .               .       ,      ,  , ,      ,    .

 ,             ,         1199  1200 .       ,    1106 ,  ,            1  1097 :   ,    ,   ,     ,      .[46 - Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 85.],  :      ,     ,       ,  .[47 - Albert of Aachen, Historia, 329.]

           -,  ,         (1098)    :

    ,     ,         . ,        ,       .       ,     . ,   ,             ,       .      ,    ,      ,    .    ,    ,   ,   .[48 - Raymond of Aguilers, in: Peters, First Crusade, 212-13.]

              .          .  ,   ,   ,    :     ,  ,     ,    ,    ,   .[49 - Odo of Deuil, journey of Louis VII, 123.]

  ,       .               ,   ,   ,   .   ,   ,   ,       .     .  ,    XIII ,       :        . (  ,        1980-         ,  ,     ).         ,          ,         ,       .     ,        : ,  1160-      ,         11471148 .

                (Gervase f zoches),    .    I    ,       :    .    :

 ,     ,       .       ,              .      ,         ,       ,   .[50 - Guibert of Nogent, The Deeds of the Franks, 165, 165.         : Friedman, Encounters between Enemies.]

       ,         .        .         ,   ,             .     ,  Gesta Francorum ,           ,  .

     ,      ,  ;              ;        ,     .[51 - Gesta Erancorum, 34.]

     1099     :

    ,         ,      .      ,   .             ,           ,         .[52 - Cesta Erancorum, 89.]

                  .    ,       , , ,  .     , , ,      .[53 - Cesta Francorum, 62.]

 ,        . ,             ,          ,        .

,        .          (,  ),   1098 ,         -   .         11901191 ,         .  Itinemrium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi,     , , 

             .        ,        .      : 6 ,   , 12 , 40 , 500   ,        ,   .[54 - Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 232-3.]

 ,     .           ,            .

              .      ,        .  ,      XII , :              .[55 - Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, V 17.],       .     ,     , ,          () ,     II .  ,           .       ,   ,       ,          ,        ,    .

       ,    , ,    ,     , .      ,                .[56 -     .: William of Tyre, History, II, 179-81.      : Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 135-43.]

         .      ,   ,    ,     ,       -    .[57 - Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 48.]  ,         . ,        ,         ,          .[58 - Gerald of Wales, journey through Wales, 76.]

    ,           .   ,    ,     .  ,     -  .    ,         ,  ,        .         .     ,    ,      ,      .

            ,      .          :

  []          ,    .  ,   ,   ,      ,        ,    ,     ,      .[59 - Conquest of Lisbon, 73.]

  ,    , , ,   ,        ,      .      ,        . ,     ,     ,   .   1098       ,    ,     ,       . ,    ,    ,       ,  ,     ,  ,    .[60 - Peters, First Crusade, 287-9.]

   ,              ,    .            . ,      .  ,   ,  ,           ,     ,       .[61 - Cartulaire de Vabbaye de Saint-Pere de Chartres, II, 646.]

        ,           .        ,    .           ,       .       .   :

            ,    ,          .          !      .[62 - Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 139.]

     ,              ,       .      10951099      .  ,  , ,         .

            .         .     1147  ,  ,     .

      ,        , , ,        ,       -  .    ,   -    ,    .        .[63 - Conquest of Lisbon, 131.]

                .       ,    ,       .[64 - Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 120.]

,       ,       ,       .                    (  )       .      ,             ,     .            ,        -       .[65 - Robinson, The Papacy, 10731198: Continuity and Innovation, 336-9.]

    ,    -  ,    ,      .       .       ,              1146 .   ,         ,          . ,     ,          ,            .[66 - De Hemptinne, Les epouses des croises et pelerins flamands aux Xle et Xlle siecles.] ,       ,      .   ,        . ,         .       ,              ,  ,  .

                   ,   ,     ,    .        ;    ,          .          ,    ,      ,     .

        ,          .               ,  . ,         ,                  .

 ,            ,      ,         -           ,    .          ,         ,      .        ,             - .

 ,       .   -        .   1203       :       , ,      ,     ,         .[67 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 186-7.]   , ,         1991 ,  ,      ,     .       .       .        .   ,   1120- ,       :

 ,     ,     ,  ; ,        ,                    ,    .[68 - William of Malmesbury, History of the Kings of England, 655.]

  -    ,            :      ,     ,         ,         ,        ,      .[69 - Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, V 5.]           : , , ,       [ 1098 ]            ,        ,       .[70 - Lambert of Ardres, History, 164-5.]    II           (Jerosolimitanus).

          .       ,  ,    ,       1101    .[71 - Suger, Deeds of Louis the Fat, 41.]                ,        .                     .        .  11481149          ,       ,  ,   ,      .         .  ,          ,       . ,     .[72 -    .: Frolow, Relique de la vraie croix, 349;   .: Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 235.]

  ,           ,   .            ,      .     ,   ,     -  .       ,   ,    ,         .  ,    , :        ,    ,         . ,  ,   ,    .[73 - Odo of Deuil, The journey of Louis VII, 115, 123.]  , ,    ,            .

,         .  ,         ,         ,     . ,  ,   ,     ,         .     ,     ,      .  1106      .           ,  ,      1098 .   ,        ,         , ,  ,     ,  .[74 - Albert of Aachen, Historia, 626.]  :        ,       .[75 - Herman of Tournai, The Restoration of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Tournai, 47.]

      ,           ,             .     ,      .        ,            ,       ,          .          ,   -     .

        ,   -         ,            .   III            1147 .             ,      .  ,      ,          ,    .  ,    ,   ,       .          ,     ,       ,    ,            ,  ,        . ,    ,      ,             .[76 - Suger, Deeds of Louis the Fat, 40.]

               ,       . ,               .      ,      ,  ,      1155 .       ,    ,    .       ,        ,   .       ,         ,        ,  .       ,    ,      .     ,     .  ,      ,  ,        .    ,         .

   ,      ,      .    ,  ,       .      (         ,    ).    ,    .        ,             .         ,       . , ,         .[77 - . : Kenaan-Kedar and Kedar, Significance of a Twelfth-Century Sculptural Group.]

 ,        .               ,     . ,            ,    .



 2

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     ,   ,  1200 

  1199   1200           .        ,       , ,   .      ,      , , ,   .   ,    ,      : ,         .

        .[78 -    .: O'Brien, Fulk of Neuilly, a : McNeal, Fulk of Neuilly and the Tournament of Ecry.]      ,   ,       .     ,      ,     .  ,      .      ,   ,    -   .           .        .    ,                 ,        .[79 - Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 278-9.]

                .[80 - GV,29.]        ,   -    . ,     ,           .         ,        .      ,    ,    .      :   ,   ,   ,     .         ,   .[81 - Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 280.]

       ,        . ,           (        ),           .[82 - Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 8990.]

 1200          ,      .   :  ,       ,    ,    ,        .[83 -       3 . .: Maier Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual, 101-4.]-             .      ,       ,  ,     .        ,   ,      ,      ,   .[84 -           : Maier, Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross; Cole, Preaching the Crusades.]

   istoria Constantinopolitana    1205 ,         ,    .             .    ,     ,     .      ,  ,      .[85 -           : Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. Andrea.     . : Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 92-7; Maier, Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual.]

       :  []     .  ,    ,        ,        ,  ()    .    ,               ,        ,    .       ,       basileus,   ,        I (364375).    ,   ,     .            .   ,       ,      160   ,     45   .[86 - Spicher, Ceschichte des Easier Munsters.]  1185      ,   ,   ,   1200       .  ,       -          .

   , ,       ,   .         ,               .      ,    ,      .      ,             ,        .         ,       .    ,            ,          .

       ,  ,      .       -  ,    ,    . ,       (   )   . ,         ,   .

        ,      ,   .    , ,    , ,          .   ,  ,            ,          .

      .      ,             ,     .    ,   .  , ,       ,  ,       .              .     ,  ,  ,     ,    .              .        ,           .

     .   ,      ,  ,    , ,  (  )  ;        , ,    .      ,          . ,    ,       ,  .      ,                .      , ,    ,      .

,              .           ,          .          ,              ,   III.

  ,     ,    .     ,       .     ,         ,        .         :             ,    .            .

        : , ,                .   ,        ,       ,          (     ).       :  ,   ,    .

 ,        , , ,       .   2200      ,    ,       ,       ,           .       ,    ,   ,    ,      .

          .       .                      1095 .  ,   1200     ,           ,      .    ,               .         .             ,              .  ,     ,           ,    .    (       ),            .      ,           ,       , ,   ,    .[87 -          : Phillips, Holy War, 133-4.]

     ,  ,  ,   -     ,      .             ,   . ,     .               ,  ,   1153 . ,  ,         XII            .   ,         .  6  1146     ,     .[88 - Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 45. 12GP,68.]

      ,   , ,        . ,     ,    ,           .      ,      .   ,  (     )  .    ,      ,           .  ,   ,         .      ,   ,  , ,   ,   ,       .           ,      .      ,           ,      .  ,    ,     ;          ,       .[89 - GP, 68.]

     ,    .      ,    ,   .             .    ,  ,       .    , ,    .   ,         .    .              -;      ; ,    ,  ,   ,     .            .    ,    ,      .

        .             ,        .     ,   (chansons de geste)          .

 3    ,   ,       .       ,          ,        .     ,   ,   .    ,      ,           .   ,   .           ,      .          .    ,   ,              .         -   .      ,     .       ,       ,   .

        .   ,  ,   ,   :

  ,    ,   !    ,  !      ,      .     ,   .  ,       .

             .        ,    .

     .      ,   .     ,         . ,   !       ( ,    )       . ,       ,   ,            .  ,          .[90 - GP, 69.]

     ,      .      ,      .  ,           (),     , ,  ,    .   ,                ,      :         ! , , ,  !       .   ,   [   ] ,       .                     . ,         :       .

         ,         ,        .   ,        :        ,    ,    ,      ,      ,        .

  , ,        ,      .     , ,   ,               ,     .  ,       , ,     .      ,     ,  IV ,         3 : #c_8.  ,           ,      ,   .[91 - Maier, Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual.]

      :     ,    .  ,    ,   ,    VII      .           ,              1099.          ,       .

         ,    ,        .       ,     .   1187        ,          .      ,      ,  .       ,       .                        .[92 - GP, 70.    . : Riley-Smith, First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, 23-5,31 -2,150-1; Murray, Mighty Against the Enemies of Christ.]

        .  ,  ,   ,  . ,  ,  ,     (  )     ,  ,            .

     ,    .          1187 ,            .  ,    -              .         .             ,         ,  .

    ,          .  1095    II ,        ,              - .   ,     ,              .    ,       ,     -        .[93 -     . : Riley-Smith, Crusade: Idea and Reality, 40-3.]

             : ,  ,   .     .     .      ,        ,       .       .

         ,      .        ,            .         ,      .

     ,  , ,   ,     ,    .      ,         ,  ,        ,     [   ].

                    .    , ,      ,    -   .   1200      ,     ,         .

      .  ,    ,         :    .     ,   ,   ,      ,    , ,    , , ,     ,   .

            .              ,   , ,         .                 ,    ,      .               .     ,      ,     ,        .

 ,   ,       .    :    ,    ,    ,       .           ,        1095 .

 ,           .     .      ,              - ,   ,   ,   .      , ,      ,       .  ,     ,       ,        .[94 -      .: Bull, Origins; Bull, Knightly Piety, 155249.]

     ,          .   ,     II     1095 , ,      ,   ,      .                     .        .   :        ,  ,   ,    ,  .  ,          ,    ,   .

  ,         ,   (,   )   .  ,           , ,   ,   .  ,       ,   ,       . ,   ,             1187 ,          ,              .

     : , ,       .       ;          .       ?

   ,    :           ,     ,        .  ,    ,                ,         .              .

   ,   ,      . ,  ,       .     ,           .

        .    ,      ,         .       ,   .      .      :         ,   ,     .

      ,    ,       .       ,  ,     ,      ,        . ,  ,  ,     ,   .       ,       ,      .

  , ,  ,  .   ,         . ,                    .              .

  ,      .   ,          .                   .[95 - GP,71.]



 3

    ,      


   ,  1199 

          .    1199  1200          ,    ,    ,  .

    ,     -.   ,         ,       ,       .[96 -     .: Keen, Chivalry, 20-3; Barber and Barber, Tournaments, 1327; Strickland, War and Chivalry, 149-53.]

28  1199    --                  ,    ,           .       ,           ,          ,     .

         .       ,    ,    ,    ,     .         ,       .     :      ,    ,  ,       . ,       ,        ,     .      ,       ,         .

,  XIV        ,     ,  ,    ,        .

   ,   ,      .      ,      .         .  1199              2,5   -.         .   ,   ,     .               .

    ,         .      ,       .       ,       .

      .        ,          .            ,    ,    ,   .   ,     .        ; ,   .    ,     .       ,       .     ,     .       .  ,      ;            ;          .

         ,     ,     ,  . ,              ,      .    :   ,     ,     1186 ;       ,         .   ,     .          ,    .      ,      .    ,  ,        .     .

      ,   .   ,    XII , : ,    ,     ,  ,      ,    ,    .[97 - Roger of Howden, Chronica, II, 166-7. Translated in: The Annals of Roger of Hoveden, 1, 490.]                ,     .            .[98 - History of William Marshal, I, 309.]

        (,           ).        .       ,      ,    .         ,    ,          .          .        ;  ,       .  1177         ,   ,      ,      .[99 - History of William Marshal, I, 173.]            .   ,       ,              .  ,   ,      XII ,         .[100 - Lambert of Ardres, History, 126.]

     ,             .      ,        ,     .           ,   .         .         ,     ,     :  ,     .     ,       ,      .          ,    ,    .   , ,     ,   .[101 - History of William Marshal, 1, 177, 181.]

         .  ,    1130-     ,         :

             ,       .           ,      .      ,         .[102 - Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, 229.]

         .               .            ,    ,        .      ,      , ,    .

,     - ,      .  1182               .         ,          ,   .      .          (   II,   1183 ,      ).     , -    .        , ,      ,           de rigueuer: #c_9.           ,           .[103 - Keen, Chivalry, 21.]

       .               ,      .        ,         .        ,          .        ,   ,       ,       .[104 -          .: Keen, Chivalry, 102-24; Bouchard, Strong of Body, 105-9.]  ,        (     ,     )        :

      ,            -,  ,  ,    ,    .    ,       ,    ,    ,   .       ,  ,  ,      .    ,    ,      ,    , ,        .     

     .  ,  ,     ,  ,  ,      .       . - ,            .

        ,    ,    .

    ,     ,    .[105 - Chretien de Troyes, Erec et Enide, 63-4.]

         ,         , ,  ,   .      :   ,    .      ,      .   -     ; ,      ;     .   ,    , , ,   ,   .         ,          .     ,   , , , ,        .

  .    ,   ,    .    ,      ,   .  :  !    ,        .[106 - History of William Marshal, I. 175-9.]    ,            .   XIII   III   -,     ,         -        .[107 - Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 199200.]      ,     1124 . ,          ,       1199   ,    ,   ,       .

              .    ,          .       .  1159     II  :           ,       ,       ,          .[108 - Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, I, 199200.     1139         1130       1131 .]

     : ,   ;    ,     ,      .   ,  ,        .       ;       .   ,    ,     (1130, 1139, 1148  1179 ),           .

- ,             ,        ,    . ,    ,  ,   1184      ,     .          .  ,          ,         .            ,    ,          .         11771178             1191 .   ,        (Liberal),            .   ,   ,       .[109 - Keen, Chivalry, 22.  ,       .  : Phillips, Defenders.]

          .  ,    ,        .                .  ,      .  ,   ,        ,   .  ,   ,   ,     ,    ,   XIII       . ,    ,       ,        .   ,   ,       .[110 - Humbert of Romans, De predicatione Sancte crucis.]

,            .     ,     ?  ,         .   I        ,         .   :          .[111 - Gillingham, Richard I, 19; Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 336.]       ,          .             ,      .[112 - Gillingham, Richard I, 19.]

    ,     ,     .         , ,               ,   .         :        ,      ,       : #c_10.[113 - Keen, Chivalry, 56.] ,       ,    , .    ,   11981199 ,    ,    .             .              .

 -                   ,    .[114 - GV, 29.] ,       ,       .          ,    1199      ,    ,   . ,  ,    ,    .          ,    .       ,    ,      .                      .     ,   ,          .

  ,   ,         .     ,      .       , ,        .       VII  (11371280)   ;  ,      ,   : #c_11    .    ,         :              11791180 .  ,   ,              .        ,     1192   ,    ,  -  ,    . 5             ,       .    10  1197 ,   ,    ,      ,      .  , ,     ,     .

                 ,     .     1198   ,   ,     .[115 - Longnon, Les cotnpagnons de Villehardouin, 1113.]

       ,     .      VII  ,      .   ,       .          ,   ,    .        ,      1191 ,       .       .        .      .[116 - Longnon, Les cotnpagnons de Villehardouin, 7984.]

          .    -  ,   .  ,      ,         .         ,                ,     .       ,    .

,        .  ,   ,         , :              .[117 - GV, 29.]

 ,          ,     (  , ,     )     .        ,      .      ,     ,     .    , ,   ,      .       ,  14  1190          ,    ,  .   ,       ,               .

   1212  1213 ,        ,        .         ,      ,         .      :    ,   ,       .[118 - GV, 57.]        ,    ,     ,         (,    ),          ,   . ,     , ,        ,   .                  .[119 - Morris, Geoffrey de Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople, 34.       .: Andrea, Essay on Primary Sources, 299302; a  : Noble, The Importance of Old French Chronicles.       : Archambault, Villehardouin: History in Black and Whites.        .: Dufoumet, Villehardouin et les Champenois dans la Quatrieme croisade.]

  ,         ,    ,    ,               12081209 .        11981199         .[120 - Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 18, 20, 113.]

      --  .      .            .        .       ,   ,           .

           . 23  1200 ,   : #c_12,                 .                        .   II       ;     ,     1108 ;           1139, 11461149, 11571158  1164       ;       11771178       1191-.       , ,      .[121 - GV, 30; Wolff, Baldwin of Flanders and Hainault.]

    ,      .     ,             .        ,  ,        .        ,    (   )   .  ,   ,       ,       ,         .                        .         .             ,      ,         .     ,     .      .    : #c_13,         ,    ,   :  ,    ,  ,   .                ,   ,     -     , ,    : ,          ,             ,        .[122 - NC, 328.]

         ,    .   , ,    1199    1200 .           -    .  (  )     ,  .                     .        ,  ,              ,          .

  ,   , ,       ,      ,        ,    ,            XII .

 ,              -,              ,          .           .           ,      ,            .      1205 ,   1216-     .    ,    ,    .         , ,    ,       ,    .      ,         .                        .   ,    ,       ,      .[123 - GV, 30-1; RC, 32-3.         .: R, 3-27,     (Andrea)     : Essay on Primary Sources in Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 302-3; a   (Noble), The Importance of Old French Chronicles.]

 1200          .   ,       ,      .           ,      .[124 - GV, 31.]

,         ,          .            ,    ,  , ,   ( ),        .     ,         .      ,         .       ; ,   ,      .

       .         ,   ,            .   1182                 .         -   1190 ,          .        . ,  ,                    .

              -      .[125 - Conquest of Lisbon, 1226.]            ,      ,           .        ,               .[126 - Pryor, Geography, Technology and War, 34, 36, 51-3.] - ,       ,       ,       ,        ,   .

          ,          ,        .          ,            .    ,   ,  , ,     ,          .[127 - Marshall, The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East, 10961104, 6079.]         ,             . ,  ,         ,       .       ,           .              , ,        ,        ,     .         ,       11231124    ,  ,  ,   .[128 -   .: La cattedrak di Geneva nel medioevo secoli VIXIV, ed. Di Fabric, 188-91. O : Cerbani Cerbani, Translatio mirifici martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitatem Venetem, 323-4; Marshall, The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East.]

                .      ,        ,     .             1147 :                     .[129 - Caffaro, in: Williams, The Making of a Crusade, 38-9.]

,  ,   ,          .             .            ,       .       ,       ,  , ,   .             ,              .      ,     .          ,      .  ,           ,           . ,         ,    ,    ,    .       - ,    .          .    ,     (    ),     ,     ,     .    ,   ,      , ,   ,    .

      . ,     ,       ,      . ,          .     ,   (,  1174 )  .          .             ,  .  ,           .         ,            .               ,   .  ,  ,       1184 ,     .  :

                      .  []  [   ],                 .          .              []    ,     .

   (11891191)    ,      ,     ,      ,      .[130 - Ibn Jubayr, The Travels, 300-1.]

      ,          .               .       ,          .[131 - Innocent III, Sources, 22.] ,               ,            .

 ,    .   1198           ,      (Soffredo)       ,            ,    .[132 - Innocent III, Sources, 16.]

 , ,         ,               .     .       ,    .   ,       ,    ,   .      ,         .[133 - GV, 31.]

,   ,       . ,    ,      ,                    .   , ,     ,             .

  1201     ,    (,  )   ,        ,   1201 .



 4

    ,  ,      


 ,  1201 

,        ,       ,     .[134 - Lane, Venice, 1-21; Zorzi, Venice, A City, A Republic, An Empire, 1020, 102-8; Howard, Architectural History of Venice, 2-41.]       ,       .        ,            ,    .

     IVV         .   ,  : #c_14.    ,   ,     331 ,          .               .

     580             .    ,   697         ( ).  810                    ,     .         ,      ,       .     829 ,        ,          ,  .            ,   -  ,          ,  .

        ,     ,     ,       .     ,       ,   ,       ,   .       ,    ,        .

 , ,   ,   IX  X     ,    ,      ,      .       ,      ,    .                  .             ,   ,      ,    .              ,         .

 1082     I          ,      .[135 - Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 51-4; Jacoby, The Chrysobull of Alexius I to the Venetians.] XI     ,       .         ,       ,     .                   60 000 ,    ,   .

  1202   ,                 ,     .       ,      ,      .    ,        .     ,   , ,           .                       ,     .      .                -;              .     ,   ,        ,              .      ,    ampanil ()   -.      1173 ,        XVI ,    1902      .

         ,   .           .[136 - Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Maddens book was published as this present work was being completed. I have, therefore, been unable to include any of its detailed ideas.]        ,  , ,   .  ,   . ,        ,      ;       .                 .[137 - Madden, Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172, 169-70.]

   1170- .    ,         .         ,          1172 .  ,     ,   ,   ,         . ,    ,              .  ,            , ,   ,  ,       1176 .  ,             -    ,    .[138 - Madden, Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172, 179-84.]

   ,      ,   ,        .  ,  ,  III (   ),      ;             .[139 -   III.: Sources, 60-9, 95-8; 145-51.   ,  , .: Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 318-21; Runciman, History of the Crusades, III.]     :   ,           .  -  ,              .[140 - GP, 97.]     ,      .[141 - Innocent III, Sources, 112.]       .[142 - RC, 40.]

     1192 ,         ,   .               ,    grosso: #c_15,      .   (    )      .       ,         .

  ,       ,   .  ,      ,      ,   ,               .  , ,  ,    ,    ,      ,    . , ,  ,         .  1194       ,   grosso      ,       .

           ,         ,       .  , grosso               .      ,       :      98,5% ,    ,       .

     ,      ,   ,   .        ,     XII     . ,         ,                .

 grosso                     . ,       ,         ,   .[143 - Stahl, The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo.]

 ,       ,            .    ,          ,      .  ,       ,      .  ,        ,   ,      ,   .

       ,        ,   .     ,    .     ,     ,     .      :

,        ,  ,    ,   , ,     ,  .     ,       ,  ,   ,   ,       ,    ,    ,        .

 ,       ,          .              ,                .[144 - GV, 32-3.]

   ?   .     ,        ,  . ,    ,      .     ,       .

      .        ,              ,                  .             .                   .                           .         ,                  ,             .

        ,              .               ,    .                  .

  ,          .  ,           ,  -    .       ,      .  11221124                  .   ,              ,     .

    ,           .  ,         ,     ,   . ,       .[145 - Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 19, 29.]     ,            ,    .     ,                 .      ,       ,       ,         .    .

   ,    4500   9000 ,      4500   20 000 .                .        ,      []        .  ,     ,   ,          ,       .       85 000 .     .           ,     ,     ,         ,    .   ,        .[146 - GV, 33.]

   .      ,       , ,      , , , ,   ,      .[147 - Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 362-73. . Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, n, 217, n. 23.]

   ,   ,         .       .        ,          . -,      ,      .

  ,             .       .   ,  ,       .       .            ,       .[148 - GV, 33-4.]    , ,     ,     .   ,       .         ,  ,   ,     .  ,         .               ,           .

        ,    (    )  .[149 -      , .: Howard, Architectural History of Venice, 1728. For the most complete survey of the church's mosaics, .: Demus, Mosaic Decoration of San Marco, Venice.]         ,     828 .         .       (      ).          XI    ,     .      ,         ,    .  ,       ,      .        ,      .            ,    -         (  1453 ).     ,     ,            .          ,     ,          .

  , ,          .    1201       .     ,     (,      )    XII .           ,        ,  .     1106 .[150 - Demus, Mosaic Decoration of San Marco, 20-3.]

  ,     ,    , ,    .      ,    .        .          .        ,                  .

      .       ,     ,    ,    ,  . ,     ,    .    ,  ,        .     .         .       ,       .             .

  ,  ,     ,   .     ,     ,   ,     ,    .                      [ ]            ,          :          .

      ,       ,            .            ,        :  !  !

         ,           .    ;   ,   ,       .   ,        .     ,    , :    ,             ,      ,    !       ,  ,          .

       .         ,    .      .        ,      .          1202 ,         29    ,       .[151 - GV, 34-5.]

         ,          .    .     , ,   ,        .             .

   ,     ,     .         . ,      ,       ,         .[152 - GV, 35.]

     ,                .      ,      1190 .       650 , 1300   1300         (    ,     )   ,   13,5   .       ,     .[153 - Queller and Madden, Fourth Cmsade, 12; Mack, The Merchant of Genoa, 2843.]

   1201      .        1202  33 500    ,      ,   ,      .  ,        ,         .

              .   85 000   60 000  ,            .   ,         ,          .[154 - Lane, Venice, 37.]         ,       .   ,            .   ,         .  ,      ,      ,   . ,            ,    .    33 500         , ,   ,      .

   ,     ,        ,   ,               .       .  ,              .[155 -    , .: France, Victory in the East, 142; for the Third Crusade, .: Johnson, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VF, 8994.]

    1201          ,        .  ,    .         .      ,    .        ,    ,     .  ,        ,     .      ,   .    ,         .

                     ,      ,      .[156 - GV, 35.]     .      ,      ?         ,   ,   ,        .         ,     ,    .                     ,       .  ,         ,    ,         .[157 - Phillips, Crusades, 95-6.]

                             ,         1187 .     ,         .    ,         .

 1160-        .    (  1185 ),        ,           ;    ;        ,     ;               ,     .[158 - William of Tyre, History, II, 313.]      1169 ,    ,         ,     .[159 - William of Tyre, History, 11,408.]

         ,    .     I (11001118) ,     .     1120-  1140- .  1163  1169     (  11631174 )       .                   .    ,    ,          .                ,    .        ,    ,    ,      .      ,              .[160 - Phillips, Crusades, 95-101,146-50.]

   1201     :        (     );      ;                 .           1191  1193 ,           .  ,        ;    ,      .[161 - GV 35.]

 ,     ,       .        ,                   .        ,             .       ,     ,       ,      .

 ,            .         .  ,          .         ,     .                 .           .   XIII       ,       .

,      .          .    ,           ,   .

 []    ,   ,    .    ,              .     ,      .[162 - GP, 77.]

  XIII   ,           ,          .      ,           .        ,         .

                .         .  ,     1160-,    ,    ,    .  ,       .      ,        .     ,              .           1191 .    ,                .[163 - Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 557.]

          , ,  . ,                  .     , , ,        .       ,        10%       .        55%,     25%.[164 - Queller and Madden, Some further arguments in defence of the Venetians, 438. . : Lane, Venice, 70-3.]

   ,         .[165 - Madden, Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204.]      ,                  ,         .     ,       (, ,    ),        .      ,     ,   ,    ,          .  ,      ,           ,     .      ,     ,      .[166 - Innocent III, Sources, 23-4.]

      1174       ,       ,      .      ,     :

        .          .        ,  .              ,    .  -     ,         .       ,     . ,      , , , ,  ,  ,    , , , ,                 ,       .[167 - William of Tyre, History, II, 335.]

 ,      11841185 ,   :

           ,   .    .   ,       ,    ,    ,                  ,   ,    .[168 - Ibn Jubayr, The Travels, 32.]

,        .  :   ,     ( ), -     .

            ,       .                   .        ,            .    ,     .             :                .

       ,                  .     ,      ,            74   .  IX         ,    ,          .      ,       .                   .[169 - Lane, Venice, 88; Howard, Architectural History of Venice, 1719.]

 ,          ,   ,    .      ,   ,       ,        .     ,      ,  .      ,       ,       ,   ,  ,      .    ,     , ,  ,              .    ,     .[170 - GV, 35.]

         .     ,       .       .        ,     .        .      .     ,                 .    , ,    ,      .        ,     16 775              .     1201       ,       ,      .     ,   .

,             ,  ,     ,    .      ,      ,       grosso,   ,       .[171 - Martin da Canal, LesEstoires de Venise, 46-7.]

     .   (  )   750       ,    .     1104      ,        .  ,        ,     .     ,      ,      ;  ,       ,       .    ,       ,           .[172 - McNeill, Venice, 56; Zorzi, Venice: A City, A Republic, An Empire, 38-9.]

    . 4500 , 9000   20 000          ,      .        ,      ,     .    .  ,  ,  , ,    ,    ,   1204      .       .  ,      6070  .

       .      .   ,   ,     ,      XIII       .      110     32  .  :   , ,  -320,    120      16 .    150     ,       4,5 .          ,      .      ,            , , ,     ,    .[173 -      : Pryor, The Naval Architecture of Crusader Transport Ships. CM. TaioKe: Martin, The Art and Archaeology of Venetian Ships and Boats.]

        ,  ,       40 .         ,    ,     .           ,      .   XIV      .            , ,   ,    .       ,     ,     .         ,   ,           ,        XIII .     ,  600  (     )  80-100  .  ,  ,    ,          .

         ,           ,         .    ,       ,     ,        ,   .    .  ,    ,   ,         ;  .           96 .        ,     150 .

     .       (1800  ),    ,      .           ,  ,      ,   ,    ,    .          ,       ,     .  ,   ,     ,   -     .

        .[174 - Pryor, transportation of Horses by Sea during the Era of the Crusades.]  ,       .         .    ,  ,  ,      .       ,             .         .         .     ,            .     ,         .             .     ,       .

   ,    ,              ,          .             .        .  ,                           19 500 .

,                 .         ,     ,   .    125   ,    12    (    ,     1:10,     1:3).       14 ,   11 .   ,    ,    22   .

   ,            ,     ,       .     ,      ,     .     ,            ,         .  ,             : #c_16    ,          .

    ,        ,            .          ,          ,    .         .    ,   ,     ,          .        ,     .     , ,    (1124)   (1191),          .   XIII          ,             .[175 - Pryor, The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade, 119-22.]

    ,  ,      ,      30 000   , ,       .   ,           ,         .

 ,   ,       .  ; ,      ,         .              ,   ,          .       ,      ,    ,     .               ,      .        .    ,         .[176 - GV, 35-6.]



 5

,  ,     !


   .  1201   1202 

       1201 ,    .    ,      ,        .   ,    ,   ,     .  ,    ,      ,      ,      .  ,        .      ,         .

 ,    ,    .  ,    ,   50 000 ,        .        .    ,          ,     .  XII      ,        .        ?     (  ),     ?        ,     .

        ,     :      ,     .      ,   .      ,        (. 14:5).  :        ,  ,  - ,    ;    ,       ,        ,    ,  ,    ,   : #c_17 (. 23:1920).[177 -            .: Abulafia, Christians and Jews. For usury in particular, see 5862.]

,     ,   ,    .      ,       ,        .  1096          (   )       ,   .              .  ,  , ,        ,       ,     ?  1146   ,   , :         ,       ,    ,   .    , ,         ,   .[178 - 2 Peter the Venerable, Letters, 1, 327.]  ,     ,              .    ,     ,    :          ,    ?[179 - Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, 466.]  ,    ,    .

  1190-         ,     .          .   XII   XIII            ,       .           .           ,          ,         .             .

24   ,    .       . ,     , ,         .        ,       ,             .[180 - GV, 37.]     ,   ,     ,    .         -  ,         .    ,   1704        .   28 , 34     ,       ,  VII  (11371180),      ,   II ,     XII .     ,   ,     ,       .    , ,       .           ,  ,    ,  :

        ,

    .

  ,    .

     ,    .[181 - Jubainville, Histoire des dues et des comtes de Champagne, 4, 96.    .    , 9099.]

 ,       ,   ,      .         ,    .              12391240 .[182 - Jackson, Crusades of 1239-41 and their aftermath, 3260.]

   ,          .        ,        ,         ,    .     --,  ,    .

      ,       ,          ,         ,    .      ,         .    ,         ,  ,  .  ,        .[183 - GV, 37.],              .        (     ),     , ,    . ,          .[184 - Evergates, Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne, 7985.]

         ,      .     ,   , ,   -   ,  ,    ,    .       :     ,     .

    ,             ,      .         ,   .     ,         ,    ,  ,      ,    ,   .

  ,             .   ,     ,     ,      1183 ,         .    XII             ,            ,    .              1185 ,            1187 .           ,   .             :

    .    ,  ,   .      ,   ,     .   ,      ,   ,     .       ,     .    ,     ,     .[185 - William of Tyre, History, II, 416.]

 ,           ,   1177 , ,       V  (  11851186).

 1179           .    ,        ,       .     1180              ,      ,   :

      ,     ,      ,       .    ,      .       ,   .    ,     ,    ㅻ[186 - William of Tyre, History, II, 450-1.]

           .   ,      ,    :

 [], ,    ,    ,     ,    ,  ,    .     [] ,   .    ,  ,        ,        ,  .[187 - NC, 97.]

             ,     .[188 - Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 19.]

 11811182        .        ,  ,    .          ,     .      1183 ,       .    II  (11851195)     ,        .    ,      ,     .

  ,              .        .   ,       ,           ,     .[189 - NC, 210.]        ,        ,        ,      .   ,       ,   ,    ,       ,    ,    .    1187 ,    ,        .

         (   ) 13           .     ,             .   ,           [].[190 - Continuation of William of Tyre, 53.]     . ,       ,           .    ,           ,   (   ),   ,    ,   .  :    ,      !       !       ,    : ,  ,  !

       .     ,     ,  :      .[191 - Continuation of William of Tyre, 54.],    ,     ,      ,  ,     .          ,  ,    ,        ![192 - Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 40.]

      ,    ,     .[193 - Jacoby, Conrad of Montferrat and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187-92.]      ,        .         ,     .          ,       ,   .            .  1191        ,    .      :       ,    , ,     ,     .  ,     :    ,   .         ,  28  1192         .

    , ,        ,     ,  .    ,   ,      .     ,       ,   ,     .   ,                  .         .[194 - Continuation of William of Tyre, 114-15.          ,      ,    ,            . .: Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 305-7.] ,          -,   .   ,      ,      .

     .        . ,    ,                 ,      .

         .        .         .      ,     ,         11791180 .    :       :     ;  ;  ; ,   ;         .[195 - Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Poems, 312.]

   ,        ,           .          , ,               ,        ,          ,    .

 ,    ,   1201   ,            ,    .            ,     .    .             ,    ,       -     .         .  Gesta ()   III  ,       .        ,      ,     ,  ,                .[196 - Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 25-6.]

             -.   ,     .        .     ,        .      ,   ,    ,     .           ,            .[197 - RC, 35.]   ,        .          , ,         .  ,            .

 , ,    .      .      ,      ,       (,         ,      )        -.

      ,      ,    .  ,    : ,     ,      ,   .      .          ,         .[198 - Brundage, Cruce signan: The Rite for taking the Cross in England.]

   ,        ,       .       (    ),      ,     VII .        ,   ,    .               .    60-  XII  ,         ,          ,    . ,  ,   ,     ,        .

      .         (1202 ),        .       ,    , ,       .   , ,  ,     .     , , , ,    ,   .    .      ,      .  ,    ,    ,    ,          :

,        ,        .         ,   .            ,      ,     ,     .     ,   ,   ,      .

     , , ,    .        .    ,   ,          .

        ,       ,               !"    !"         ,            ,      ,  

          .  ,     ,    ,       .     ,    ,         .[199 - Raimbaut of Vaqueiras, Poems, 218-20.]

 ,     ,    175      ,     .             ,     .

      XI      ,      .              ,      , , ,         .       ,     .        ,     ,    .   XII          ,          .[200 - Morns, Papal Monarchy, 245.]

        .                   .        .

   ,      ,            .       (    )    ,    ,         .   ,      ,    ,    ,      ,    .

       .    ,        ,   -.       : ,   ,            .     ,  ,       ,    ,    .[201 - Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 281.]

  , ,   ,  ,   ,           ,      ,        .[202 - Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 281.]      ,            ,   .  ,       ,  ,       .   ,     ,     .       ,   ,         .[203 - Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 90.]

               ,        .       ,        ;      ;       .    -   ,   ,        ,       .

 ,         ,    ,     ,    .         , ,      .[204 - Longnon, Les compagnons de Vilkhardouin, 209-10, 212-13.]

   ,  ,     ,   ,        .         -,   ,    ,     (         ).          ,  .

  XIII                  . , ,  ,    III   .          .

      1201 .        ,          .    (.  1182  1183 )  ,  ,        .[205 -    .: Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 96-7.]   ,        ,      .

           ,   -             .     .[206 - RC, 84.]                        .[207 - NC, 305.]   ,      .

  1201       .         ,       ,      .              .[208 - ,    ,   : Queller, Latin Conauest of Constantinople, 26-9, 32-8.] ,         ,       ,          ,             .          ,  ,  ,             ,      1203  1204 ,  .[209 -      : Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 45-6.]

              .  ,  II ,     1185  1195 ,       ,     (III). ,       ,      ,        .

    ,       .     :

        ,   ,      .       ,    ,      ,  ,                ,     -      ,   .           ,   ,       .  ,        ,          ,              .      ,     ,    .[210 - NC, 242-3.]

    ,    ,        1185       1187-  ,    ,    . ,         . -,           . -,       ,       -   .  , ,       ,           .

       ,        ,      .   1189         . ,        ,         ,          ,  -  .[211 - Johnson, Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI, 92-109.]     ,     .        ,    ,       .

        ,   .       ,     ,            ,    .      ,  , ,   ,       .       ,        .[212 - Angold, Byzantine Empire, 303-11,318-19.]

      . 8  1195 ,       ,   ,       .  ,    .       ,          .   ,         .  ,  ,  .      ,      ,    .    , ,    ,              .          ,      . ,   ,     :       ,    .  ,       ,       .[213 - NC, 248.]

  ,  III (   )              ,         . ,      .     ,         ,        ,    .

  ,  1201        .     III    ,      ,      .     ,        ,         .           ,       .    III   ,       .

   ,    .   ,       ,     ,   ,     .[214 - NC, 242-3.] ,     XIII ,          ,    .   ,          ;   ,   ,    ,    , , ,   ,  .[215 - Novgorod Account of the Fourth Crusade, 306.]

       ,    .        ,        .             ,    .         .           .       .

        .   1202       ,   ,       ,     .         ,   ,      .          -       .     III      ,      ,        .

            .

        III,   ,      .[216 - Powell, Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed, 96-100.]   1199       ,             ,          .         ,               .[217 - Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1,241-6; Angold, Byzantine Empire, 319. . : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 225-9.]

    III    ,    ,        .         III              ,        .[218 - Innocent III, Sources, 32-4.]

 III         ,       .       , ,         .      1200   1201          ,      :

  ,           .  ,         ,      ,             .     ,          ,           ,      ,       .[219 - Innocent III, Solitae, us: Andrea, Medieval Record, 321.]

                               ,             III. ,   ,       ,  ,       ,     .

 ,       ,     .                .  ,               ,         .

    ,  ,   ,        .                    . ,        1202 .               .           .

 1201     1202           .                .     ,        .       ,         ,    .         ,   .           ,            .           ,         .           .    ,     ,  ,     .

  ,    ,            ,                          ,   .

     ,       ,      .        ( )    ,             ,     :

 ,     ,    ,  , ,    ,        ,  ,   ,  ,   ,     (bonuaria) ,         ,     . ,         ,   ,                           ,     ,     ,        ,    ,   .[220 -  : Slack, Crusade Charters, 11381270, 145.]

        ,         ,       ,    .       ,    :

,   ,        , ,   ,           , ,   , ,         ,      .  5        . [  ]   .  [13 ]   ,   .  ,      ,      .     1202 .[221 -  : Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 107.]

           1198     Graves orientalie terrae.          , :

     ,         ,     ,           ,              .[222 - Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, 147.]

 ,                 ,   ,       .      , ,          .

 ,      ,    ,          .     ,     ,     ,    .        ,     .      ,   .  ,          ,     .      ,      .

     .       ,    ,          .     , ,           ,     ,      ,    [223 - Continuation of William of Tyre, 68.].    ,        .       ,      ,          -   .

 ,    .       .      .       ,   ,  ,    .                      .  ,           ,                . -                 ,       .   ,                 ,  ,    .         ,    ,   ,    ,          .

     ,        ,     .        ,     .    ?      ,   ?       ,      .       ,        .     .        ,      ,    ,     .

          :  ,  ,  .     ,    :

    ,   ,  , ,      ,     .    ,    ,    , ,  .  , ,      ,         ,   ,     ,      .  ,                                .[224 - Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 74.]

   :      ,   ,   ,       .[225 - RC, 39.]              ,      ,       .


		,  ,   
		     ,
		 -   .
		        
		      
		, !   ?    !
		  ,   ,
		     ![226 - Conon of Bethune, Les Chansons de Conon de Bethune, 67.]


    , ,   ,        ,    [227 - GV, 40.].  ,   ,      :      ,             ,  [228 - Joinville, Chronicles of the Crusades, 195.].

                1202 .       (2 ),      29   .              .[229 - GV, 40. B Devastatio Constantinopolitana ,        1 : Sources, 214.]

         .   ,     ;          ( , ,   --),        .        , ,    ,      .        ,     .  ,    ,        ,        ,  .           ,       .          (,         ),     ,     .

            , ,       .        ,    ,    ,       .  --    ,   ,      . ,           . ,     ,          .        ,        .         ,   .

   12     ,               .       ,      ,          .       909 ,   1088-       1130 .    161        .          .     ,     .       ,        .      ,         ,       .      ,      .       (   )    .     ,      : #c_18.              ,             .      -,          . ,                    . ,      ,    1202     .

         .   ,      ,    ,     .  ,             ,    .

 ,     ,    ,     340 : #c_19.       , , ,   ,    ,   .[230 - Spufford, Power and Profit, 140-69.]



 6

,      


     ,    1202 

       .              ,     .   (8 )        ,   7,5           : #c_20       .             .  XIII      ,      ,   XI .

           .                   ,      ,       .   ,   ,     ,                     .  ,       - ,      .

 ,       ,       :   ,     ,       . ,    ,  ,        ,        .     85 000 , ,     35 500   4500 .       ,     ,          ,      .          ,       ,   ,        .

      , ,   ,   ,    .      ,      .    ,       1201 ,            ,    ,     ,      .     1202    ,        ,           .

 ,       ,      .    ,     ,  ,    ,   -,         , ,             .     , ,   ,              , ,   ,  .[231 - GV, 40.]           ,       ,      .[232 - GV, 40.]          ,           .     --               .         :       ,     ,         ,   ,   . ,       (   )        ,  ,         .        , ,   -.  ,          .      ,    ,      ,   ,    ,        .[233 -  ,    III                  .       , ,   ,    (          - )       .     : Madden, Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204.]

 , , ,   ,   ,       ,        , , , ,           .                 ,      .  ,        ,  .[234 - Spufford, Power and Profit, 1 52-5; 1 6970.]

        ,             .         ,    ,  ,           .  1202    ,          .

    .     ,             .

  ,         , ,        ,        . ,     ,      ,      .       -       ( 150   ),      .            ,     ,        .           ,        ,             .    ,         .          .  ,  ,    ,           ,         ,      ,     ,  .[235 - GV, 41.]

   1202  ,       ,    ,     . -  ,           ,    ,     ,  .       ,    , -          ,              ,        .     ,          ,              ,         .

    ,        ,     .            .    ,    ,        .    ,         .    ,         ,     ,     .  Gesta Innocenti ,     ,      .[236 - Gesta Innocenti, col. 138.] : ,   ,      ,           .[237 - GV, 42.]       , ,            ,     .  Devastatio Constantinopolitana ,      ,       .    ,       .[238 - RC, 42.]       -   ,   1203                             ,     .[239 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Letter, 191; NC, 295-6.]

   ,    ,       .          ,    ,   1147  ,     ,      ,   ,       .  ,  ,        .      -     ,   -  ,     1202 .

     . 22         .            .             . 15    .     ,          .          ,   .    -    .

           ,     ( )     ( ).          .[240 -    .: Andrea, Conrad of Krosigk, Bishop of Halberstadt, Crusader and Monk of Sittichenbach.]

,    ,        .      ,     ,   .    ,     ,     :   33 500     12 000.  : []       ,   ,           ,   .[241 - GV, 42.]

    ,    ,   .          .   ,        .       ,        .  ,           .    .           .    ,     .  :

,     .        ,         ,    .                . ,     .      ,     ,  .    , ,         ,   ,     -,        .[242 - RC, 40.]

    Devastatio Constantinopolitana,     ,        .         ,           .      ,        ,      .[243 - DC, Sources, 205-12.]          ,      ,           ,  ,       .

    ,     ,      -  ,     .  Devastatio    ,    ,    ,      .  ,  ,   .     .[244 - DC, Sources, 214.]      ,            .             ,           .   ,            .     ,      ,    .[245 - RC, 40.]          ,         ,   -.

       .             . ,          ,     . , - ,        (      ),   ,      - ,  ,    .

 ,     ,      ,             .                 .       .      , ,    ,           .[246 - DC, Sources, 214.]    ,               .  ,     .

 ,       ,    ,      .       ,      :    ,     .[247 - GV, 42.]            ,          .                   .

       ,             .   -            .        , ,            .   ,        ,          ,   ,   .         :   ,  ,      ,  ,   ,    .        .[248 - GV, 42-3.]     ,            .   ,              ,     .

     ,         .    , ,              .   ,      ,  -   .      34 000 ,       36 000     85 000 ,         .[249 - GV, 43; RC, 41.]

      .     ,           ,       ,        .        ,        . ,     ,     .       ,   .  ,               ,    .

  ,      .  ,     ,        -  ,         .            .     .             ,       .

   .   , ,   ,                 .             : #c_21   ,    165   -  .

       ,          .  ,      ,  ,     ,       .[250 - GV, 43.]    ,   ,          .     ,   ,       .

        ,     :    ,           (11961204  ). ,        ,       ,     .  ,          ,   ,  ,       (     ).

               ? , ,     ,    ,         .

     ,     ,               .     ,           ,   ,       .[251 - RC, 41.]   ,   ,   ,     ,   .

    ,        .     ,  :    ,          .[252 - GV, 43.]       ,            .

       ,      .       : , ,       .          .[253 - DBH, Sources, 251.]

    XII     -    .     ,        ,    .    ,      ,        ,        .  ,        ,      .                    .   1181       ,           III (11731196  ),    .       .    1202                       .

    ,    ,            ,     ,      .              .          ,     ,   .

       ,          .           . ,          11221124 ,    ,    ,  ,      .     ,            .  ,     ,    ,  ,    ,      ,     .[254 - GV, 44.]    :       .

     :    ,          ,         .      , ,                 .      ,          ,  . ,          ,       ,    .

 ,         ,   ,       .             ,          .  :  ,  []     ,    ,          .[255 - GV, 44.] ,      ,       .

            ,       ,      .          - .  11071108         II    [256 - Phillips, Second Crusade.].   ( 1191 )         ,    ,       .          ,     .  ,   (      ),        . ,       .   ,       ,    .

               .        ,   .  ,         ,          .      ,            .                 .             .

  ,             .      ,        .      ,           .       .        , , , , ,   ,     ,   .    :     ,    .           ,      .          .

   ,          ,            .      ,        ,         .  (  )         ,    Veni creator spiritus,      .     ,  ,         .[257 - RC, 42.]    , ,     .        ,      ,    .   .

    ,    ,   ,      .          ,      .[258 - RC, 42.]

 ,  ,       .  , -     ,   ,  ,   .

  ,    . ,      , .           -  ,    ,    ,    ,   1203    .              ,   ,     ,   .          ,         .

    ,       ,   .[259 -    : Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 386,396.] ,      - ,    ,      .   .     ,      .     ,      ,     ,      , 11  1202 .

         .      ,  ,     ,  ,        .     .

                 ,   ,          .        ,    .        .        ,      .   ,   ,   ,     .             :      ,     .[260 - DBH, Sources, 250-1.] ,     .

         ,       ,  ,            .       .    (  ),            .       

   []       ,          .     ,     ,     . [ ]        .[261 - Innocent III, Sources, 43; Cesta Innocenti,  . B: Sources, 44.]

 Gesta Innocenti    .    ,      .

             .        ,            .       ,    ,         . ,      ,        .         ,        ,       .

   ,       ,    ,         . 12                  ,    .   ,       ,        .             .   ,       ,     .       .

  ,    ,          .       ,     .       ,       . ,    ,       ,  ,      .     [],    ,   .     ,         ,     . ,        ,       .

         ,       .          ,       ,    .     ,          ,           .

       .   ,           .     .  , -  - (,   22   -  ),     .      . -     ,  ,        ,     .

     .        : ,         .    ,        .[262 - GV, 48.]             .

      ,        .        .      ,           .       : , ,       ,    [ ].[263 - RC, 44.]        :       [],        .[264 - GV, 48.]    :             ,     .

        .   -,   , ,     ,     ,       .[265 - Peter of Vaux-Cemay, History of the Albigensian Crusade, 58.]    ,      ,   :      ,   .    ,      ,  ,       .      .

      .   ,        .     ,        .   , ,        1147  (    ),          .  1202           .         ,                .         ,            .

           ,      .       ,  ,            . ,                 (     )     .        .

   13  1202 .           ,        .    .            .     ,       petrary,           .

 ,            .       mangana  ,     ,    ,          .   ,  ;  ,    -,         .     ,    XII        .            IX   .     ,    .     ,          ,    . ,         33    400 : #c_22. ,            ,                ,    .             ,     . Petrary, ,      ,      ,        .[266 - France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 117-20; Bradbury, Medieval Siege, 254-70.]

  ,     ,      (      ).             .  Devastatio Constantinopolitana :      ,    .    150   ,   ,      .[267 - DC, Sources, 215.]

        ,  ,    ,     .            .       .                .       .           .         .        ,         .       ,    ,  ,     .

        :     1147      .     ,   , :

       .           : #c_23 .           ,     ,            .  ,  ,   ,     ,       .[268 - Conquest of Lisbon, 143, 145.      .]

    ,  ,            .  1202               .

24     ,         ,   .     ,        .         .   ,       24   ,    ,      .[269 - DBH, Sources, 251.]   ,     .   ,          .[270 - GP, 80; Innocent III, Sources, 43.]

       .      .   ,     .     ,     ,     .        ,    ,           .

  1202       ,    .         .        :   ;         ;      ,      .   ,       ,  ,          .           ,      .

     .       ,       . ,     ,     ,      ,     .           ,              .

   ,          .            .                 .

        ,   , ,    ,         .   1202          .      , ,         ,    .      ,   .   ,     ,     .    ,        ,  ,      .  ,       ,   ,       ,      ,          .[271 - Innocent III, Sources, 129.] ,   1200        ,            ,         -    .  ,         ,    -   .

   ,           .        .           ,         ,    :

  ,        ,       ,    ,      .     ,     ,    ,   ,      .[272 - GP, 78-9.]

    ,      ,  .       ,        .      ,     , ,            ,    .     ,      .                  .            .

       ,      .         ,        .       ,          .     ,       ,      ,     .[273 - GP, 78.]

     ,   ,  .       ,               ,       .       ,   ,        :

  ,      ,



   ,    ?

   .  ,  

  .

    ,      .

 ,       .

      ,     

.

   ,    .

  .

     ,      .[274 - GP, 79.]


    ,   ,  .         .  ,          .         ,       .        .              ,       .    -  ,    -               .

         .  ,    ,       ,     -     .                .

,     ,            ,      .    (    )       .         ,      .

  27       .     .    ,     .    ,     ,  ,    .    ,       .           ,   .     , ,   ,    ,     .    ,       .     .

 ,                 .  ,    .                .      . Devastatio Constantinopolitana     .[275 - DC, Sources, 215.]    ,            .     ,       .[276 - GV, 49.]   ,     ,   ,     ,     ,      ,        .[277 - RC, 44.]

      ,       . ,    ,      .         .          .  ,      ,     :

      ,    , ,             , ,  ,                ,   ,    .[278 - Innocent III, Sources, 41.]

      - ,     :     []          ,   .  ,    .         , ,     ,     .             .            .        ,       ,      :       ,   ,       .[279 - Innocent III, Sources, 42-3.]

       ,             .            .[280 - Innocent III, Sources, 43.]        ,  ,            . ,         1204 ,       .

               .  , ,       ,      ,       .       (     )               .        .   ,        ,    ,      .

     ,           .

           .     ,      . ,     ,         ,      ,      .           ,              .        :         .            ,       .   ,              .

,       .    ,          .    ,  (   )      .          ,  ,      .                    .

           .   ,          ,         .

, ,          ,   ,      .           .



 7

     ,     


  ,  1202   1203 

   1202 ,       ,  ,         .           .     ,     ,      III.      ,      .   :

      ,     ,      ,     .                 -,       ,        ,       . -,   ,          ,    200 000       ,  ,   .  ,        10 000  ,   ,       .

 ,          500     .[281 - GV, 50.]

            ,      ,       .      ,                            .

,      ,         .   ,     ,     .         ,         .   ,           III.     ,     .     :             .

,              1202 .             , ,       .   ,                  .      ,        ? ,  ,     fait accompli: #c_24,         ,     .

        ,  :  ,  ,     []        .  ,            ,    .[282 - GP, 90.] , ,       ,     ,        .

        ,      ,   .      ,       .    ,     .    200 000            .       ,    ,    ,   ,  ,     .

       .        ,       ,    .  ,          ,        ,       .           ,      .             ,       , ,     . ,            ,    .

  ,     ,    , ,        ,  ,     ,     .[283 - GV, 50.]           .  ,            .      .

         :   ,     ,            .              .       -    ,          ,        .

      .[284 - GV, 51.]   ,    :      ,       ,  ,   .    ,      .    -  ,   ,             .       .  []     ,     : #c_25.[285 - GV, 51.]    :  ,           : #c_26[286 - GV, 51.]

     ,   -     .   -            .         ,    .     ,        .    -      ,      ,    - .

      :        .   ,      ,        .         .  ,       ,     ,            (    , ,   ),     .

,        .       ,      (       ,       ),           .           1202  , , ,    .[287 - Innocent III, Sources, 35.]                .      ,   ,   ,        .          ? ,   ,             .

         ,       .    ,          ,     .        ,     , ,        .  ,       ,   ,      ,           - .     ,      .

  ,      .             .              .      .  ,    , Devastatio Constantinopolitana, ,      ,    ,      [ ].[288 - RC,45.]

        -        .       ,   ,         ,      .    ,   ,      , ,   ,  . ,         .     ,   (  )  , :                      .                   ,       .                     ,  -     .  ,      ,       .

            .     :     ,    . ,      III.[289 - RC,59,66.]    1187 , ,    ,             . ,    ,          .

   ,             .         , ,      ,    .  ,            .

   (   )  ,           .    ,           (     ),               .[290 - GP,91.]

           ,    .[291 - O     .: Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, 50-123; Martin, Venetians in the Byzantine Empire before 1204; Madden, Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo's attitudes towards Byzantium; Angold, Byzantine Empire, 226-33.] ,    ,         ,     .  1082           ,         ,    .     (  11181143)                           .       .

 ,    12  1171              .              ,      .         ,        .                 .     ,  ,                 .

              .  1171      .     ,             .         ,     ,          .      ,          1500   ( 108 000 ).        ,   1187  1189         , , ,       .[292 - Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1,179203, 206-11.] 1195        III               400 .      XII         ,   ,     . ,                   .

,      ,      ,               .       ,      .     (, ,  )             .[293 - GP.91.]

    ; ,  ,       -    .        ,     ,    ,  .[294 - GV, 51; RC, 66.]     .

    . ,           1199      .          ,    1201 ,          .            ,              .

 ,    ,  ,                          .       ,            .       ,        ,         .[295 - RC, 66.]

     , ,    ,       . ,      ,   .    :  ,         .    .           .[296 - GV.51.]     ,        ,       .  :   ,        ,       ,     .[297 - GV, 52.]  ,          ,     .

           .  ,       ,     ,    .       ,     ,       .         ,    .    ,     (        ),       ,                ,         .            ,       . ,   ,      ,         ,      1205 .[298 - Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 114-15.]

     : ,        .[299 - GV, 52.]        ,        .   ,      .   ,           .

       ,    ,  ,        .           -     .         1202                .             ,      ,       ,        .[300 - GV, 52-3; Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 149-50.]

      ,     ,     ,        .

         .              ,     .  ,        ,      ,     .       -     .

  1203     . ,    ,   .  -    ,       ,    .       ,      .    ,      ,       .            (   )     .  ,       ,           .     ,   ,      

        ,        ,         ,        ,    [301 - Innocent III, Sources, 48.]

   :      ?              ,              .

     ,          .         ,       .  ,    -  ,   .      ,       (    )  .    ,    ,         .           ,       ,      .                ,               .       (      )          .[302 - Innocent III, Sources, 52-4.]

       ,   ,      ,             .            ,          .[303 - Innocent III, Sources, 54-7.]

        ,       .     ,  ,           ,       .[304 - Innocent III, Sources, 57-9.]

         .   ,     .              .                 ,    .      .

     ,       .      ,    ,           .    ,       ,         .

             .    , , ,   ,      (25 ),         .      ,       .[305 - DBH, Sources, 253.]

            .       .    : #c_27  -   .    ,              .     ,       ,    ,  .        .     ,       ,      .

      ,  ,      .        ,       ,          .              ,      . ,       ,   ,      ,         .    .     ,        ,    ,      .

           ,  .          .       .   ,       ,        .

   1203     - ,     , ,        ,       .            .    ,        ,       .     :        .  ,      ,        .[306 - Hugh of Saint-Pol's Letter, Sources, 188.]     ,  ,     .   :     ,        ,        .          ,      .    .[307 - Hugh of Saint-Pol's Letter, Sources, 189.],   ,    ,            ,    ,     .

   ,    ,       (   ),     ,        .       ,  ,     ,  .        ,        .  ,          .      ,   ,        .[308 - GV, 55.]

         . , ,       ,      .        :

,     .     ,       ,  ,      .                   ,    ,       ?[309 - GV, 55.]

                    ,   .              ,    .

           . ,               .  ,   ,      ,     ,           .     , ,   ,  ,   .    ,    .   ,          , ,       .      , ,        ,          .[310 - GV, 56.]

        . ,     ,        .       ,     .      ,   ,        .       ,       . ,     ,      .        ,    ,    .

  ,                  1203 , ,                      .    .     .       .

         .      .        ,        .     ,        ,            . ,         - ,     ,       .       .        ,                   ,    .

            .       ,        .       ,       .    ,       .             ,            .      ,         ,   ,              .[311 - DBH, Sources, 254.]       .        ,   ,   ,   .  ,       ,               .

     ,        ,     .           .



 8

 ,    


   ,  1203 

      , 24  1203 .    ,     .  ,      . ,      ,        ,    , : ,   ,   .   ,        ,        .[312 - GV, 57.]

,          ,    ,   ,         .           ,   ,      ,   .

     .      ,      ,      -   (       ,        XIII ).         .         ,   .       , ,  1202 ,        ,       .    ,     .       ,            .           ,            .               .   :     ,         .[313 - GV, 57.]       .     ,    ,   .  ,       ,   ,  ,   ,           .[314 - GV, 57.]

       ,  ,     . ,     .

          ,     -       , ,   ,     (   ).    , ,      .    , ,     ,      .           .        ,       ,     .[315 - GV, 58.]

               .       .

  150         ,    .

      .   , ,   ,      ,       ,     .   ,     .    ,     ,   ,       .  ,    ,       . ,     .

          -  -       ,    - : #c_28.[316 - Pryor, Winds, Waves and Rocks: the Routes and the Perils Along Them, 85.]         .   ,   ,   ,   .       ,    . ,  ,    ,     . 23 ,    ,      ,      -   .      ,     .[317 - GV, 58.]   ,     ,    .

      .   ,     375400 ,      .            60    .   ;     ,    .[318 - Jacoby, La population de Constantinople a 1'epoque Byzantine: Un probleme de demographic urbaine, 107.]   ?     :

  ,  ,     ,     .     ,         .       ,  ,      ,    ,       ,     .    ,    .          ,       .    ,             .[319 - GV, 58-9.]

     :      ,    ,    .[320 - RC, 67.]

   ,        , , , ,   ,    .       ,        ,     ,     .   ,  ,     .      ,      -: #c_29,    ,   .       .[321 - Alexander, The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen Through Byzantine Eyes, 345.]

, ,         ,               .              ,      -          .

       ,    XI              ,   .[322 - Baynes, The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople.]

    IV ,      ,          .     ( 324 ),         ,          .     ,    ,   ,            .

           ,     .    ,           .     .         ,        .[323 - Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 4.]   ,               .

           .      ,     .     ,   -   ,   ,    .           .

11  330             .          ,        .  ,      ,      .[324 - Sarris, The Eastern Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306641), 21.]      ,                 .

      (527565 ),    ,      ,       .       ,      .

            .      VII  IX               ,            (  814 ).   IX   X           ,         1071              .

          .         .       I      ,           .

                .             .    (11431180)    .             ,            .

        .   1101  1180    ,    1180  1204   58   .       ,        .           ,         .[325 -     .: Angold, Road to 1204: the Byzantine background to the Fourth Crusade.]

 XII            .                .          ,          ,         .  ,    ,     11,5  ,              ,           .

          .   V    ,   (408450  )                .[326 - Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 4058.]      3,5        .      .   ,                 ,   ,     ,   .

      .    96    58  ,        175 .     ,   30    15   .          55 ,    ,   .     27    6,5   .      32             .  ,       ,       60 ,      ,   ,        22    ,    -   .

    .  ,   ,        ,  - .        :   ,      .        .     ,   I  391 ,         .      ,   ,  ,   .[327 - Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 5973.]            .[328 - RC, 108-9.]           ,       . ,    ,   , ,  ,  .

         .       ,      fora   ,   IV, V  VI .        ,          ,     ,     ,     ,   .      .         1106 ,      .      ,                 .[329 - Mango, Constantinople, 66.]

        . ,         ,   Anemodoulion   ,        ,  ,   .    ,   ,      ,    .[330 - NC, 358.]

               ,         .     ,      ,     .         .       ,   : , , .              .

 ,       (-   ,      ),       -  .      ,           .       ,        .[331 - Magdalino, Manuel Komnenos and the Great Palace, 101-14; Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 284.],      ,          1171 .           ,           .        ,        .     ,            ,        .[332 - William of Tyre, History, II, 381-2.]

  ,     , ,      ,       .   ,        ,        ,

   ,       ,   ,  ,     ,        .     ,       ,      .      ,    ,   .         ,        .

    ,  :     ,  ,     ,    ,  ,       .[333 - RC, 103]

       ,     ,      .        : #c_30,       :

,   ,    ,   .         , ,    ,     .    .  ,   ,     ,   .       .   ,    ,   ,    ,    ,    .      ,   .[334 -  ,  : Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, 229.]

 ,         .      ,    .   1950-        ,    ,    .     VI ,    ,     .      ,       ,   .[335 - Maguire, Medieval Floors of the Great Palace.]

               .        III ,         XII ,    100        350 .     ,       ,      .             .     ,   , ,   , ,     ,    , ,   .[336 - Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 70- 1; NC, 160; Magdalino, Manuel I Komnenos, 111.]   ,           ,       ,    ,        .

     (ugusteion).     ,   ,      :

           ,  ,       .       ,         ,     .      .     ,     ,        .       ,     ,         ,    .[337 - RC, 107.]

        (  ).     (    531   )         .                       ,       .[338 -       .  .: Mainstone, Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church.]

 532      ,          .      ,           537 .     ,     100 ,       176  (    ),     230     .    ,   ,    ,       .      :

,   ,             ,   ,   ,    ,     

    ,          .  ,  []    ,    ,    

      ,      . ,       ,       ,  .  ,    ,    ,        ,            - ,       .[339 - Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, 74-5.]

        ,      .        ,       .         ,         ,           .

          ,   .   ,  ,         ( ,  , ,   ,  ),    .  ,    ,      ,        ,      .[340 - RC, 106.]

          ,   .         ,    .

         ,       .        ,               . ,   ,   ,      ,     ; . ,      ( ), -    ,       (   ),      ,      ,     (),    ,       .

    558               ,     .      ,    1453     , ,       ( ,      ),             .  1934         .

      ,        ,   ,  ,     ,  ,   ,  ,       .

          .      ,         .   -,  XIII    ,    ,         .[341 - Albenc of Trois-Fontaines, Chronicle, Sources, 298.]      ,           .   ,  ,         1147 ,    ,     ,    .     ,    . ,    ,   ,        .[342 - Odo of Deuil, Joumey of Louis VII, 65-7]

     . -,    ,      ,        .[343 - RC, 108.]    ,       ,      ,     .  ,    ,          .

 ,       (     )    ,     ,     .    ,      11181136 .[344 - Ousterhout, Architecture, Art and Komnenian Ideology at the Pantokrator Monastery, Byzantine Constantinople, 133-50; Megaw, Notes on Recent Work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul, 333-64.]        :  ,   ,         ,     76    27  .[345 -     .: Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, II, 725-74.]      ,   .     XII              .[346 - Phillips, Crusades, 10931197, 58.]      ,      .       -   - ,  ,      (   ),          .       ,     I    ,   1750          .[347 - Mango, Three Imperial Byzantine Sarcophagi, 397404.]

    ,     ,        ,         .      I (10811118)        ()     ,        . -    ,   ,    ,    ,         .     ,        ,  ,   ,        ,        .[348 - Runciman, Blachernae Palace and Its Decoration, 277-83.]       1147 :

    ,    ,     ,     .        ,    ,    .[349 - Odo of Deuiljourney of Louis VII, 65.]

 I      . ,      .              ,  ,    ,      ,              .[350 - William of Tyre, History, II, 450.]

,     1203   ,         .             .           .         ,       ,    .      ,  , ,   ,      ,              .

    ,     ,        ,      .  1171      ,        ,      .    ,   ,      .[351 - Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 72.]    ,    - ,    ,    ,   -  .

        ,   .            .    ,      ,     ,       ,          .[352 - Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, 65.]          ,      ,     ,    .[353 - Cited by Magdalino, Manuel I Komnenos, 121.]        .             .       ,  , .      ,       ,          .

    ,      .         (364378),      -      .         ,    ,    ,     .                .    224     150   ,     336 .      2 800 000  : #c_31 ,       12,5 .

     ,     .            ,          ,         1180- .[354 - NC, 132.]              .     ,   ,   ,    XIII , : ,    , ,     ,          ( 195 ).[355 - Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 285.]

     ,        ,       .    -   ,     ,   ,       .            ,    ,     ,   .     ,          .

    ,       ,         . ,       ,    .  ,  ,            ,      .

       .      ,          .  ,  III       .           . ,  III       , :

              .       ,     ,  ,     ,     ,     .    ,      [  ];      ,           .             ,       ,          .[356 - NC, 296.]

   ,           (    1203 ),   .            : ,         ,     ,    ,      .[357 - NC, 296-7.]

,        ,   ,              ,       . ,          ,           ,  ,       .

       , ,            III    .     ,      ,       .       ,    1202 .      ,               .[358 - Innocent III, Sources, 35-8.]

           ,           .   ,   1169       ,       ,  ,     ,               .[359 - William of Tyre, History, II, 361.] -      ,        ,   1203 ,   ,        .     ,              .    ,                  .     ,   -   ,       .

   ,         ,           ,    .            .               .[360 -  ,                    ,   50     . ,  ,      , ,       .     ,          * (*    .                  ,       . (. .)). Pryor, The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade, 108-11, 119-22. .  Sesan, La flotte Byzantine a l'epoque des Comnenes et des Anges.]

       .         1180 ,      .[361 - Birkcnmeier, The Development of the Komnenian Army, 10811180, 231-5.]      ,   (   ,  ,     ),           ,    .

         .        :     ,   ,    ,    []  , ,  ,    .[362 - Benjamin of Tudela, Travels, 71.],        ,    .

      .    ,       ,      .      ,      .       ,       .  ,       1066        ,    ,     .       ,         ,   ,    ,          .[363 -     .: Snorri Sturlusson, Heimsknngla: History of the Kings of Norway, 689-99, 689-99;     Birkenmeicr, Development of the Komnenian Army, 62-6, 90-7.]

  ,     1203 ,      .                 .     ,       60  ,   .[364 - Innocent III, Sources, 82.]           , ,  ,          .[365 - Cheyet, Les effectifs de 1'armee byzantine aux x-xii s., 333.]      ,       ,    ,       .

          . ,   ,  .       ( 1171  1183 )   ,   ,      ,    ,           .  :       ,     ,          .[366 - GV, 59.] ,                  .              ,      .

      (         5,5     ), ,   ,    .        ,        .  XIII             :       ,  ,     .[367 - GV 59.]

24 ,    ,     .              ,     . ,    ,        ,      .      ,  ,       .

          ,   -  -.        .   ,   .      ,   ,    ,        ,   ,     .       ,  ,   .    ,         .        ,        ,    ,     .

       ,    .     .    ,    ,    ,   11891190          .            ,     ,           .[368 - Stephenson, Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade, 4154.]      ,   1203        ,    ,      .        :      ,           .          .

           ,        ,        ,    ,       . ,     ,      ,   .[369 - GV, 60.]    ,      .    ,      terra firma: #c_32  ,   .  ,          ,     ,  . , ,           III:          ,    ,   .

                      .  -     ,   .    III    ,                    .    1203           ,    .



 9

           


  ,  1203 

     . -,     ; -,     III                  .

   . 1                   .     ,   ,   .       ,   ,    . ,         .

    III                    . ,           ,       .        ,  .    .   -      :        .[370 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 190.]    ,      .    :  ,       ,   ?    ,        .      ,    ,       ,    .

      :    ,   [  III]     ,     .       ,     ,           ,     [371 - GV, 63.].              ,     ,       .

     .      ,         hansons de geste: #c_33    .        :

 ,   ,     ,          .   :      ,      ,     ,   .     ,      .

 ,         ,    III      ,  .    ,     :     ,      ,    ,      ,     .[372 - GV, 63.]    .         .   ,         ,   -           .

    ,   :         ,       ,      .     .[373 - RC, 67.]     1203  ,     ,   ,               .    ,       ,     (  )      []  [] [374 - Innocent III, Sources, 81.]

,     ,         .    ,   ,        .   -       ,       ,      ,             ,       .[375 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 190.],    ,         .

           ,          .              ,  :    !  ,    III      ,        .          , ,    :   ,       .[376 - GV, 64.]   ,              .[377 - RC, 67.],           ,   ,      III:             ,      .[378 - GV, 64.]

                  ,         .   III       .  ,     ,      ,   [ ] ,    ,       []    ,      .[379 - Innocent III, Sources, 82.]     III                ,        .

              .              .    ,        ,       ,    . ,                ,     .

  1203       ,       .    -   ,       . ,    ,     .       ,  ,          (    ,      ),       .         ,       ,        ,        .

      , .         .   -   ,    ,        .       ;  ,        ;       ,  , ,   , ,   ,     .     .

             .               .                  ,     .[380 -         . .: France, Victory in the East, 369-73.]

       .           .

   :          ,     .  ,        ,   .[381 - GV, 65.]  ,      ,   4  5        .    ,        .[382 - RC, 68.]          ,              .

     ,       ,     .            .            .     ,     ,   ,    ,     .[383 - RC, 68.]     -:          .[384 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.]         .    ,      ,   ,  .

       .         ,      ,         .       ,                  .           ,       .             ,      .        ,       ,    , , ,     .

 5     .     ,      ,    .   ,  ,  -   ,      .     ,  ,        .      ,      ,   ,  .          ,   ,     .      III       .

  -   ,          .[385 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.]             ,     ,       .  ,     1066 ,           ,    ,      .      ,  ,    1124 ,    (  )      .       ,    ,    ,     .

    ,    .    ,             .            ,      .[386 - RC, 68.]      ,   ,  ,             ,      .[387 - RC, 68.],      ,      .

             , ,         ,    .   - :  , ,    ,      ,           .[388 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.]

 ,             ,  ,      .  ,            .         ,   ,       . ,          III (     -    ),                      .: #c_34

      ,        .        ,     .  III   ,     ,        .

 ,    ,       ,          ,       .[389 - Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 228-9.]      ,                .       ,     .     ,       ,    ,    , , .              .    ,             ,      ,     .

            .              ,      ,   .[390 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.]        ,            .

 5       ,          .         .    ,     .     ,         .         .        ,      .        ,         . ,  ,     , . ,  ,    ,   ,         .   ,       ,    ,  .     ,      ,            .[391 - GV 67.]

    ,        .           .     ,     .        ,  ,  ,         .    ,    ,    .        , ,      .   ,        ,   .               .

  ,        ,   .            .        ,      .        ,        ,    .

   ,     ,    , ;    ,      ,   .        .[392 - RC, 70.]      ,     ,        ,      .

       .     ,           . ,   ,         -,       .               .   - ,         (  )   .[393 - Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 298.]

                .         .      ,      . ,       , ,                 .   ,            ,  , ,       .

     ,    .        ,    .  ,           .     , ,   ,        ,    .  ,      ,            :    ,    .

             .  11            ,        .[394 - Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 174-7.]       ,          .           ,              .

 ,  ,        (     )       .         :       -      .         ,   ,              ,     .     -,     , , ,           .[395 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 194.]    ,     ,     ,           .    III       .            .[396 - RC, 70.]

         ,     .        ,        ,     .         .   ,     ,              .            .         ,        -  .

,   ,             .         ,     3,5 .       ,       .     ,          .        ,       .   , ,      .    ,      ,  :       .[397 - GV, 68.]

       .        ,        .    ,    ,    ,      ,       .       110     ,      .  ,        ,         .  ,           ,          .[398 - RC, 70; Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 194.]         .  ,             ,      .

              ,    .              ,     .  ,    :                   .   ,  ,     ,          .  ,           .      ,                 .[399 - GV, 69.]

,        ,  ,       ,       .  ,    .      ,      1147 ,    ,   ,    1189   1191 ,     .

        .      ,    (  )    .      ,    ,  .      .  ,             .      ,      .    ,     ,     .   ,     . , ,    ,        ,       .       ,        .        ,                 .      ,       ,       .

     ,   ,         .           ,     .      ,       .         ,               .        ,              .[400 - NC, 298.]

  17    .         ,       .    ,   ,   ,   ,          .       ,          .

 ,       . ,     ,      .  III           .     ,                     .       ,   ,       .

    ,     .          ,        ,          .        ,              .   - ,                   ,      .  ,   ,           , ,       . ,   ,    -     .

      ,     .           35 ,      .        250   ,          .       . ,      ,    ,      .      .       ,      ,     .   .  ,      ,      .

      ,             .      :   ,  ,      ,    ,    ,   .               .    ,      .    ,      ,     .[401 - NC, 298.]    ,          .[402 - NC, 298.]

           ,     ,   ,       .      ,    ,   , ,     .   ,       .  ,      ,      .    ,    .       ,  ,    .

      ,    ,        .            ,          .      .         ,                 .[403 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 196.]

  ,  III   .           , ,      .                .             ,          ,     .       ,                ,         .

      ,     .[404 - GV, 71.]  ,      ,   ,     .       ,              ,    .      ,            .[405 - Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 299.]

             .      ,    .       ,      .     ,        .     ,       ,    .     ,         .    ,      .        -   ,           .      .  ,      120  ,          .     :     ,            ?[406 - NC, 298.]

     III     ,               .   :    .         .     ,  ,      ,      .     ,   ,   ,    ,    ,        III.[407 - NC, 298-9.]

       .      ,               .  ,             ,      .

        ,             .                 ,         .[408 - RC, 71.]

       ,       :   ,     .[409 - GV, 72.] ,           ,  .[410 - NC, 299.]   ,       ,     .  III     :            ,                 .

       .    ,     ,    .      ,    .   ,            .       ,      ,     .         ,   .             .

      .           650 ,      -   500 , 500       .[411 - Hugh of Saint-Pol. Sources, 197; RC, 71.] ,  -         ,    .[412 - GV, 72.]

    .   ,      ,      ,  ,            ,         .     ,       ,      ,      .         .        ,     ,          ,    ,        .[413 - RC, 72.]

      ,   .     .        .   ,  ,     ,        .       ,            .     ,    -,     ,   ,    ,    .        ,    -     ,          .            ,     ,      ,      .

         ,       .       !     !   .         ,      -   ,        .

           :   ,      ,       ;          .               . ,   ,   .

            .          ,         .           .

        ,      . ,         ,     ,   ,      .[414 - RC, 74.]     ,          .          .

           .       .    -    ,   ,    ,        .     ,     ,     .                   .        .

         .      ,      -,  : , ,    , ![415 - RC, 75.]    ,       . , ,  ,     .          ,    ,            ,     ,  ,     .[416 - RC, 75.],   ,           ,   -        .

         .  ,     ,   :       ,       .    ,   : ,     . ,         ,       ![417 - RC, 75.] ,      .     ,       ,  .      ,       ,     .

  ,   ,         . ,           -      ,      :        .[418 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 197.]             ,  ,  ,          .              .

        .   ,   III,      ,          ,        .           .

     ,        .      ,   .    ,   ,       .   ,        .          ,          .   ,    ,     ,       .    , ,   ,      .

    III           ,     .           .    ,     ,     .

     .   ,           ,       ,        .         ,      .

 ,              .   ,          ,     .  ,                  .[419 - NC, 299.]

    . ,       ,    :    (  ),         .[420 - Innocent III, Sources, 83.]  - :     , ,      , ,      ,       .   ,      .[421 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 197.]       ,           .     ,       .     ,       ,        .  ,     .         ,  ,   .

       :  ,         ,  ,         .        ,        ,      .

   ,    ,                .  ,    .    ,         -  ,    ,                .

     ,         ?  , ,   ,             .  ,          ,           .     ,      .       ,      ,       .  , ,   ,     .      .     ,   ,     .          .   1140-    ,         .[422 - Anna Comnena, Akxiad, 342.]

              .     ,            ,  ; ,       .

     .      .    ,    ,       .    :   [ ]   ,       .[423 - NC, 299.]           III   .   .      , ,        ,     ,   ,    .  III       .          .

     .     ,         .   ,   III       .[424 - NC, 299301.]       ,           ,     ,         .

      ,  ,      .     ,        ,  .           ,     .        .

 17          .    1000     ,      .                 ,     90    .         III,      .          :        , ,   ,     .[425 - NC, 299.]        III             .

   18 ,   : ,  ,  ,  .            .    ,           .  ,    ,    .   ,      ,        ,      ,       ,       .      ,     .       ,    .      .[426 - NC.301.]  ,    ,    .             .

  ,         ,     .  III    ,      ,       ,     ,    .

        .    .   ,    ?        ,  ?        ?        .      .    -   -   ,    ,      ,     .[427 - NC, 299301.]

      ,    .     III          .      ,      .   ,     ,      ,   .       ,     ,         .

    ,      .      .   ,      ,         .[428 - GV, 73.]    ,          .        : ,    ,    .       ,             ?[429 - GV 73.]



 10

  ,   :    


    , - 1203 

   ,       .      III          ,          .   ,     ,        .       ,      ,       III?

     .           ,    I         1098 .                .      1182           .     ,           ,        .

   18         ,        :  ,       .         .       ,   ,   ,       .                , ,    .        .  ,          ,    .

 ,      ,       ,  18   .                .   ,     .       ,        .                .

      ,     ,        ,   ,  ,   .   ,   ,        ,           .               .

      ,         .     ,   ,     .      :  ,  ,   .        ,    ,        .         ,   ;       ,   ;                 .     ,      ,   .

            ,    .

 ,        ,     ,    ,       .      ,      ,        ,     .          ,        ?

     ,        .           .  ,            .     :          ,          .          ,      .         ,  ,        ,         .

   .          , ,  ,   ,     (,        ),  .            ,     .   ,  ,       ,             . ,         ,     ,       .   VII          1147    .   ,   , :     ,    ,       ,    .[430 - John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, 69.]  1203              ,         .

 ,      ,     .      ,     ,       .      :          ,           .  ,   ,        ,     .[431 - GV, 75.]       ,      .

        ,    ,       .    ,    ,              .   ,     ,       .  ,     ,  ,       .             .

,        , ,    ,      III     .      ,      ,              .

          :    .   ,     .           ,  ,        ,     .[432 - GV, 75.],       ,                .    ,    ,        . ,      ,    .    :    ,        .         .       ,        .

        .     ,    .     ,    .         ,    ,       .

     .               ,          .     , ,    .        .        .

     .    1195  1201 ,         ,     ,     ,      ,      ,            ,      .      ,       .

    .   -     ;  ,   ,       .  ,    ,    ,         .         .     ,        ,   . ,       ,     .       .    ;    ;           .

         ,      . ,            ,     .[433 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 198; NC, 302.]

       ,     .        .       ,       , ,  ,     ,    .

  ,   ,    , .          ,   ,     ,    .   ,         ,    ,          .            .     ,     ,   .  ,    ,       .           ,                .                ,        .        .   ,     .    ,         ,         ,     .

    ,      ,         .       ,    ,     . ,     -    ,     ,  : #c_35,      .              .

     -,   .   ,                 ,     .        .    , -    .              .    ,           .          .        ,      ,    ?          ?   -   ,           ,       .                .   ,   ,       ,       ?

     -    ,   .        ,      ,       .[434 - . Jackson, Early Missions to the Mongols: Carpini and His Contemporaries.]    1203     ,      -.    ,    .    ,             ,       ,        . -        ,     .[435 - RC, 78-9.]

  ,         ,        .        ,     .[436 -            II (11801183)   (11831185).      .]      .                .        III,         . -          .     ,    ,     .    ,      ,      - .[437 - RC, 79.]

          ,      .            .               ,    -   ,     .         .     ,     ,   .     ,        .  ,          .       ,    ,     ,       .  ,       ,   --   ,     ,   :           .  ,     ,       .      ,     ,       .[438 - RC, 7980.]

  ,   ,        .                .      .     ,       ,  ,     ,    .[439 - GV, 76.]        ,     , , ,     ,    ,   .         ,       .            .   ,     .          .

  ,    ,         .     ,          (       320 ).               .[440 - RC, 80-1.]

      ,              .      ?      ,   ,      ,             .           ,  ,       .   ,              ,  ,  ,     ,  ,    .[441 - Innocent III, Sources, 63.]

    ,          ,       .         ,   ,          .            ,       ,    .        ,       .       ,        ,     .          ,    ,    .[442 - Innocent III, Sources, 68.]

      ,         ,         .

    ,       ,    .  ,     ,     ,        .[443 - Innocent III, Sources, 72.]

           ,     ,         ,  ;        .     -      ,      1203 .        .       ,      ,   .

,      ,   .            ,    ,   ,       .   1203 ,    ,        ,            .      ,            ,       .             . ,      , -        .   ,      ,    ,              .

        ,    :   ,    ,   ,          [-]      .          ,      .[444 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 198-9.]                     .

,           :     , ,   ,  ,   .    , ,   III,     , ,    , ,         .        -           .           .

          .    ,         ,      ,            :

        ,   ,  ,           ,     .           ,   .  ,    ,      ,     .          .

 ,   ,        .    ,  149  ,          ?     .   ,              .

  ,      ,   ,            .           ,   ,             .  ,       .          - ( ,      ),    ,    ,        .      ,        ;     .

    ,    ,        11971198 ,          .       :

  ,         [.. ],    .  ,  -             ,       ,        ,     .[445 - Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 201.]

           .      ,  ,       .        ,      ,    .

 ,     ,   ,                 . ,              ,           .[446 -                     . .: Phillips, Crusades, 182-3.]

    ,  ,        .       ,       .  ,        ,      .[447 - Innocent III, Sources, 95-8.]

         ,          .                1     ,                  .

  ,          ,         . ,    ,                 .   ,         .     IV,      ,             .

    IV      ,      .  ,        1202 ,       .        -  ,       ,       .   ,              ,          .              ,      ,      .          .

     , -,     ,         ,  -     ,         . ,        .      ,             .       -,     ,           .

 ,     ,     :          ,     []  ,     . ,              .         , ,      .

  IV   ,            .  ,           :  ,            .  ,         ,     .   :

  ,       ,        ,      ,       .              ,            .

         .                  .  :             .        .   ,              ,     ,    ,     ,  ,   .        ,        ,      -  -,   .  ,    , ,  ,        .

            .[448 - Innocent III, Sources, 80-5.],           ,      IV,       ,     .     ,     IV,       . ,    ,    .

    :   ,   ,      ,     III,       ,       IV.       .       :      , , ,   ,    ,            养  :  -    ,     ,       - .   ,     .       ,      1203/04       .  ,         ,   IV.

 ,    ,          ,     .  ,    .     ,       ,       : ,     ,    ,    ,  ,   ,   .   ,           ,     .  ,       ,       .[449 - Innocent III, Sources, 80-5.]   ,          ,           .

          .    50 000 ,  36 000            ,    1201 .         ,         ,  .[450 - RC, 81. .  RC, 41.       : GV, 43.] ,    ,  .    ,     .

    ,          .  ,       ,   .  III        .  ,              ,    .      ,       .

    ,      .  ,       ,      ,       .     ,    .

   , ,   . ,               ,                   .            ,        ,     .       ,   ,   .        , ,    IV     ,    .  :   ,     , ,   ,       .      :

    .       ,     ,     .        ,           .

        -   .    :  ,    ,      .     ,   ,     .[451 - NC, 302.]

   .       .             .             ,         .          ,     :      ,  ,   ,       .   ,  ,   ,  1180-     .

 ,      ,     .   ,        ,  - ,    .      - ,      ,  -   III.   ,      ,    ,          .

           ,     .  ,    ,        ,  ,  ,        ,        .       ,     ,   ,   .     ,    ,      . ,      .

           .     ,        .     :     ,   ,      ,       :   ,      ,     .  ,   ,        .[452 - GV, 76-7.]

 ,          ,  ,     .  ,             .   ,   ,    ,    .   ,        .        :  ,     - .    ,        .[453 - GV, 77.]

      ,    .            .       1204 ,        .   ,         1204         ,            .           ,     .        ,              .    ,     1204 ,            ,     .

    .       ,        .    ,            .   ,      ,           .    ,     ,     .

   ,       . ,     ,  ,      ,    .    ,         ,           .  ,     ,     .  ,     ,     ,       ,       .

         ,   .  ,         ,     ,          .            .        , , ,               .                ,   ,        .      . ,          .

      . ,     ,         ,       .         1204 .   ,    ,  .[454 - GV, 78.]            ,    .

     ,         .       ,    .  ,   -        ,     .          . , ,        .  Devastatio Constantinopolitana ,      ,    ,    .[455 - DC, Sources, 218.]  ,       : #c_36,  , ,   .[456 - NC, 304.]

         ,     .            .               ,          .

      ,     ,    .                 .     1203       ,    .         ,    .[457 - GV, 78.],         -.     ,  ,               .

      -       .        III,       . ,      ,  ,         .    III        ,         ,     .

 IV         . ,        , ,      , -         .

   ,   ,  ,   ,        ,   (11971207): #c_37.

,      -: #c_38        .    .       ,     1180-    .   ,       ,     ,        .[458 - Angold, Byzantine Empire, 304-7.]

   -     ,          III  , ,      .  ,                 .[459 - NC, 304.]     ,    ,        .   ,        .    ,            ,   .  ,             ,     .             .



 11

 -


 ,  1203

,   , ,      ,     ,      .       ,        ,      .

    1180-         ,   ,   -    . ,  ,       ,     III            . ,         ,              ,       . ,      ,         ,   -.[460 - NC, 302.]

         ,              . 19  1203           ,    -  ,   ,  .         ,    ,      ,    .  ,      ,  ,   .   ,      ,       . ,        ,   ,       ,        .        (    ),      . ,            .

  ,                       .           .     ,     ,    .      ,    ,      .                  ,       ,    .

    ,     .           .        ,       ,     ,       .  ,     ,           .       ,     ,       .

    ,   .   17    ,      .         ,    ,        .      ,     .    ,     .      ,          .[461 - NC, 303.]          .         .    ,    ,   ,     .       .   ( )  ,     ,      .

        ,     ,        .       ,     .     ,    .   ,   ,    ,        .

    ,               .           .  ,      ,    ,     .       ,   ,            :    ,  .[462 - NC, 303.]

     ,       .         . ,       ,     .[463 - NC, 303.]   ,       .        ,     ,       .

        ,         .   440 : #c_39      . ,      ,      :  !      ,        ![464 - NC, 304.]

    ,      .   ,   ,     .   ,         ,    ,   .   ,  ,      .   ,       ,     ,   Devastatio Constantinopolitana.[465 - DC, Sources, 218.] ,      ,        ,       .

          ,     ,         .            .     -            .[466 - NC, 304.]        ,  ,     .

,      ,    ,    .              ,     .    ,     ,   ,             . 11  1203        ,      ,        .

      .             .       ,         .       ,         .   ,    ,       .

            ,  .           ,        ,    ,  ,   .        ,     ,       .            ,    .                .      ,      ,   ,       .

  ,   .             .       ,  ,  ,   ,        .

                    1195 .     ,      .                 . ,      ,       .        ,     ,      .       .         ,     ,    , ,         ,     1195 .

  ,              .         ,      [467 - NC, 305.].       ,    ,      .     ,               , ,       ,    ,      .[468 - NC, 305.]

         -    .       ,    .                 .      ,         .    ,   ,                 .      ,        .[469 - NC, 305.]

        .       .  , ,     ,         .     ,          .       ,        . ,          -     .

         .  ,              ()   (  ). ,  ,         ,                .    ,   ,          ,         .  ,        ,   ,    ,       .[470 - NC, 305.]    ,   ,   ,             .      ,    .               ,    .[471 -    .   : Lawrence Norfolk, In the Shape of a Boar.]          ,      .       ,   ,         .        ,        .       ,             ,     .

               .           ,         .   , ,    ,        ,     III,         ,      .   ,            ,        .

,       III,       .       ,           ,    .    . ,   , ,      ,    .         ,        .       ,  ,   .

      .  ,    III,   ,  ,  ,    .     (    )    ,      .          ,       .      ,             ,   .      ,  ,       ,     .    ,      ,       ,    .       ,        .   ,         ,  ,      , ,      ,  ,     . -          .         ,         . ,          ,      .[472 - NC, 305.]

   ,    ,          . ,         .   ,   ,               .  ,       ,    .   ,     ,     .   ( , ,    )    .                .[473 - NC, 306.]

    ,         .         ,          ,    .

  1203       .          .          . -,      ,      ,     .

    ,  , .           .     ,     .        ,         .   ,       ,  ,    .             .      ,     .              ,       ,      ,             1204 .

            .            ,       .     ,  ,      ,          (        ).            .     ,     ,    .    ,    ,       .        ,        .[474 -   : Brand, Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade, 464-72.]

 ,   ,       : #c_40,           .      .[475 - RC, 83.     .: Hendrickx and Matzukis, Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlus: His Life, Reign and Death.]

,     III   ,       .   ,      ,                .        ,      .      .

       ,     .   , ,    ,     ,     .  ,      ,      ,     .           ,    .[476 - GV, 81.]      ,     .

   ,     ,  ,        . ,  ,          ,       .  ,  , ,  ,      .

           .       ,      .      ,    ,     .

     .        ,         .       ,             .       ,    ,    .[477 - GV, 82.]

           ,       .         .  ,           .[478 - Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 174-5.]   ,    ,      ,      ,    .    ,  ,   .          .[479 - GV, 82.]   ,     .   ,      ,   ,           .

    .      ,         ,    .        .   :    ,   .          []    ,    ,    .    ,      ,       ,       .[480 - GV, 82.]        .      ,  :  []    ,       .[481 - GV, 82.]               . ,    ,   .

     .        .        .  ,                 .   .      .         ,        .        ,   ,       .   ,  , ,   ,    ,       .        .          ,    .     ,  ,  .[482 - GV, 83.]  ,      .           .   ,     .   ,     .[483 - GV, 83.]

       , , ,        .       ,          .   ,     .          .    ,      .        ,   ,   - . ,    ,              .

,   ?  . ,      ,    ,     .      ?[484 - RC, 83-4.]  :      ,   .         ,        .     :  , !           !      ,           ![485 - RC, 84.]

        .        . ,   ,       ,  ,   ,        .        .           ,       .     :       ,         .[486 - NC, 307.]

     1  1204 .   ,      ,     .     ,    .  ,        .             ,         ,    ,        .    ,        .

       , , ,    .          .          480   ..,           .  ,     -,   ,          .     .   ,    ,           .

         ,         ,   ,     .         ,    ,        .      ,          ,     .[487 - GV, 83.]      ,        .       .   ,       .      ,     ,       ,    ,    .

        .       ,        .            ,    .[488 - GV, 83.]    ,          .

     .   ,          .      .             ,           ,       .  , ,       ,            .      .  :       .     ,    ,      ,    .[489 - GV, 84.]

,       .      ,         .     ,    ,       .      .    ,      .   :       ,    .[490 - GV, 84.]   ,       ,        .



 12

       


  IV    .  1204 

  1204       . Devastatio Constantinopolitana ,  7       ,    .     ,    ,         ,        .      ,   ,       ,       . ,                 .    , ,     ,     .    ,            ,    .[491 - DC, Sources, 219; NC, 307.]

      ,         ,    ,    .       ,  .          ,         .

 ,           ,       .          .            ,   ,   .           ,       ,   ,        .  Devastatio Constantinopolitana  ,        ,       .       ,        .[492 - DC, Sources, 219-20.]

         , ,       .   ,  25  1204  ,   ,     ,       ,    ,   .        .            ,       .

                ,     .        .  ,        ,  ,          .         ,    ,    .  ,   .         ,       .                 ,         27 .[493 - NC, 307-8.]

   ,      . ,      ,     ,     ,       .        ,                 ,    ,  .     .  ,       1204    ,           .      ,     .           ,       .       ,  , ,   ,   -   .  ,            ,     .   ,   - ,       ,     .

27        ,    .    ,        .     , ,     ,    ,         . , ,    .         ,     ,       ,       .[494 - NC.308.]

     .        ,              ,        .           .         , , ,   .         ,         ,      ,               .

  ,    ,                  .[495 - Innocent III, Sources, 102.]       ,             .   ,    .  ,            ,      .     ,       .          ,        .  ,     ,  ,     .   :   .

   27  28 ,       ,        ,  ,       .     ,     .   ,    ,      .   ,       ,         .        .      , ,      .      ,            .        . ,         .

          . ,   ,     .   ,   ,      ,      .

        ,    (    ),   ,    .         ,   ,      . ,        .: #c_41    ,       ,  -   .      ,        .        ,    . ,   ,  ,       .

,      .             .   ,           ,     .        ,       .     ,       .      ,   ,      . ,     .        , ,    ,    .

      .        ,          ,  .         ,    .    ,      .         .  ,      ,  []         ,   .[496 - NC, 308-9.]

    ,    .        ,     ,        .    ,         ,           . ,           ,       ,   .   ,      .      ,    ,          .          .      ,  ,     , .     ,       .  Devastatio Constantinopolitana ,     .      ,       ,    .

         , ,            .        ,        .           (   )  ,    ,     ,        .[497 - RC, 86.]

      .    ,   ,    .         ,     ,          .       ,    . ,    ,   ,       ,          .[498 - NC, 311.]        ,  ,       ,  ,    .   ,    ,    ,        .  ,           .

      .     ,              .     ,     .

 ,        ,       .      ,   ,       .

      ,       ,     .                  .

  ,              .[499 - NC, 311.]            .   -, ,     ,      .   ,         .

       .           .       1099          .[500 - France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 119.]           ,           .        ,    ,     .        ,        .[501 - Albenc of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 302.]

         .    ,     ,    ,    ,   .   ,    ,       ,     .       :    12   15 ,    ,     . ,    ,        .[502 - RC, 84.]

,   ,      ,    -      .  ,      ,     ,       .           ,     . ,     .[503 - Albenc of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 302.]

          .     ,  ,     ,   ,           ,     .       ,    ,       ,        .         ,          .     .           ,       .

    ,   ,        .   ,     .        ,            ,    ,   .

     .   -  ,   :        ,    .      :  ,      ,  ,    ,  ,      .[504 - Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 302.]       .   ,      .[505 - NC, 312.]

      .            1099    1187 ,        .           .   ,     ,   -,    .   X ,   ,  ,    .

        (    ,      )    ,   ,        .       .    ,      ,     ,   ,   ,     ,   .

  .     ,        .         .      ,     .     ,    ,      .        ,    .

      .   -  ,       ,       ,      .   ,     ,     .          .  ,   ,        ,      .   ,         .

        ,      .        :  , ,         .     ,        . ,  ,      ,    ,    .

 ,       .      ,   .   ,         1203 ,   ,     ,  . ,                  .     ,          .  , ,         ,        ,       .[506 - ,  ,     ,         .      ,     .       .   : Anna Comnena, Alexiad, 256-7.], ,        .       ,         .    ,     ,   .      ,   .   ,  ,        .    ,          .         .     ,     .    ,          .           .     ,       .    ,     .

       ,         .         ,     . ,      .     ,     ,    .            .        .        ,         .          ,         .   -,    -      ,   ,           .

,   ,       ,       .         ,       .

       .             ,       .         , ,        .    :    ,               ,     ,      .[507 - RC, 89.]     .     ,          .

    ,     .  ,    ,   .          ,       .        ,           .        ,      ,     .       ,         i.

        .     ,     .           .   ,   ,          .     .   ,     .     ,       .[508 - RC, 90-1.]

         -,      . ,       ,    ,      . 7       ,     .       , ,  ,  .  ,      .

                 ,      .  ,      ,    .         ,    .        .     , , ,     .  ,   ,    ,    ,     ,     .   ,    ,    .     ,   .  ,      , ,        ,  .

     .    ,        .             ,     .  ,     ,       ,            .   ,         , ,  ,      .[509 - Innocent III, Sources, 105.]

          .     ,        ,   .   ,        ,       ,    .[510 - NC, 312.],      ,      ,      ,       . ,        .       ,     ,   ,       ,     ,  ,  .

       ,      ,               .        ,           .

 ,    .         .        :                  .[511 - NC, 312.]

       ,        .        ,         .     -      .         .    ,    . ,        ,   ,       ,  -       .    ,    . ,        ,    ,         [512 - GV, 84; RC, 85.].       :     ,           . ,        ,            (,    ).[513 - Innocent III, Sources, 105.]

  ,     .  IV   ,     ,  ,   ,   ,       .

     .     ,      .    ,    ,   .     ,       .    ,          .

       .      ,          ,   ,   .         ,      , -     .            ,    ,      .



 13

!  ,  ,  !


 ,  1204 

         .         ,    ,                   .         1203 .  ,    ,     .         .        .        ,  .          .

   .     ,             ,   ,     .      ,           ,         ,       .       .     :   ,       ,     ,    ,    ,      .[514 - Anonymous of Soissons, Sources, 234.]

     .         .         ,     ,                      .       ,        .   ,      ,   ,       ,          .

    1204         .     1203       ,    .         ,      .          .

    :  ,  ,  ,    .      ,    ,    ,    .          -    ,    1203 ,         ,        .[515 - RC, 92.] ,    ,  ,     .

         .   1203            -  .               ,      ,    .          .    [516 - RC, 92.]  ,       .          ,    -,  .       ,        .

  ,         .      ,    ,   ,    .  ,   ,       ,    .  ,        .            .       ,      .        .  ,       ,             .   ,          .[517 - RC, 92; Innocent III, Sources, 103.]   ,               .

-  ,    ,     .    ,  ,    ,       .          ,    ,      .

               ,        .

  ,      .          .      ,     .

                  .           ,       ,   .               . ,  1153    -          ,        .[518 - William of Tyre, II, 227.]    :    ,    .    12031204          ,     ,      .                      .

      .                .                .     ,     ,       .    ,   ,  ,  ,         .   ,      ,         .   ,                       ,         .

  1204  , , ,       -          .    ,  ,         ,      .[519 - O   .: Innocent III, Sources, 140-4; Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 445. Also GV, 88.]

     ,     ,     ,      .       ,         , ,      .        .[520 - RC, 92.]  ,     ,  .       ,      ,          1203   1204 .        ,    ,   ,           .            .    ,     ,    .

       .             .   ,   ,  , ,   ,    .         ,       .         ,      .               .  ,     ,    ,       (   -) .

  ,      .                  .     ,       .

        .          1066 ,     .      ,    , ,     ,       . ,       ,       ,        ,      ,            .

    ,            .                   ,    III,        .         1205 ,      .  ,         ,   .  , ,    ,      ,       .     1205     ,   .

,         .  ,              ,      .  ,        .

, ,      ,     .    ,           ,             .  ,         ,    ,        .[521 - RC, 92.]           .            .        .

      ,          ,   ,   .    ,       ,            .

       .          .        ,     ;   ,    ;     ,        ; , ,  ,    ,          ,       .

 8          .       .       .     .   ,     ,     .      ,      .           .

             ? ,       , ,         .        ,    .   1204       ,            .         ,      .     .     ,      .       ,          .             .      ,         .

   ?    ?      ,         ?     ?    ,   ?

   ,        .     ,  ,        .              .[522 - NC, 312.]      ,         ,      .     ,      .

  9       ,       .       ,      ,   ,    .[523 - GV, 89.]        ,      .    ,  ,    ,        .

      ,                .        .              .       ,       .     ,     ,     .       ,      ,   .

     ,       ,   .      ,        .    ,     ,      .   ,    .    ,    , , ,    ,      ,     ,   ,    .

          .          .      ,           .      ,   ,   .   ,       . ,     ,     ,      .            .

  ,      ,    ,      .        .        ,           .

      . ,  ,    ,      .               .              ,           .          (,      ),     .

     .         .   1203             .             ,    .    ,            .[524 - RC, 93.]

       .          ,            ,   ,       ,   .      ,         .     ,    .    .      :        .    ,     ,         .          .               . , ,    ?         !     ?      ,      .[525 - RC, 93.]

   .    ,      .     ,       .     ,        ,           .    ,       .[526 - Innocent III, Sources, 105.]

    .     .       ,    .       ,       ,     ,   ,         .    ,       ,    .

          .        1203     ,        .                ,    ,       .

       ,       .      .   ,      ,    -  .    ,      ,            .        ,            .  :      ,        [  ]     ,    ,    .[527 - GV, 89.]

        ,        .       ,   9       . ,   ,   ,     ,   .

  ,      ,         .[528 - Conquest of Lisbon, 153.]        ,    ,       .  ,     11    .       .       ,     ,              .     ,      .

    ,     .          . -,     ,       IV.  ,     ,     ,         .      .   .  ,    ,           .

         ,         . ,  ,       ,             .    .    .

          .                  .       ,    [  ]  .          .    ,      ,       .              .

,       .            .                1098 ,         1099-.              .           .

       .       ,      .    , ,     .      ,          .

   ,          ,  .  ,                .       ,   ,        .         ,      .                 .              .

     .

    ,  :   ,     .   9 ,                ,      .    ,             .

   12    .                .              .      .          .       ,        VII : #c_42.     ,          .     ,     ,     . ,    , ,    .[529 - Bradbury, Medieval Siege, 278.],     ,      ,      .        .   ,    ,  ,    .    ,     ,    ,     .

           .        ,         .    ,    ,       ,    .[530 - RC, 95.]

   ,   .  ,         ,  ,      . ,    ,         .     ,     ,        .

       ,        ,     .         ,    -   .[531 - Innocent III, Sources, 106.]     ,  ,     .  ,   ,     .  .[532 - NC, 313.]

 ,      ,       ,      .      ,      .          .      .     ,   .

   :          ,  ,    ,   .  ,            ,    . ,       (    ),         .     ,    []  ,   .[533 - Innocent III, Sounes, 106.]     ,              .           .             ,      .  -      ,                 ,    .

,    ,     .    ,          ,          .         .

      ,     .       , ,     .  ,      :       ,    .        .    ,          ,    .[534 - GP, 104.]

       ,     .    ,   ,      95 : #c_43      -,          .          .          ,         .     ,        .

      ,         .    ( ,  )           .      .      ,      ,    .    ,         ,      ,  .  ,    ,   ,       .  ,   ,    .    .     ,        ,     ,        .[535 - RC, 96.]

      ,     .        .              ,     . ,   ,    ,    ,  ,     .    ,           .

       .    :      ,        .[536 - Innocent III, Sources, 106.],    ,        . ,        ,         -     .

       ,           ,     .         ,     .      .                   .

 ,      ,          .     ,  .  ,         ,  ,      ,    .

                .         ,       ,   ,            1203 .[537 - Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 204.]  ,   ,    ,     .     ,           .         .              ,        .              . , ,      ,   ,    ,       .

      ?       .  :        ,  ,   ,   ,    ,     .[538 - RC, 97.]      ,     .: #c_44

   .      .  :             .    ,       ,     ,        .              ,    .    ,         .    ,            ,    .   ,    .      ,     ,     ,       .       ,       ,      ,   .        .   : ,  !       .       ,     ,        .        .        ,      .

  ,     ,  ,      .     : ,     !       . ,    ,    ,     ![539 - RC, 98.]  ,  ,      .     ,   .

    ,     ,  ,       .     ,        ,               ,  .  ,            .

     ,      :

        ,      : #c_45 [   "],         .                        .[540 - NC, 313.]

   ,  ,      ,         .      ,     ,           .

         .       , ,     ,     .        : ,     ,  ,      ,     [ ]  ,    .[541 - N, 313.]     ,  .           ,    .             .    .             .     :    .[542 - RC, 91.]         , ,    ,    ,     .[543 - N, 313.]

   ,     .        ,    ,     .  :     .          ,         .[544 - GV, 91.]             ,    .   ,     ,    .[545 - Innocent III, Sources, 106.] Devastatio Constantinopolitana    .[546 - DC, Sources, 221.]     ,      .

   ,      ,           .         ,       .

    .    .     . !  ,  ,  !   ,  ,     .       ,    ,     ,         .

     ,      . ,       ,       .[547 - GP, 106.]

        ,       .         .    ,       ,          ,      .    ,         ,      .                ,   .       (  ,    ),         .        -         .

           .             ,    . ,    ,         ,            .[548 - GV, 91.]

  ,    ,     .     ,    1203          ,      .                    . 12  1204       ,       .

    ,             ,   -,     .  ,      ,  ,    .   ,     ,  ,       .             .          1203 ,        .

 ,        ,   ,  ,     ,         . ,            .

         .  ,        ,   ,     .            ,  .[549 - GP, 105.] ,       ,       ,   .                 .            .           .[550 - Madden, Fires of Constantinople, 84-5.]

  ,    ,   .    ,              ,         .      III,    ,                .      ,     IV        ,  ,      . ,    ,     ,   .

     ,     ,      .       ,      ,   III,    (,     , ,   ). ,   ,    .

         :  ,    ,  ,   ;   ,            .            .  ,       .[551 - NC.313.]

   13 ,       ,  ,    ,     .         ,         ,         .   ,   ,    .     .         ,     ,   .

  ,          .      ,    ,            ,   .      ,       .         ,   ,      ,    .    13    ,        ,     .[552 - NC.314.]

     ,   III  ,  ,      ,    ,        .

  ,        .    ,     .       ,    ,     .      ,   ,      . ,   ,  -    ,      .    ,      ,         , ,    ,     .        ,               .

,         .               ,     .[553 - DC, Sources, 221.]

    ,      ,    .    ,       ,    .  ,         ,       ,               .[554 - NC, 314.]     ,        ,    .   .



 14

  


 ,  1204 

       ,     ,   .             ()  .       ,        ,   .      ,     .     ,    ,   ,       .       ,       .       :     ,      -,     .[555 - GV, 92.]      , ,   ,    .

            ,            .        ,            ,     .  , ,      ,      . ,    ,   . , ,                    .

           ,    ,        ,   .   ,           ,       .            .          ,  ,       .   :            .[556 - Innocent III, Sources, 107.]

      ,     :   ,      .      ,      .[557 - NC, 315.]    ,      .  ,   ,   ,    ,      ,      .   []      ,       ,      .[558 - NC, 315.]    :

  ,  ,      , ,  ,        ,  ,  ,  ,             ,    .[559 -  ,  : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.]

 ,           ,    .                ,     ,          .   ,     ,    ,  ,     .            .       ,    ,         . ,    .                 ,  ,       .[560 - Buckton, Treasury of San Marco, Venice.]

       .    ,           . ,      ,  ,      .    ,       .          ,      ,    .     .

      .               .[561 - GP, 109-12.]                1203     ,        .   ,         .         ,    ,    .              ,     , ,      .          ,           .  ,          .        ,   ,     ,    .        .         ,     ,      .

          .  ,      ,      .   ,   ,               .     ,  :  ,  ,  ,     ,     !        ,    .   ,       ,    .  ,   .  ,   ,     ,     ,    ,        ,  ,     .

     ,  ,       ,   .           .        :                    . ,   ,      ,    -     . ,   ,   .

  ,         ,     .              .         ,   ,               .

   ,     ,     .     ,     .           ,          .    ,          . ,  :   ,       .

        ,    .        -, , ,            .    ,   ,    .       ,     , ,      .  -            ,    ,    .  ,  ,    ,  ,    ,      .     ,           1204 .

    .  ,       .  ,       ,   ,      .   ,      ,       .           .

  ,      ,        ,    ,        ,      .  ,         ,          .     1205     ,              ,    .          .[562 - Anonymous of Soissons, Sources, 235-7.]

       ,         ( ,  )    .      ,       ,    .       , ,      .[563 - DH, Sources, 261-3.]

          ,  ,      ,     .              ,         .

,       ,    .         , ,  ---  .     ,           .[564 - Longnon, Les Compagnons de Vilhbanou'm, 179-80; Michelin Green Guide  Northern France and Paris Region, 351.]           ,     ,          .      .    ,           ,            .              1203        ,  ,   -   , ,   ,      .[565 - RC, 112.]

   ,           .            ,     . ,   , ,     .       ,     .

        .      ,           .         ,   ,   ,   ,   .         ,  , ,    ,   ?   .[566 - NC, 315.]  ,          ,       ,      ,    .[567 -   : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.]

     ,      .     . -    ,    ,     ,      ,     .[568 - NC, 316.]          ,    ,       .

  ,         ,  .   :  ,  ,      .[569 - GV, 92.],           .      , , ,      ,     .    ,       ,      ,     .  ,       ,       ,           .[570 - RC, 100-1.]

    , ,   .       .     ,        ,    .      .  ,     ,       ,  , ,       ,    .

    .        ,         ,    .       .    ,   ,   -  .       ,    ,     .    ,      ,    ,       .[571 - NC, 327.]

     .          ,   .  ,    .           ,      ,       .      (13 )      .          1203 ,        .

   ,    ,    ,    ,  .     .          ,    .    ,   ,    ,  ,     .   ,   ,   ,       ,   ,  ,    ,  .          ,        .    ,       ,     ,    .

      ,    ,    .    ,   ,    . ,   ,     .

      ,        ,  ,  ,       .

   ,    .              ,   ,     .        .   .

17                  .       ,      .    ,         ,  .    ,  ,                .    ,    ,          ,    ,       .            .

         ,   ,      ,   .  ,  ,    .   ,        ,  -   .     ,       ,    .       ,       . , ,             ,            .    ,         .

      ,    ,     .        ,       ,    ,        ,     .      ,    ,     .     ,       ,      .      ,       .        ,   ,       ,     . ,    ,     ,      ,    .

    ,   ,  .   ,    ,     ; ,   -       ,    .[572 - NC, 325.]      ,   ,   .  ,       , ,        .

               .   :

   ,       ,      ,      .    ,   .   .   -  ,         .     ,   ,  .   ,   ,  .       ,    ,       ,  ,  ,  ,    .[573 -   : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.]

     ,          .     ,    .       ,           .         ,       .           .     ,        .     ,      .         :        ,    .       ,    ,  ,  .   ,           ,   .[574 - RC, 101.]

     :   , ,   ,            .[575 - GV, 92.]      , , ,  ,     ,    .         .[576 - Innocent III, Sources, 107.]

 ,         .       ,              .    .     ,        ,     . ,           -,        .              ,     .       500 000 [577 -    .      : Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 294-5.],   ,    .

     ,   ,       .  ,     150 000 ,   50 000.  100 000    ,        .

      :        , ,   ,     ,   .  Devastatio Constantinopolitana   ,  :      ,       ,    .   ,   :     ,               .          .        .[578 - DC, Sources, 221; GV, 93-5.]

       ,   ,          .      ,       .          ,         .    ,   .    ,          .             .        ,   ,   ,      ,  .   ,      ,   ,   ,  ,       .[579 - RC, 102.]

                  ,   , ,      .    ,    ,   ,      .      -,    ,       .   ,    ,      .[580 - RC, 117-18.]

    ,       .  ,     ,       -,      ,     ,        .[581 - GV 94.]

   ,     ,       .       ,      . ,       :     .       .  ,  ,     ,     ,       .      ,            -   ,      .      ,     . ,        .     ,  1204          ,     .    ,   .

   -         .     ,    ,      , ,        .  ,  ,                          .      ,     .

 ,    ,    ,     -,     .       ,         .    ,          .       .      ,    ,        .   :    .[582 - Innocent III, Sources, 107.]     ,   ,     (  ),      ,    .

,       ,   .       .       ,    ,      ,  .  ,   ,    .

     .        ,    .            ,       .    ,        ,         ,      .

     ,   .   ,      .    ,    .      ,     .       .     .     ,  ,   ,   .  ,     ,     .

     9 ,         , .        .     .    ,   .      ?       ,      .   ,    .     :

,       ,   .   ,     ,      ,  ,   .   ,   ,  ,   -    ,   .    .  ,  .[583 -        : RC, 115; GV, 96.]

    ,     .  ,    .      ,   ,           .            .    ,    . ,       ,       .

,           ,      .      .    , 16 ,    .

        .    ,    ,  .   ,    ,        ,         .       ,       . -,     , -,  , ,  ,            .      ,           .

     ,         .  ,        ,       ,            .      ,    .  ,            .       ,      ,      ,       .   ,      ,     .[584 - NC, 328.]          .

   ,   ,       ,     .    ,        ,    .      (  ,        )    ,                .

        .           .       ,         .        ,     .   ,     ,       ,      .

  15      .     ,  ,        ,      . ,                    .      ,       ,   ,   .         .[585 - GV, 96-7.]

16  1204       ,               .    ,         ,   -,     .    ,     ,     , ,  ,     .     . , ,     ,         .           ,   .

        ,     ,      ,  .        ,  :          .[586 - RC, 117.]       ,            ,     .        ,           .  ,         .

   ,    .     ,        .

          ,     .        ,    .   ,   ,   ,    ,      .         , ,    -  1203 ,           .  ,          .      ,    ,     ,            .          .   ,      ,     ,      .    ,   ,  ,          .          :

                ,       ,       ,      ,      ,  ,     .[587 - Innocent III, Sources, 100.]

     .    ,    .         1203 ,        IV   ,         ,         .          (,       )       .     ,          .  ,       ,     .    ,      ,   .          ,        .          ,            . ,       .                   .[588 - Innocent III, Sources, 105.]  ,        :        .

    ,       ,   .   ( )        .  :   ,       ,      .                  1099 .      ,  1204        .   98-  118- ,  :       ,     ,      .    ,       .[589 - Innocent III, Sources, 107.] ,          .

           ,   .   ,            ,        ,   ,   ,         .              .      ,   ,   ,      .           ,            , ,        .    ,      ,       .

      ,        .     ,         .          .           ,           ,           .  ,  ,       ,     .

          .            ,      .      ,     ,     .

            ,         ,        .[590 - Innocent III, Sources, 112.] ,                   ,      .     , ,       1204 .

     ,       ,        .        .           ,     ,    , ,    .

   ,    .       .  ,         :   ,     ,  ,     ,  , .  ,          ,   ,    .      ,            .[591 - NC, 316.]

   :   ,      .     ,        ,    ,    ,          .[592 - N, 316.]   :      1099   ,         .   88      ,    .              ( )  ,    .       ,            .

          . , ,    .                 -.   .          ,  .  ,       .     :  -    ,     ,        .[593 - NC, 317.]

           12031204   ,   ,  ,                .[594 - Harris, Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Niketas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium, 11801204.] ,   ,    -   :

     ,       .     .     ?       ?     ?   ,     ,      ,   ,   ,   .[595 - Nicholas Mesarites, in: Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.]

        ,           .       ,     .     ,      ;   ,    .

        ,         .     ,         .    ,             .

     ,      ,  .       ,      .   ,    ,   ,    ,   ,    .      .  639 ,     ,    .            .      ,       ,    .   :  ,      ,  .      ,         .[596 - NC, 357.]

           .    ,          .         .           .    ,     ,     .  , , ,   ,   .                ,     .

        ,    .         ;       ;     ,     .    ,   ,      ,     .

       , ,        ,    ,  ,   ,     , ,     .[597 - NC, 360.] ,     -,       . ,          ,       .      ,    ,          ,    ,        .[598 - NC, 360.]

    ,        .         ,         .



 15

    


         , 12041205 

    (12041261)   .               ,           .    1204      .             ,            . ,    ,       ,                  .       , ,   .           .

           :         .          ,          .       : ,  III,       ,   ,      .         .    ,               .        .

   1204              .[599 - GV, 92.]       :          ,       ,     .       -   ,   1180            .[600 - Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 19; Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1,513.]

     "  ",    .           - ,        ,      ,   ,           -.                  ,         .          ,     .     ,       .[601 - GV, 97.]

            .      .             ,       .              -  ,      .  ,      ,               160     .

    III,      1203.       ,    ?      .         (    )     .

          ,      .     ,      ,     .       .     ,   III       ,  .             .

 III       .          :  ,    ,     ,        ,      .[602 - GV, 99.]  ,       ,   III  ,      .

  ,       ,       .       ,                ,   .        . , ,   :         .     ,     ,         .[603 - GV, 101.]

    ,      . ,       ,     ,       ,  ,     . ,  ,          .    ,     ,      ,      .

   ,    ,   -  .     ,   ,          .      ,    .           .

   ,         .    ,    , ,          .    ,     .              .    ,     ,      .           ,  ,     .         ,        .

  ,    ,     .         .   - . !      !    , ,     ,  .[604 - GV, 104.]

          .       ,            .       , ,      . ,       .        ,      .   ,              ,      ,      .

        ,         .     ,       .   ,         ,       .   ,     ,    .       .

   ,   1204 ,     ,          ,    .  ,        []  .     ,    ,   ,       .[605 - GV, 107.]

               .         ,         .             ,            .

         .       III.      ,   ,     .   ,  -     ,      ,              .

 ,        .      ,       ,    .   1185      .        ,       .    ,  ,  ,   .         ,    .      ,        .      ,  .         ,        .         .[606 - NC, 192-3.]         ?

      ,         IV.  ,      ,      . ,             ,      .    ,   .

   .      ,    .     .  ,     ,   .     !  .               .[607 - RC, 124.]      .          ,      XII    .[608 - Galbert of Bruges, Murder of Count Charles the Good, tr. Ross, 251-2.]

  1204         .        ,     . ,       ,  ,     .

         ,       .       .         .     ,       ,     , ,   ,         . ,         ,       .[609 - GV, 109; NC, 334; RC, 124.]

         .  III      .          ,   ,       .     ,  ,          .[610 - B 1209  1210   III   ,   ,        .  ,   ,    1211.      ,      . Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 70, n.4.]

  1204    ,  ,    .       .            ,            .          .       .     ,    -  ,   -  ,      .  ,      ,        ,    .

      1202 ,          .       ,    .[611 - Longnon, Les compagnons ie Villehardouin, 105.]     ,      , ,   ,         .[612 - Longnon, Les compagnons ie Villehardouin, 114.]  1204          ,     .

          .    : ,   ,      .         .  ,      ,  ,     .      ,     ,     (      ,   1199    1200 ).   ,    ,         .  ,      .

 1204       ,    ,      .        ,         .           ,     ,   .

    1204 ;       ,      .    ,      ,   ,      .[613 - GV, 110-11; NC, 328.]

  1204   1205        ,   (     )    .  ,     ,     .                 .        ,    ,        .

  1205        -.           ,   XI . ,                   .[614 - GV, 115; NC, 336; Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 195-7.]

             .     . ,                  .

      ,         .              ,     .        ,        . 29    ,         ,     .    ,      .     ,           .       ,    ,      .        (       ,    )        .

             ,   .   ,     ( ,  14  )      ,        .

      1205    ,      ,      .     ,   13         .   ,    .   ,         .       .        ,   ,       .     ,    .

    .   ,         ,   ,        -,     .          .          ,        ,      .

      .       . ,            ,     . ,           .   ,      ,     .     ,    ,      .      .    ,             .          ,    .     ,            .       ,  , ,      ,   .

    (,   ),   ,   ,     .       .        .         .         .             , ,        .     ,    ,   :           .

   ,     ,       .      .          ,          .     .   ,     ,  -   .   ,     ,   ,  .[615 - GV, 122.]  ,      .    ,          .

     ,   .   ,    ,        .    ,     .       .      ,      .       .   ,       .     .       .                .           .    ,          .   ,       . ,     ,   .

   ,       ,      .          ,           ,    .

     ,   ,    ,     .   ,     ,    ,        .      .     , ,   ,   .      ,       .       ,         .

      ,           .        .           .      ,            .

  ,          ,    ,     .  ,         .    XII        -      .       .           ,     , ,    1187 ,       ,    .[616 - Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, passim.] 1205          ,     ,     ,    .

                 ,       . ,                       .  ,    ,     ,  ,      .      ,         ,        .

        ,   ,     .             ,             .                ,             .  ,  ,       ,           ,        .    ,       ,       ,        .[617 - Innocent III, Sources, 147.]

      .   1205          ,     .    90   .          ,          . ,      .   ,           ,     .           ,          .            .   ,         ,     ,     (  ),  ,     .

          ,     ,      .       ,    .      .      .  ,     ,    .      ,    ,  ,         ,      .      ,     ,      .      ,    ,         1202 .

  , ,       1205 .      ( 1204 )    - ( 1205 )        .      ,      ,         .      ,           ,      1216 ,      .[618 - RC, 628.]

     , ,   .[619 - DBH, Sources, 256-64.]  1204        ,            .           ,    ,        .    ,      ,   ,         .   ,        (          ),      .             28  1205   .       ,         ,    .        .    -           ,    .

      ,    .      ,    11971205 ,     ,    ,   .      , ,   ,       .     ,         ,   .      ,      ,       .    ,     ,   ,      .

16  1205        ,      Iustum deduxit Dominus (  ).         ,       .          ,            .       ,    .       ,                        .

      ,         .    ,             1205 .   ,      ,  ,   ,           .[620 - NC, 337.]  III  ,     ,  .   1206       ,  20          .

      ,     .  ,   1205       ,  ,   ,      .               .          ,       .[621 - NC, 353.]       ,     III       ,   . ,   ,    .

         .     ,     ,        .    ,                .           -   ,        1119 .[622 - Walter the Chancellor, The Antiochene Wars, 161.] ,       ,      .     ,  ,     .[623 -  811         I         .]

  -   ,       ,          .     , ,   , ,      ,  ,    ,       .       ,  ,         .    ,    ,      ,     .    ,         ,     .             .

       ,         .           .           .     ,      ,    ,     . ,       ,              ,    .        .          ,       ,          -.[624 - Wolff, Bald win of Flanders and Hainault, 289301.]

               .       .  1224                  ,    .        ,      ,      ,    .    1125    ,      . ,       ,          ,     .          ,    .                  .     .       ,            ,    .

        ,    (        ),                .     ,     ,     ,         .        ,               .      :       ,       .

           (  , ,   ,   ,     ),     ,       .    ,    III             .

      ,   VIII  (  12231226 ).     ,   ,    .           ,      .           ,      .      ,  ,         ,          .  , ,     ,         .

        . ,      ,    ,    .    ,          ,  ,           .   ,         .       .       ,     ,         ,       .   ,      .   ,            ,   .

  ,   ,  ,    ,     .       ,             .     ,      ,       .            ,   .     ,          .     ,       ,        .      ,         .      ,     ,      .

          .   XIII                     .                 .

           . , ,        III   .           ,     (           )      ,    , ,  .  ,              .       ,                   .                    .  ,     ,   ,            ,     .      ,       .         ,      , -   ,    .

             .   ,      ,        .     ,        ,    ,   ,     .  ,            ,  ,               .

       ,     .    ,         .           1198 .      ,   ,     ,     .  ,       ,      ,        . ,     -       .[625 - Sayers, Innocent IIL, 91-3,185-6.]      ,   ?

     7  1204        ,    .   ,    ,    13    ,             ,    ,    셻   ,        .[626 - Innocent III, Sources, 114, 116-17.]            .         (        ).  ,       ,   ,      .   ,  ,         ,   - ,        .

   1205     . ,          .  ,       ,     ,        ,               .   ,       .[627 - Daniel, Joachim of Fiore: Patterns of History in the Apocalyse; Andrea, Innocent III, the Fourth Crusade and the Coming Apocalypse. . : McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages, 126-41.]           :   ,     ,   ,       .[628 - Innocent III, Sources, 135.]

   ,                .   1204  ,  ,    ,      .        ,      .   ,             :          .   ,      ,   ,   .     ,     ,    .[629 - NC, 357.]

           .        .         (   ),              ,        .          .

           ,     ,      ,         ,      .    ,        ,      .            ,         ,    ,         .[630 - Innocent III, Sources, 139.]

   1205             .       ,     ,  .       .            : #c_46,   ,        ,   .    ,            .

                . ,           .  ,          ,   -           .

     .      . ,   ,       ,    ,      . ,  ,             ,      ,      .      ,    . 12  1205      :    ,        , , ,     .[631 - Innocent III, Sources, 166.] ,        .        ,         .

              .              .    ,  ,     ,       .   ,  ,    ,       ,         ,     .      : ,    ,       .     : ,    ,   , ,  ,   .  ,        ,    ,       ,     ,         ,   .         ,   :    ,       .[632 - Innocent III, Sources, 166.]

     :    , , ,  ,    . ,   ,      ,  ,        .

     ,        ,        .         .   ,    1204         ,       ,      .

            .         ,         ,       ,      ,        .[633 - Innocent III, Sources, 173.] ,             .

  ,   ,     .  ,      :     ,      .[634 - Gerald of Wales, Journey through Walts, 170.]                .     ,      . ,  ,                   .           ()        .   :     ?    ,         ,               .                ,     []      [ ].[635 - Innocent III, Sources, 176.]

            ,       ,          ,    ,     .                      .



 16

          ,    


  . 12061261 

15  1261 , 57        -,  ,  ,    ,      .    .     1204 , ,      ,     ,     .[636 -      : Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 12041500; Jacoby, The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Prankish States of Greece; New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 1198  c. 1300, V, ed. Abulafia, 525-42; Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 163-82; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1, 1-105.    : GV, 98-160; Henry of Valenciennes, Histoire de L'empereur Henri de Constantinople, ed. Longnon.]

          ,         .[637 - Phillips, Cmsades, 10951197, 4051.]  1211     (  12061216 ) :              ,    ,      ,   ,    [638 - From Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 122.]                 .

  XIII      .  1208    III          .   ,   -     ,        .      ,    XIII ,         II  ,          .

  1230-          ,      .           ,      .  1241          . ,         (           ),             .

,           .   XIII ,     ,     .   1244        1034  1099   .      (12481254)  ,             ,    .     IX .   ,     ,      ,             .

         ,    .      ,      ,    ,   .      ,        , ,        ,       II .              ,       , , ,    . ,         ,          .[639 - Nicholas, Medieval Flanders, 150-61.]

  1204              .                               ,        .[640 -    : Rohricht, Amalrich I, Konig von Jerusalem (1162-74), 489-91.],      ,      ,     .

      ,                .    III         .  1211     ,   ,              ,       .          ,     ,    .[641 - Innocent III, from: Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 113.]

          .  12021203      ,     ,    .        ,     ,     .    ,  ,    ,       ,        (,   ,       )       .        ,        . ,             .               .  ,    ,       ,    .

,   ,     ,       1224 .     ()    ,    -    ,    ,     ,     .

          ,       ,       ,     .  1259     III                      .  , ,      .          ,             .  1262    IV     ,    ,      (   ,    1204 ) ,   ,     40  100         .[642 - Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 116.]

         .  II (12281261)         (12361239  12441248),    .        ,         .     ;      ,        .[643 - Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 123-4.]

 1237       ,       ,      13 134 .  ,      ,    ,       IX ,      ,          -.[644 - Weiss, Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis, 1174.]         ,          (      )  50 000 .  1257     ,           .           .[645 - Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 170.]     ,         ,    ,    ,     .   , ,  ,  ,   ,      (, ),       ,  .     ,      .   II (  12291246)           . ,          ,    .        ,       .     (12461278)     (1259)    ,       .[646 - Jacoby, Knightly Values and Class Consciousness in the Crusader States of the Eastern Mediterranean, 158-86.]      1669 ,       .

      .         .   1207     .         1224     .         ,    .  III ,   12221254      ,      ,        ,    ,    .            ,     ,     .              .

  1261        .      ,        .           ,         .      ,        .        ,      .        .   ,  ,     .    ,  ,    .         ,     .     .[647 - Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 173-4.]       .

 ,      ,    .       ,         (1291),          ,   1917        .   ,   ,        -,             .[648 - Housley, The Later Crusades, 80-117.]   , ,     1453   ,      .





  ,    ,    ,     

           .    ,    ,   . ,        ,       .   ,      ,                 .         .  ,              .          1171 .   ,   ,     :    , ,   ,  , ,    ,   .

              1204 .          1054 .             .         1182           .

       ,   .       .    ,          ,     ,            .[649 - Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, 57.             . .: Phillips, Odo of Deuil's De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem as a Source for the Second Crusade.] ,    ,      .

    []   .     .       .  ,           .     ,     ,     ,     ,        .[650 - N, 167,        : Hussey, Cambridge Medieval History, IV, Pt ii, 81.]

          ,   1204      .    .  ,  1192       .  ,     III           ,   1202     .      (  ,    1171    ),          .

,    ,   .       ,             ,      ,      . ,                  ,    .[651 - Queller, Latin Conquest of Constantinople, 1954.]

,         1203     , ,   ,                     .    ,        .  ,      ,       ,   ,     .

            .              1148 .             ,   12011202       . ,             .            .

  ,    1201      ,   ,         ,           33 500 .    1202       12 000 .      ,                  .                       .[652 - GV.36-9.]                      ,     .  ,               -     .[653 - Evergates, Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne, 80-5.]

       ,         .       .     ,                       .

    ,   ,      ,    (        ),     .            .        .

,       ,    .               ,        1095 .                .[654 -      .: Riley-Smith, Family Traditions and Participation in the Second Crusade.]     ,    XII     ,     .              .        ,      ,             ,          .

       .   ,                         .

      .            .        ,     ,        .        ,            , ,      .

 ,        , ,     .           .               ,    .         ,       .

        .       ,     .        ,          .   ,        ,    ,     .

   , ,    -.    ,   ,              . ,     ,   ,           ,    ,       ,   .  ,    ,   ,             ,    .

  1202     ,      ,          .           ,   ,     ,        .         .

  ,            ,       ,         .         .         ,   ,       .   ,         ,        .         ,   ,            .  ,             .

   1203   ,      ,   . ,            .    III       ,      .

  1203         III .           .    IV       ,   ,         ,          .            ,      ,       .

   ,   ,     ,         .           .    ,    ,      .        .       ,  .          ;       ( ,   );       .       .           .                 ,     -.

       ,  ,    ,   .         ,         ?  ,     ,   ,      ,        1180 .            ,               .[655 - Angold, The Road to 1204: The Byzantine Background to the Fourth Crusade.]        .     ,   ,         .     ,         230 ,      1169 ,        ,       1203 .

        ,    ,      ?  1184        .  1185    ,  1188-      .

      .         (           ),   1185         , .  1190 ,     ,        .[656 - Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 129,147-8.]         .

  III    ,          -     .           .  ,    ,    ,    .        .  III,     IV     ,     .          .          ,      ,  ,    .     IV      ,       .         .          ,     ,    .

          .        ,    ,   .   ,   1203   1204 ,          III,    IV,  ,    .            .

        12 ,         ,    .    ,          ,         .      ,    ,   ,      .         ,   ,   ,   .                   ,   .

,               ,        .       1203 ,     III      ,       ( 1203   1204),  ,    ,              .

          .          .   , ,       , :   ,    ,    ,     .           .[657 - Roger of Howden, Chronica, II, 166.  : Annals of Roger de Hoveden, I,490.]             .    ,      ,     .   ,    ,  ,    ,      ,   ,    .        ,       .     ,        , , ,             .

    ,       ,     1203            1204 .  ,      ,   ,        .  ,       ,   .   ,          .

                  1203           1205 ,       .          .

       .        .      ,    ,         .          ,  ,   ,      .              1203   1204    ,               .                .

,          .              ,    .   1203    -    ,     :    ,         ,       .[658 - Innocent III, Sources, 187.]  ,   ,      .    ,  ,   ,   -,     ,      .              .          ,          ,             .

         ,         .             1203    ,      ,      .         ,   ,     .

      ,      ,         , ,   .       ,      ,         .   ,     ,            ,       1099 .         .      ,                  .                1182 .         ,       1258 : #c_47        10681069 .

,    ,     ,     -     .                 ,              . ,      ,  ,      .    ,        ,     ,        ,           .

       - ,        .[659 - Siberry, New Crusaders, 161-74.]  ,     .     ,          ,      .

      ,   ,           ,     .

  [],         ,       ,   .             ,        ,       .       ,        .[660 - Raimbaut of Vaqueiras, Poems, 228.]

           .





10951099    .

1099, 15        .

1124          .

11451149    .

1171     .

1182      .

1185      .

1187    .

11891192    .

1195    ,     III.

1198, 8        III.

1198,          .

1199, 28     .        .

1200, 23      .

1200, 3              .

1201,            .

1201, 24      .

1201,        

1202,      .

1202,       .

1202,    .

1202,       .

1203, 24       .

1203, 23      .

1203, 5     .

1203, 17     ,   III.

1203, 18     III,     .

1203, 1     IV.

1203, -   IV     .

1203,       IV  .

1204,     .

1204, 2728     IV .

1204,            .

1204, 9      .

1204, 12    .

1204, 1315         .

1205, 14     ,        .

1205,     .

1206, 20     .

1216     III.

1224       .

1261         .

1291   ,     .



 

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Siberry, E., Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Oxford, 1995, 365-85

Siberry, E., The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusade in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries, Aldershot, 2000

Spicher, E., Geschichte des Easier Miinsters, Basel, 1999

Spufford, P., Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe, London, 2002

Stahl, A. H., The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo, Medieval and Renaissance Venice, ed. E. E. Kitell & T. F. Madden, Urbana, 1999,124-40

Stephenson, P., Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a Source for the Second Crusade, Journal of Medieval History 29 (2003), 4154

Strickland, M., War and Chivalry: The Conduct and Perception of War in England and Normandy, 10661217, Cambridge, 1996

Van Millingen, A., Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites, London, 1899

Winkelmann, E., Phillip von Schvvaben und Otto IV von Braunschweig,  : D. E. Queller, Latin Conquest of Constantinople, New York, 1971, 26-9

Wolff, R. L, Baldwin of Flanders and Hainault, First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death and Resurrection, 11721225, Speculum 27 (1952), 281322

Zorzi, A., Venice 697-1797: A City, A Republic, An Empire, Woodstock, NY, 1999







notes





1

N, 314-15.



2

     : Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade.         .       Godfrey, 2004. The Unholy Crusade.



3

    ,  ,  , : Runciman, History of the Crusades, III; Norwich, Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, 156213.       .: Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades; Angold, The Fourth Crusade.



4

Constable, The Historiography of the Crusades.



5

Siberry, Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, 314.



6

Runciman, History of the Crusades, III, 469,480.



7

Cited in Bartlett, Medieval Panorama, 1213.



8

Runciman, History of the Crusades, III, 474.



9

Riley-Smith, Islam and the Crusades in History and Imagination 164-7.



10

Phillips, Why a Crusade will lead to a jihad.



11

Innocent III, Sources, 107.



12

Innocent III, Sources, 173-4.



13

   : Harris, Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Niketas Choniates' Account of the Collapse of Byzantium.



14

Jackson, Christians, Barbarians and Masters: The European Discovery of the World Beyond Islam.



15

Bull, Origins.



16

Guibert of Nogent, cited in and translated by Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade, 3.



17

William of Tyre, 1, 372-3.



18

   Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.



19

See Phillips and Hoch, Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, 1-14.



20

Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 116-20.



21

Eustathios of Thessaloniki, The Capture of Thessaloniki, 35.



22

William of Tyre, 11, 465.



23

Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs: King Baldwin IV and the Crusader States.



24

Gregory VIII, Audita tremendi, 64-5.



25

Beha ad-Din, The Rare and Excelknt History of Saladin, 146, 150.



26

Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 382.



27

    : Gillingham, Richard 1, 155301.



28

      : Sayers, Innocent III.  ,     : Innocent III: Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World? ed. Powell; Pope Innocent III and his World, ed. Moore.



29

Sayers, Innocent HI, 1027; Peters, Lothario del Conti di Segni becomes Pope Innocent III, in: Innocent III and his World, 3-24.



30

Sayers, Innocent III, 2.



31

Innocent III, Sources, 79.



32

Innocent III, Sources, 9, n.4.



33

Ross, Relations between the Latin Fast and the West, 11871291, 5860.



34

Innocent III, Sources, 1011.



35

Innocent III, Sources, 12.



36

Innocent III, Sources, 14.



37

     . : Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 80-5.



38

Gillingham, Richard I, 316.



39

    10 000  . .: History of William Marshal, ed. Holden, tr. Gregory.     .



40

  : Crosland, William the Marshal, 7881    : Crouch, William Marshal.    : Gillingham, Richard I, 318-20.



41

Gillingham, Richard I, 323-5.



42

      .: Bradbury, Philip Augustus;       . . 173-94.



43

Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, 196.



44

France, Patronage and the First Crusade.



45

Riley-Smith, Casualties and Knights on the First Crusade, 1719; Phillips, Second Crusade.



46

Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 85.



47

Albert of Aachen, Historia, 329.



48

Raymond of Aguilers, in: Peters, First Crusade, 212-13.



49

Odo of Deuil, journey of Louis VII, 123.



50

Guibert of Nogent, The Deeds of the Franks, 165, 165.         : Friedman, Encounters between Enemies.



51

Gesta Erancorum, 34.



52

Cesta Erancorum, 89.



53

Cesta Francorum, 62.



54

Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 232-3.



55

Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, V 17.



56

    .: William of Tyre, History, II, 179-81.      : Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 135-43.



57

Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 48.



58

Gerald of Wales, journey through Wales, 76.



59

Conquest of Lisbon, 73.



60

Peters, First Crusade, 287-9.



61

Cartulaire de Vabbaye de Saint-Pere de Chartres, II, 646.



62

Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 139.



63

Conquest of Lisbon, 131.



64

Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 120.



65

Robinson, The Papacy, 10731198: Continuity and Innovation, 336-9.



66

De Hemptinne, Les epouses des croises et pelerins flamands aux Xle et Xlle siecles.



67

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 186-7.



68

William of Malmesbury, History of the Kings of England, 655.



69

Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, V 5.



70

Lambert of Ardres, History, 164-5.



71

Suger, Deeds of Louis the Fat, 41.



72

   .: Frolow, Relique de la vraie croix, 349;   .: Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 235.



73

Odo of Deuil, The journey of Louis VII, 115, 123.



74

Albert of Aachen, Historia, 626.



75

Herman of Tournai, The Restoration of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Tournai, 47.



76

Suger, Deeds of Louis the Fat, 40.



77

. : Kenaan-Kedar and Kedar, Significance of a Twelfth-Century Sculptural Group.



78

   .: O'Brien, Fulk of Neuilly, a : McNeal, Fulk of Neuilly and the Tournament of Ecry.



79

Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 278-9.



80

GV,29.



81

Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 280.



82

Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 8990.



83

      3 . .: Maier Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual, 101-4.



84

          : Maier, Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross; Cole, Preaching the Crusades.



85

          : Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. Andrea.     . : Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 92-7; Maier, Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual.



86

Spicher, Ceschichte des Easier Munsters.



87

         : Phillips, Holy War, 133-4.



88

Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 45. 12GP,68.



89

GP, 68.



90

GP, 69.



91

Maier, Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual.



92

GP, 70.    . : Riley-Smith, First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, 23-5,31 -2,150-1; Murray, Mighty Against the Enemies of Christ.



93

    . : Riley-Smith, Crusade: Idea and Reality, 40-3.



94

     .: Bull, Origins; Bull, Knightly Piety, 155249.



95

GP,71.



96

    .: Keen, Chivalry, 20-3; Barber and Barber, Tournaments, 1327; Strickland, War and Chivalry, 149-53.



97

Roger of Howden, Chronica, II, 166-7. Translated in: The Annals of Roger of Hoveden, 1, 490.



98

History of William Marshal, I, 309.



99

History of William Marshal, I, 173.



100

Lambert of Ardres, History, 126.



101

History of William Marshal, 1, 177, 181.



102

Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, 229.



103

Keen, Chivalry, 21.



104

         .: Keen, Chivalry, 102-24; Bouchard, Strong of Body, 105-9.



105

Chretien de Troyes, Erec et Enide, 63-4.



106

History of William Marshal, I. 175-9.



107

Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 199200.



108

Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, I, 199200.     1139         1130       1131 .



109

Keen, Chivalry, 22.  ,       .  : Phillips, Defenders.



110

Humbert of Romans, De predicatione Sancte crucis.



111

Gillingham, Richard I, 19; Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 336.



112

Gillingham, Richard I, 19.



113

Keen, Chivalry, 56.



114

GV, 29.



115

Longnon, Les cotnpagnons de Villehardouin, 1113.



116

Longnon, Les cotnpagnons de Villehardouin, 7984.



117

GV, 29.



118

GV, 57.



119

Morris, Geoffrey de Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople, 34.       .: Andrea, Essay on Primary Sources, 299302; a  : Noble, The Importance of Old French Chronicles.       : Archambault, Villehardouin: History in Black and Whites.        .: Dufoumet, Villehardouin et les Champenois dans la Quatrieme croisade.



120

Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 18, 20, 113.



121

GV, 30; Wolff, Baldwin of Flanders and Hainault.



122

NC, 328.



123

GV, 30-1; RC, 32-3.         .: R, 3-27,     (Andrea)     : Essay on Primary Sources in Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 302-3; a   (Noble), The Importance of Old French Chronicles.



124

GV, 31.



125

Conquest of Lisbon, 1226.



126

Pryor, Geography, Technology and War, 34, 36, 51-3.



127

Marshall, The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East, 10961104, 6079.



128

  .: La cattedrak di Geneva nel medioevo secoli VIXIV, ed. Di Fabric, 188-91. O : Cerbani Cerbani, Translatio mirifici martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitatem Venetem, 323-4; Marshall, The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East.



129

Caffaro, in: Williams, The Making of a Crusade, 38-9.



130

Ibn Jubayr, The Travels, 300-1.



131

Innocent III, Sources, 22.



132

Innocent III, Sources, 16.



133

GV, 31.



134

Lane, Venice, 1-21; Zorzi, Venice, A City, A Republic, An Empire, 1020, 102-8; Howard, Architectural History of Venice, 2-41.



135

Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 51-4; Jacoby, The Chrysobull of Alexius I to the Venetians.



136

Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Maddens book was published as this present work was being completed. I have, therefore, been unable to include any of its detailed ideas.



137

Madden, Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172, 169-70.



138

Madden, Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172, 179-84.



139

  III.: Sources, 60-9, 95-8; 145-51.   ,  , .: Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 318-21; Runciman, History of the Crusades, III.



140

GP, 97.



141

Innocent III, Sources, 112.



142

RC, 40.



143

Stahl, The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo.



144

GV, 32-3.



145

Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, 19, 29.



146

GV, 33.



147

Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 362-73. . Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, n, 217, n. 23.



148

GV, 33-4.



149

     , .: Howard, Architectural History of Venice, 1728. For the most complete survey of the church's mosaics, .: Demus, Mosaic Decoration of San Marco, Venice.



150

Demus, Mosaic Decoration of San Marco, 20-3.



151

GV, 34-5.



152

GV, 35.



153

Queller and Madden, Fourth Cmsade, 12; Mack, The Merchant of Genoa, 2843.



154

Lane, Venice, 37.



155

   , .: France, Victory in the East, 142; for the Third Crusade, .: Johnson, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VF, 8994.



156

GV, 35.



157

Phillips, Crusades, 95-6.



158

William of Tyre, History, II, 313.



159

William of Tyre, History, 11,408.



160

Phillips, Crusades, 95-101,146-50.



161

GV 35.



162

GP, 77.



163

Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 557.



164

Queller and Madden, Some further arguments in defence of the Venetians, 438. . : Lane, Venice, 70-3.



165

Madden, Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204.



166

Innocent III, Sources, 23-4.



167

William of Tyre, History, II, 335.



168

Ibn Jubayr, The Travels, 32.



169

Lane, Venice, 88; Howard, Architectural History of Venice, 1719.



170

GV, 35.



171

Martin da Canal, LesEstoires de Venise, 46-7.



172

McNeill, Venice, 56; Zorzi, Venice: A City, A Republic, An Empire, 38-9.



173

     : Pryor, The Naval Architecture of Crusader Transport Ships. CM. TaioKe: Martin, The Art and Archaeology of Venetian Ships and Boats.



174

Pryor, transportation of Horses by Sea during the Era of the Crusades.



175

Pryor, The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade, 119-22.



176

GV, 35-6.



177

           .: Abulafia, Christians and Jews. For usury in particular, see 5862.



178

2 Peter the Venerable, Letters, 1, 327.



179

Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, 466.



180

GV, 37.



181

Jubainville, Histoire des dues et des comtes de Champagne, 4, 96.    .    , 9099.



182

Jackson, Crusades of 1239-41 and their aftermath, 3260.



183

GV, 37.



184

Evergates, Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne, 7985.



185

William of Tyre, History, II, 416.



186

William of Tyre, History, II, 450-1.



187

NC, 97.



188

Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 19.



189

NC, 210.



190

Continuation of William of Tyre, 53.



191

Continuation of William of Tyre, 54.



192

Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 40.



193

Jacoby, Conrad of Montferrat and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187-92.



194

Continuation of William of Tyre, 114-15.          ,      ,    ,            . .: Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 305-7.



195

Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Poems, 312.



196

Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 25-6.



197

RC, 35.



198

Brundage, Cruce signan: The Rite for taking the Cross in England.



199

Raimbaut of Vaqueiras, Poems, 218-20.



200

Morns, Papal Monarchy, 245.



201

Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 281.



202

Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 281.



203

Cole, Preaching the Crusades, 90.



204

Longnon, Les compagnons de Vilkhardouin, 209-10, 212-13.



205

   .: Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 96-7.



206

RC, 84.



207

NC, 305.



208

,    ,   : Queller, Latin Conauest of Constantinople, 26-9, 32-8.



209

     : Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 45-6.



210

NC, 242-3.



211

Johnson, Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI, 92-109.



212

Angold, Byzantine Empire, 303-11,318-19.



213

NC, 248.



214

NC, 242-3.



215

Novgorod Account of the Fourth Crusade, 306.



216

Powell, Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed, 96-100.



217

Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1,241-6; Angold, Byzantine Empire, 319. . : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 225-9.



218

Innocent III, Sources, 32-4.



219

Innocent III, Solitae, us: Andrea, Medieval Record, 321.



220

 : Slack, Crusade Charters, 11381270, 145.



221

 : Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 107.



222

Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, 147.



223

Continuation of William of Tyre, 68.



224

Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 74.



225

RC, 39.



226

Conon of Bethune, Les Chansons de Conon de Bethune, 67.



227

GV, 40.



228

Joinville, Chronicles of the Crusades, 195.



229

GV, 40. B Devastatio Constantinopolitana ,        1 : Sources, 214.



230

Spufford, Power and Profit, 140-69.



231

GV, 40.



232

GV, 40.



233

 ,    III                  .       , ,   ,    (          - )       .     : Madden, Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204.



234

Spufford, Power and Profit, 1 52-5; 1 6970.



235

GV, 41.



236

Gesta Innocenti, col. 138.



237

GV, 42.



238

RC, 42.



239

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Letter, 191; NC, 295-6.



240

   .: Andrea, Conrad of Krosigk, Bishop of Halberstadt, Crusader and Monk of Sittichenbach.



241

GV, 42.



242

RC, 40.



243

DC, Sources, 205-12.



244

DC, Sources, 214.



245

RC, 40.



246

DC, Sources, 214.



247

GV, 42.



248

GV, 42-3.



249

GV, 43; RC, 41.



250

GV, 43.



251

RC, 41.



252

GV, 43.



253

DBH, Sources, 251.



254

GV, 44.



255

GV, 44.



256

Phillips, Second Crusade.



257

RC, 42.



258

RC, 42.



259

   : Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 386,396.



260

DBH, Sources, 250-1.



261

Innocent III, Sources, 43; Cesta Innocenti,  . B: Sources, 44.



262

GV, 48.



263

RC, 44.



264

GV, 48.



265

Peter of Vaux-Cemay, History of the Albigensian Crusade, 58.



266

France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 117-20; Bradbury, Medieval Siege, 254-70.



267

DC, Sources, 215.



268

Conquest of Lisbon, 143, 145.      .



269

DBH, Sources, 251.



270

GP, 80; Innocent III, Sources, 43.



271

Innocent III, Sources, 129.



272

GP, 78-9.



273

GP, 78.



274

GP, 79.



275

DC, Sources, 215.



276

GV, 49.



277

RC, 44.



278

Innocent III, Sources, 41.



279

Innocent III, Sources, 42-3.



280

Innocent III, Sources, 43.



281

GV, 50.



282

GP, 90.



283

GV, 50.



284

GV, 51.



285

GV, 51.



286

GV, 51.



287

Innocent III, Sources, 35.



288

RC,45.



289

RC,59,66.



290

GP,91.



291

O     .: Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, 50-123; Martin, Venetians in the Byzantine Empire before 1204; Madden, Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo's attitudes towards Byzantium; Angold, Byzantine Empire, 226-33.



292

Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1,179203, 206-11.



293

GP.91.



294

GV, 51; RC, 66.



295

RC, 66.



296

GV.51.



297

GV, 52.



298

Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 114-15.



299

GV, 52.



300

GV, 52-3; Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 149-50.



301

Innocent III, Sources, 48.



302

Innocent III, Sources, 52-4.



303

Innocent III, Sources, 54-7.



304

Innocent III, Sources, 57-9.



305

DBH, Sources, 253.



306

Hugh of Saint-Pol's Letter, Sources, 188.



307

Hugh of Saint-Pol's Letter, Sources, 189.



308

GV, 55.



309

GV, 55.



310

GV, 56.



311

DBH, Sources, 254.



312

GV, 57.



313

GV, 57.



314

GV, 57.



315

GV, 58.



316

Pryor, Winds, Waves and Rocks: the Routes and the Perils Along Them, 85.



317

GV, 58.



318

Jacoby, La population de Constantinople a 1'epoque Byzantine: Un probleme de demographic urbaine, 107.



319

GV, 58-9.



320

RC, 67.



321

Alexander, The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen Through Byzantine Eyes, 345.



322

Baynes, The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople.



323

Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 4.



324

Sarris, The Eastern Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306641), 21.



325

    .: Angold, Road to 1204: the Byzantine background to the Fourth Crusade.



326

Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 4058.



327

Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 5973.



328

RC, 108-9.



329

Mango, Constantinople, 66.



330

NC, 358.



331

Magdalino, Manuel Komnenos and the Great Palace, 101-14; Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 284.



332

William of Tyre, History, II, 381-2.



333

RC, 103



334

 ,  : Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, 229.



335

Maguire, Medieval Floors of the Great Palace.



336

Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 70- 1; NC, 160; Magdalino, Manuel I Komnenos, 111.



337

RC, 107.



338

      .  .: Mainstone, Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church.



339

Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, 74-5.



340

RC, 106.



341

Albenc of Trois-Fontaines, Chronicle, Sources, 298.



342

Odo of Deuil, Joumey of Louis VII, 65-7



343

RC, 108.



344

Ousterhout, Architecture, Art and Komnenian Ideology at the Pantokrator Monastery, Byzantine Constantinople, 133-50; Megaw, Notes on Recent Work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul, 333-64.



345

    .: Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, II, 725-74.



346

Phillips, Crusades, 10931197, 58.



347

Mango, Three Imperial Byzantine Sarcophagi, 397404.



348

Runciman, Blachernae Palace and Its Decoration, 277-83.



349

Odo of Deuiljourney of Louis VII, 65.



350

William of Tyre, History, II, 450.



351

Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary, 72.



352

Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, 65.



353

Cited by Magdalino, Manuel I Komnenos, 121.



354

NC, 132.



355

Ralph of Coggeshall, Sources, 285.



356

NC, 296.



357

NC, 296-7.



358

Innocent III, Sources, 35-8.



359

William of Tyre, History, II, 361.



360

 ,                    ,   50     . ,  ,      , ,       .     ,          * (*    .                  ,       . (. .)). Pryor, The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade, 108-11, 119-22. .  Sesan, La flotte Byzantine a l'epoque des Comnenes et des Anges.



361

Birkcnmeier, The Development of the Komnenian Army, 10811180, 231-5.



362

Benjamin of Tudela, Travels, 71.



363

    .: Snorri Sturlusson, Heimsknngla: History of the Kings of Norway, 689-99, 689-99;     Birkenmeicr, Development of the Komnenian Army, 62-6, 90-7.



364

Innocent III, Sources, 82.



365

Cheyet, Les effectifs de 1'armee byzantine aux x-xii s., 333.



366

GV, 59.



367

GV 59.



368

Stephenson, Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade, 4154.



369

GV, 60.



370

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 190.



371

GV, 63.



372

GV, 63.



373

RC, 67.



374

Innocent III, Sources, 81.



375

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 190.



376

GV, 64.



377

RC, 67.



378

GV, 64.



379

Innocent III, Sources, 82.



380

        . .: France, Victory in the East, 369-73.



381

GV, 65.



382

RC, 68.



383

RC, 68.



384

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.



385

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.



386

RC, 68.



387

RC, 68.



388

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.



389

Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 228-9.



390

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 191.



391

GV 67.



392

RC, 70.



393

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 298.



394

Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 174-7.



395

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 194.



396

RC, 70.



397

GV, 68.



398

RC, 70; Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 194.



399

GV, 69.



400

NC, 298.



401

NC, 298.



402

NC, 298.



403

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 196.



404

GV, 71.



405

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 299.



406

NC, 298.



407

NC, 298-9.



408

RC, 71.



409

GV, 72.



410

NC, 299.



411

Hugh of Saint-Pol. Sources, 197; RC, 71.



412

GV, 72.



413

RC, 72.



414

RC, 74.



415

RC, 75.



416

RC, 75.



417

RC, 75.



418

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 197.



419

NC, 299.



420

Innocent III, Sources, 83.



421

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 197.



422

Anna Comnena, Akxiad, 342.



423

NC, 299.



424

NC, 299301.



425

NC, 299.



426

NC.301.



427

NC, 299301.



428

GV, 73.



429

GV 73.



430

John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, 69.



431

GV, 75.



432

GV, 75.



433

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 198; NC, 302.



434

. Jackson, Early Missions to the Mongols: Carpini and His Contemporaries.



435

RC, 78-9.



436

           II (11801183)   (11831185).      .



437

RC, 79.



438

RC, 7980.



439

GV, 76.



440

RC, 80-1.



441

Innocent III, Sources, 63.



442

Innocent III, Sources, 68.



443

Innocent III, Sources, 72.



444

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 198-9.



445

Hugh of Saint-Pol, Sources, 201.



446

                    . .: Phillips, Crusades, 182-3.



447

Innocent III, Sources, 95-8.



448

Innocent III, Sources, 80-5.



449

Innocent III, Sources, 80-5.



450

RC, 81. .  RC, 41.       : GV, 43.



451

NC, 302.



452

GV, 76-7.



453

GV, 77.



454

GV, 78.



455

DC, Sources, 218.



456

NC, 304.



457

GV, 78.



458

Angold, Byzantine Empire, 304-7.



459

NC, 304.



460

NC, 302.



461

NC, 303.



462

NC, 303.



463

NC, 303.



464

NC, 304.



465

DC, Sources, 218.



466

NC, 304.



467

NC, 305.



468

NC, 305.



469

NC, 305.



470

NC, 305.



471

   .   : Lawrence Norfolk, In the Shape of a Boar.



472

NC, 305.



473

NC, 306.



474

  : Brand, Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade, 464-72.



475

RC, 83.     .: Hendrickx and Matzukis, Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlus: His Life, Reign and Death.



476

GV, 81.



477

GV, 82.



478

Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 174-5.



479

GV, 82.



480

GV, 82.



481

GV, 82.



482

GV, 83.



483

GV, 83.



484

RC, 83-4.



485

RC, 84.



486

NC, 307.



487

GV, 83.



488

GV, 83.



489

GV, 84.



490

GV, 84.



491

DC, Sources, 219; NC, 307.



492

DC, Sources, 219-20.



493

NC, 307-8.



494

NC.308.



495

Innocent III, Sources, 102.



496

NC, 308-9.



497

RC, 86.



498

NC, 311.



499

NC, 311.



500

France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 119.



501

Albenc of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 302.



502

RC, 84.



503

Albenc of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 302.



504

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Sources, 302.



505

NC, 312.



506

,  ,     ,         .      ,     .       .   : Anna Comnena, Alexiad, 256-7.



507

RC, 89.



508

RC, 90-1.



509

Innocent III, Sources, 105.



510

NC, 312.



511

NC, 312.



512

GV, 84; RC, 85.



513

Innocent III, Sources, 105.



514

Anonymous of Soissons, Sources, 234.



515

RC, 92.



516

RC, 92.



517

RC, 92; Innocent III, Sources, 103.



518

William of Tyre, II, 227.



519

O   .: Innocent III, Sources, 140-4; Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, I, 445. Also GV, 88.



520

RC, 92.



521

RC, 92.



522

NC, 312.



523

GV, 89.



524

RC, 93.



525

RC, 93.



526

Innocent III, Sources, 105.



527

GV, 89.



528

Conquest of Lisbon, 153.



529

Bradbury, Medieval Siege, 278.



530

RC, 95.



531

Innocent III, Sources, 106.



532

NC, 313.



533

Innocent III, Sounes, 106.



534

GP, 104.



535

RC, 96.



536

Innocent III, Sources, 106.



537

Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 204.



538

RC, 97.



539

RC, 98.



540

NC, 313.



541

N, 313.



542

RC, 91.



543

N, 313.



544

GV, 91.



545

Innocent III, Sources, 106.



546

DC, Sources, 221.



547

GP, 106.



548

GV, 91.



549

GP, 105.



550

Madden, Fires of Constantinople, 84-5.



551

NC.313.



552

NC.314.



553

DC, Sources, 221.



554

NC, 314.



555

GV, 92.



556

Innocent III, Sources, 107.



557

NC, 315.



558

NC, 315.



559

 ,  : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.



560

Buckton, Treasury of San Marco, Venice.



561

GP, 109-12.



562

Anonymous of Soissons, Sources, 235-7.



563

DH, Sources, 261-3.



564

Longnon, Les Compagnons de Vilhbanou'm, 179-80; Michelin Green Guide  Northern France and Paris Region, 351.



565

RC, 112.



566

NC, 315.



567

  : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.



568

NC, 316.



569

GV, 92.



570

RC, 100-1.



571

NC, 327.



572

NC, 325.



573

  : Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.



574

RC, 101.



575

GV, 92.



576

Innocent III, Sources, 107.



577

   .      : Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, 294-5.



578

DC, Sources, 221; GV, 93-5.



579

RC, 102.



580

RC, 117-18.



581

GV 94.



582

Innocent III, Sources, 107.



583

       : RC, 115; GV, 96.



584

NC, 328.



585

GV, 96-7.



586

RC, 117.



587

Innocent III, Sources, 100.



588

Innocent III, Sources, 105.



589

Innocent III, Sources, 107.



590

Innocent III, Sources, 112.



591

NC, 316.



592

N, 316.



593

NC, 317.



594

Harris, Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Niketas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium, 11801204.



595

Nicholas Mesarites, in: Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 269.



596

NC, 357.



597

NC, 360.



598

NC, 360.



599

GV, 92.



600

Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West, 19; Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1,513.



601

GV, 97.



602

GV, 99.



603

GV, 101.



604

GV, 104.



605

GV, 107.



606

NC, 192-3.



607

RC, 124.



608

Galbert of Bruges, Murder of Count Charles the Good, tr. Ross, 251-2.



609

GV, 109; NC, 334; RC, 124.



610

B 1209  1210   III   ,   ,        .  ,   ,    1211.      ,      . Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 70, n.4.



611

Longnon, Les compagnons ie Villehardouin, 105.



612

Longnon, Les compagnons ie Villehardouin, 114.



613

GV, 110-11; NC, 328.



614

GV, 115; NC, 336; Longnon, Les compagnons de Villehardouin, 195-7.



615

GV, 122.



616

Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, passim.



617

Innocent III, Sources, 147.



618

RC, 628.



619

DBH, Sources, 256-64.



620

NC, 337.



621

NC, 353.



622

Walter the Chancellor, The Antiochene Wars, 161.



623

 811         I         .



624

Wolff, Bald win of Flanders and Hainault, 289301.



625

Sayers, Innocent IIL, 91-3,185-6.



626

Innocent III, Sources, 114, 116-17.



627

Daniel, Joachim of Fiore: Patterns of History in the Apocalyse; Andrea, Innocent III, the Fourth Crusade and the Coming Apocalypse. . : McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages, 126-41.



628

Innocent III, Sources, 135.



629

NC, 357.



630

Innocent III, Sources, 139.



631

Innocent III, Sources, 166.



632

Innocent III, Sources, 166.



633

Innocent III, Sources, 173.



634

Gerald of Wales, Journey through Walts, 170.



635

Innocent III, Sources, 176.



636

     : Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 12041500; Jacoby, The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Prankish States of Greece; New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 1198  c. 1300, V, ed. Abulafia, 525-42; Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 163-82; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1, 1-105.    : GV, 98-160; Henry of Valenciennes, Histoire de L'empereur Henri de Constantinople, ed. Longnon.



637

Phillips, Cmsades, 10951197, 4051.



638

From Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 122.



639

Nicholas, Medieval Flanders, 150-61.



640

   : Rohricht, Amalrich I, Konig von Jerusalem (1162-74), 489-91.



641

Innocent III, from: Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 113.



642

Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 116.



643

Barber, Western Attitudes to Prankish Greece, 123-4.



644

Weiss, Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis, 1174.



645

Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 170.



646

Jacoby, Knightly Values and Class Consciousness in the Crusader States of the Eastern Mediterranean, 158-86.



647

Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 173-4.



648

Housley, The Later Crusades, 80-117.



649

Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, 57.             . .: Phillips, Odo of Deuil's De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem as a Source for the Second Crusade.



650

N, 167,        : Hussey, Cambridge Medieval History, IV, Pt ii, 81.



651

Queller, Latin Conquest of Constantinople, 1954.



652

GV.36-9.



653

Evergates, Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne, 80-5.



654

     .: Riley-Smith, Family Traditions and Participation in the Second Crusade.



655

Angold, The Road to 1204: The Byzantine Background to the Fourth Crusade.



656

Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, 129,147-8.



657

Roger of Howden, Chronica, II, 166.  : Annals of Roger de Hoveden, I,490.



658

Innocent III, Sources, 187.



659

Siberry, New Crusaders, 161-74.



660

Raimbaut of Vaqueiras, Poems, 228.



comments





1

   4  . (. .)



2

        ,     .       ,   . (. .)



3

      Levant (- )    .        (Lebanon),      . (. .)



4

       XVIII       .           ,     ,       . (. .)



5

 ,     1182            . ,    . .        (:  . -, 1963),          -         1182   ,     ,         ,      . (. .)



6

 10 . (. .)



7

 273 . (. .)



8

          27    . (. .)



9

,      . (. .)



10

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11

    ,    ,   . (. .)



12

     . (. .)



13

  (11551217)  ,    ,   ,      .  1206    . (. .)



14

   Venetia,      Venice. (. .)



15

Grosso  . . (. .)



16

3,8 . (. .)



17

    . (. .)



18

    -    . (. .)



19

 550. (. .)



20

  . (. .)



21

   . (. .)



22

     15  120 .    . (. .)



23

 20 . (. .)



24

Fait accompli    (.)



25

    . (. .)



26

  . (. .)



27

   . (. .)



28

   12/. (. .)



29

   Queen of the Cities. (. .)



30

Mouchroutas,   ,  . (. .)



31

   80  . (. .)



32

erra firma    (.)



33

hansons de geste       ,   .         . (. .)



34

 ,    .                           .   ,       ,         ,   .     ,   ,     ,       ;   ,       ,    .        ,       . ,      1944     : ,            ,         ,     . (. .)



35

    ,    .             . (. .)



36

   ,  112  ( 100 ),   50,8.



37

   Johaniza.      ,        (      ,  ). (. .)



38

-,      XI .     ,    . (. .)



39

 1890 . (. .)



40

    (, )           ,    III        (. ). (. .)



41

      V,             ,       ,         . (. .)



42

        ,      .       ,        ,   ,  XIII    .          ,       .       XX . (. .)



43

30 . (. .)



44

   ,                      ,   . (. .)



45

 ( )  6   182. (. .)



46

     .     II          III  ,   ,       ,    .  1194      ,              ,          ,    ( ),     II.   1201   III   ,     ,    (  ),       .  1205  -     IV         II,         IV    .  1216   II             1219   II     IV.

    II ,       .          18- ,    IV.     ,           ,                .  1223                 ,     .       ,          .        ,   -   . (. .)



47

,       ,   .               . (. .)

