




 

 





      :   ,    ,       ,        .     .             .        .   ?      ?      ,      ? ,     ,              ?

       ,           ,     .          1842   1844,       :       ,   ,     .   .     ,        ,      ,    .   ,       .  :      ,           ,     .[1 - Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, trans. and ed. W.O.Henderson and W.H.Chaloner, Oxford, 1958.]        ,  .

       ,        .    ,     .  ,  - ,      ,  .             .   ,      ,   ,   ,           ,   .       ,     ,        .            (Promenades dans Londres),   1842 ,     ,       1839 ;[2 - Flora Tristan, Promenades dans Londres 1840 et 1842, Paris, 1842.   ,    1839-  .            .       ,    ,      1982.:      The London Journal of Flora Tristan. ,   ,   Promenades   ,   ,   ,         ,     .]  ,   ,            ,       .

 , -  ,  ,    1859, 1862  1873 .       .[3 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London 1957.]        :      .       ,         .

      :   ,     2003 . ,         ,     .      ,               ,   1867 .        .           .      ,      .

             .        .  1841        ,    . ,   ,  ,     ,     ,   ,   ,            ,      .           1851       .  1861      ,  ,  ,   .    .        ,       .     184950,  ..         1971 .  1862      ,       ,        ,      .         ,   , .  , , ,   ,   ,    ,      .       , , , .   ,         ,       ,            ,  .

    ,    ,  ,    ,      ,      1872 .    .      ,     ,   ,       1851 .       ,              ,    1862 .[4 -            1980. by Yarry Margary of Lympne Castle, in association with Guildhall Library, London.]         ,    .

 1841  1842          .       .

,        , , ,                    .  .       :  ,  .       ,             -   .

    :           18401870 .   ,       ,     .

,         :  ,         ?   ,     ,         . ,   ,   ,      .


* * *

   ,    ,     : ,   ,         ,  ,        .   ,        ,         .       ,        ,      ,    . (    .       .)

  ,  ,            ,       .         ,        ,         ,      ,    ,    .

 .



 
  2005



 1




                          -         

   ,   - .    . ,   ,   ,   -    .     , ,   .    ,        .    ,    ,     ?    ,   .       .

    ,   - .  ,       ,   .     .     .  ,   ,   , mal aria,  .  ,   ,     .      ,           .

 .     .       ,         . ,   ,             .[5 -  ,       , ,           16,41  ,   800    900  . Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842.]            ,         ,    ,  .        . , ,  ,       ,       .

  .  1842 ,  ,    1945000 , , , ,    ,       .    200000  ,[6 - Stephen Halliday, The Great Stink of London, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999.]     .       ,   ,    .          .         ,      .     1840              ,     -    ,    ,      ,    ,     ,    ,           .      :  , ,[7 - Home Office papers, 4035,59.]    -    .

 1843       ,      98   ,    , ,                           ,    ,    ,          .[8 - Report of the Surveyor, Holborn and Finsbury District of Sewers, 27 January 1843 in HO44/39, National Archives.] ,   ,   ,       .  1849      -:       ,   ,              .          ,   ,      ,   ,    1849 ,       ,   .[9 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]

 ,  -, -  -          ,    ,     ,   ,[10 -  .]  ,    .    . ,     , ,         ,        .[11 -  .]       ,      . ,         ,        .

        .          ,    . , ,   ,     ,    ,     40000    .      ;   45    3&#189;    ,  37000    .[12 -  .]        .        1842    1844 ,         .[13 -       . Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, trans. and ed. W.O.Henderson and W.H.Chaloner, Oxford, 1958.       ,  ,    ,  ,   ,   .      ,     .] , ,    ,        .     ,         .     coup de theatre [.  , . .]  



    ,   .  -,  ,   ,   ,  ,      II    .           14  ,     ,    ,              ,     ,      .       .


,      ,      ,        ,        ;        ,    ,   ,  , ,   .

 ,   ,   ,   ,   .    ,   .  ,       -  ,      ,   .            ,      .[14 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]          .

 ,     -,          .  , ,  ,          ,   .        :   .       ( ).[15 -   ,   L.T.C.Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunei, London, 1957.]      1851        ,  -   -  .              ,    ,        , .

       .            .   , ,  ,       .   ,   ,   ,   ,  ,  . ,      .[16 - Charles Dickens, Dictionary of London 1880, London, 1880.    .]

  1862    , ,   :



    ,         ,    ,          ,  ,     ,   .   ,         ,              ;  ;   , , ,  , , ,    ,  ,    ,    , ,    ,  .


    ,            .  1857     200000,[17 - Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, Derby, 2003.]      ,        . ,  ,  ,    1858 .      ,       ,   ,    ,          . , -,    ,     ,    .


* * *

  ,            ,   1845          .      .     .   ,      .       1848     ,      ,  .  1849              .[18 - Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens, Letters, Vol. V, 1848 and 1849, Oxford, 1977.]  ,             ,          ,        .

       1770 .    1819 .    -   ,       1842 .  ,       .                 .    ,       ,     si monumentum requires, circumspise (    ,  ).         .

    ,     ,        .  ,      ,     /. (  ,     ,    ,  ,  ,  .)             . ,  ,        ,   ,       .         ,    () .       :  ,             ;          .

 ,   3          ,   ,     ,   .           ;     ,    ,    .[19 -        ,    :     ,       ,             .  ,        .     :  1836 ,    ,    ,      ,         . , ,    ,  ,  ,   800 . W.Marston Acres, The Bank of England Fmm Within, London 1931.]         1859      ,   ,   -    .   1859   ,  200000        -  .[20 - The Illustrated London News, 27 August 1859.]     1861    :                         ,              .    .[21 - Illustrated Times, 14 December 1861.]

  1861   1000   [   ],    .[22 - The Illustrated London News, 30 November 1861.]       ,   ,   30    .      -  -,   -           -  .        , , .  1862          .       -  ,      ,      .                7 ,  ,     .     ,         [,   ]         ,          .[23 -     ,  Guildhall Library, MS 19,019,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

 , , ,       :  29   ,     ,    ,      3    ,   ,            28       ,      .      20       ,  22    .      ,   -  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,      ,    .

      ,  ,         ,               .   -,        ,  ,   -      ,     .[24 - -    1930-.      ,   .]              ,    1868 ,    ,      ,        .               15  1865 .            ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -    ;       . (      ,      .)

     ,         , ,     ,           . ,         ,       . (-        .)               ,  .               ,       .       ,             ,    ,     ,         .         ,    ,        .         ,         ? ,        .       :



,       ,         .       ,     , ,          ,       ,     ,   .       ,  ,    ,     .


  , ,   ,         500 ,  .      3   ,    ,     4.15.

   ,       ?            ,       ,   ,     .           .     ?       ,    ,  ,            500 . ,       ,              .

                   ,        ,    .      ,    ,    ,         , -.  ,       .

      .   1864       .        ,   ,    ,   .[25 - The Illustrated London News, 21 May 1864.]



 2




, ,                                    -                    

  1837     ,     ,  ,        ,     ,      ,  -  .[26 - Edward Hyams (trans. and. ed.) Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]           .     ,   .

        ,       ,       .[27 -    .         ,        .   ,    4-   700    ,    ,       33    XIX .   JackN. King, W.Barret, G.Wilson     John I.Dowson   .     1999 ,  , .           Humpherus.        .]    1841  1869     ,  3  7      ,   ,    ,   , , ,     .  1850     ,         ,      . 17  1852 ,     ,    ,        .         .        ,    , ,   ,         .         .

 1840  ,    ,    ,       ,       .     ,   ,             .        ;      ,  -     蓻.[28 - A.R.Bennett. London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]       ,  , ,      ,     ,          -    .

 1840      ,   .   1842       ,   1846    ,     ,       ,       4000 .        ,       ,       ,          .        ,  , ,  ,   .   ,  1846   1855 :   ,          ,  ,        .

         :            ,   ,         .  1841     232 ,    105,    100,   ,       ,        .       , ,    .  1842        .    16   ,   2 ,     ,     2000  ,    .         , ,   ,  ,       ,   , 21 .


* * *

 1197       .   -      ,   ,    ,      .        ,      ,       ,        .        .       1857      ,    -       ,     (    ).  ,     ,     .           -.[29 - Humpherus, op. cit.              .       ,  1857      ,            .    ,              .]       1860   105 .   1857 ,           .  ,      (     ),                 .           ,           ,     ,     -        ,  , [  1844-],      ,  -,   ,         ,  -, ,        [,   -   ],   .

 ,       ,   .         1818 .[30 - Mayhew, Vol. III.] ,        ,     4       7       ,          .  1844        .        ,       .             .       ,    ,   .  1844   ,    ,       ,   .

         ,            .  1843        .    ,        ,      .       .         .  1847   ,        ,     [  ],    ,   .  ,    ,    ,     ,    .            ,       ,      .          ,   ,    , ,       200 .

         ,            ,    ,             .       ,       .       ,    ,         .

      .             - ,  ,   ,            .         ,      ,        .     .   ,   ,            .      ,    ,    ,     ,                   .[31 -  , 1840, Vol. 5.]  1844   ,       ,      ,                    .

 1848     .    ,     ,        .[32 - Bennett, op. cit.]         ,  ,            ,    ,    .[33 - Gustav Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.]   200300 ,          ,   1852 ,    . ( ,   ,   1864 ,    .)

           .      ,         .              ,   .        ,    ,    ,       .[34 -  .]    ,  ,  ,            .       10   ,         .  1850-      ,   1859    ,   ,    .[35 - ,          ,  ,   ,      ,   .    ,         . ,  ,  .  ,    .  ,        100 .] 30  1866        .    ,        ,            .   ,        ,         .      1869    .[36 - Bennett, op. cit.] (   ,  ,      .)


* * *

         . ,       -              ,       .         ,         .                     ,       25  1844     - . ,           ,  64      7   ,        ,   .    22    ,           .                 ,        .

 1845                 ,    ,    .  ,       ,     1849,           ,     .      .      



  ,     ,        ,             ,    ,     ,        , ,       100 ;    5   . [ ,    ,      ],       .              ,               ,         .,     .  ,            .      , ,      .


           .

 1848           ,         .



 3000         ,      .            .           ,  ,        .                      .


         .   1841 , ,     ,    ,



 ,  ,               ,            .    ,              ,       ,    .         ,            ,   ,          :  ,   ,    .


,    .      ,     ,       . 



11  [1842]      [  ]     .           ,     ,      .     ,   ,  .        ,     .    ,   ,     ,    .


         10000 .   ,         ,



,         ,   [-, ]    .           ,   ,   ,      ,          . ,     ,        ,       .[37 - The Times,   John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.]


     .

    1843   .        . (,    ,   1829 ,   ,  1882-,      ,   21 ,  17,   1877   .  1856    .)

     ,   .   1845       ,  ,    



 ,        ,       .      ,       ,        .         ,    ,      ,  ,    .                 12 ,        .


 1848      . -     ,     ,   ,   .        .   ,               , ,             ,    ,           , ,           ,       ,     ꅻ.[38 -     ,        ,       ,    ,   ,    . , ,  ,  ,    .                     .]  ,     1851 ,    .     ,   ,     ;   ,   ,       ,    .          ,       .[39 -       .., Museum of London accession no. 52.25,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]


* * *

   ,   ,       .  1842 



     ,    , ,     .  ,            ,  ,        ,         ,    ,    .   .    .     ,      .


    :      ,    :     ,       ,   , ,   ,    . , ,  - ,         ,   .  , ,  ,      ,      -,    .

    .       ,         ,     .          .      ,         .  1845 



    - [],         ,      ,   .             ,   ,      .


         :



           ,         .      ,   ,    ,           ,    .    ,         ,     ,     .     ,     ,    ,              ,       ,     .


 1851     .   ,    ,   ,     ,    100000       ,      ,    .

  []       1666    -,       1861 .     ,   ,     .      [15    ]    ,   ,     ,     ,   .[40 - Bennett, op. cit.]          ,  ,   ,       .       ,   ,   ,     .     ,       .         ,   ,    .


* * *

     . -,   ,     ,    ,      1858 .        ,     .     :



           ,         .         ,            ,           [ ]                   ,     ,           .[41 -   L.N.C.Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunei, London 1957,             . ,  ,      ,    .]


   ,                  .  ,   ,     ,          , ,    ,     .[42 - Bennett, op. cit.]

         -,     ,      ,   ,     ,  ,     퓻.[43 -   J.A.Patterson, 1858, Wellcome Institute MS 73537,   Creaton, op. cit.]    -  ,   1840-,  ,   .[44 - George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.]    ,    ,          ,       -  ,    ,         .  1852  ,   ,               ,       .          91-  .         ,  1864 ,         1869    ,        .[45 - Humperus, op. cit.]  1865          , ,    36 ,    5&#189; ,      .[46 - The Illustrated London News, 8 april 1865.]     .  1864   -      1867         .[47 -  ,18 May 1867.]    .

 ,    ,    .         .             .   ,     ,     .         63000 .    ,      ,    .[48 - Bennett, op. cit.]     ,  ,     ,   ,  ,   ,     ,     , ,  ,   .[49 -         21,   .]

 ,        ,       .       .     ,  ,    ,   .  1798     ,        .  1839         .      17  1869          -,            .    , , ,      .  ,     ,     .


* * *

           ,             1802  1880 .  1850     ,  35     ,   .   (1805), -  (1805),       (1807),  -     (1828)  -   (1829)       ,              .     ,         .  ,   1855  ( 1880-         ,  ),       100 ,     .                .        -.     ,   1868 ,    .

.., ,     ,    1851                 ,        酻.          ,   ,        -,   ,   , ,  .[50 - Bell, op. cit.]

       1859  1862 ,   :



 ,            ,              [] , .  ,     ,        . ,                ,  ,         40000               .[51 - Hyams, op. cit.]



* * *

 18641870 ,    ,      .          ,       ,     ,   .          ,    ,       .



 3

[52 -      ,           (Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983 (2 ed).]


                                     

,  ,      ,    ,   ,    ,    .[53 - Ralph Hyde, Printed Maps of Victorian London, 18511900, London, 1975.]       ,   ,      .       1820- ,  ,  ,       ,   :          -,   1864   ,     .   1851        ,             .  ,    ,   ,                     ,     -  (     ).    1849 ,   18511871    326  .

        . (              ;    -,   ,     .)          1862 .     24     1   -   1  6      ,     ,    ,  1  1   -   1  11  6   .[54 -         . Ralph Hyde (introd.), Stanfords Library Map of London and its Suburbs, 24 sheets on the scale of 6 inches to a mile, Lympne Castlt, kent, 1980.]   ,     .           .    ,              .   ,     (       21).               .     ,       1862    . ,       ,          ,   .

-     1813 ,     -.  ,                 .           ,       ,                      . (      1848 .) ,  -   -,  ,  ,    ,    ,        -  . (     ,  1893 .)     -,     .

     - -  -.  , ,    ,   ,    .            .    ,    -,     -.  ,   ,     -  - (  ).   -  -,        (   ).   ,  ,      - (    1918 ). ,  ,      :    -,  ,       -,  -.           -;    1862     ,     -  ,      .

              .        -,       ,   18201850- .            ; ,    ,   -,    ,     .      ,       ,  ,  2000   .    -   ,      -    (  ).

       -,     -:  ,           ,      (.  16).     -   ----,     -,      ,       .              ,    ,  , ,  ,   ,       :   ,   ,      .[55 - Edward Hyams (trans. And ed). Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]           .           ,    , ,  ,            ,   ,     ,    .         .       ,     ,  ,    .

      . -,      ,              ,    500   .    , , ,     .      -       ,     40          ,         .    ,        .[56 - M.L.Davies (ed.), Life as We Yave Known It, London, 1931.]    ,    .  -  .[57 -    ,          .       ,     .]    ,        .        .

    1865        .   -  1178 ,    100 ,   266.  83       1288  450.[58 - Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 1865.]   ,    ,    [ ]  ,   ,  , , ,  腻.[59 - G.A.Sala, Gaslight and Daylight, London, 1859.]           ,             .      ,    .  -     -,         ,  ,   ,   .

 18521854               5000   , 30000   2000 .      ,          .                     ,      .[60 - Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.]    ,    .

     ,        1855 ,        ;   ,         .     ,      ,      .          .       ,         ,       ,        .         .[61 - John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.]


* * *

    . ,    ,       ,        .      .[62 -       ,    .]       -,     ,     11   5- .      13000   ,    1000  ,     ,   .[63 - Mayhew, Vol. II.       .]              .   ,      .    1854          200000 .[64 -      .]            ,      .      ,          ,        .[65 - A.R.Bennet, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]

   - .         .  1850-    -,      ,     ,    .  1860-      -  --,  -  ,          -,       .[66 -          : Edward Jones and Christopher Woodward, A Guide to the Architecture of London, London, 1983,         .] , ,          .  ,     ,        ,    .             7403     38231 .[67 - Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, Derby, 2003.]   -    1841   655 ,          1095 .

        .       ,        ,       .    1862 .  1866                  ,[68 - Illustrated Times, 8 August 1866.]    1869-      -,     ,         .       .               .

     .               .  ,    ,  :         ,     ()  ,       .       ,        .  1870         ,            , ,  ,   .

    ,   ,                  ;     1866     .          .        .. ,       ,             .  ,  ,    1874 .  ,       52 .

        .  1864   ,   ,    --.            .[69 - Richardson, op. cit.]    -,  ,     ,   ;  1868       .       ,    20 .     :    ,   ;    ,        .[70 - Ibid.     Express.]       -;        ,       ,          .        .  1867          .          .

   .      -  78  ,    ,       100 ,     .    1864 .  ,        ,   ,   ,    6 ,  ,    , ,    ,    .     .        ,     . (        1785 ,         1877 .)      .        [71 - Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 185.]                    ,           ;       . ,          , , ,     ,      ,         .        .            1415  ,      .          ,         ;[72 - Bennett, op. cit.]   ,   .

   .    1842           200           .  :  ,   ,       -    ,         .[73 - Charles Knight, London, London, 1844.]  1859          ,   ;            .[74 - Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians, Ljndon, 2001.]         .  1868   ,    ,    200 .[75 - J.E.Ritchie, The Night Side of London, London, 1869.]    ,       ;    ,     ,      .

    .          .     ,           .           -,   - , ,   , ,    ,   ,     ,     .             .       .      .  ,         ,   1843 ;    -          - .    ,       ,[76 -   , -, ,   - , ,  1980.  1987.      : Harry Margary and the Guildhall, The A to Z of Victorian London, ,  ,     1888 ,          .]        ,   , , , , , , ,   -.        ,    .


* * *

       .        ,        ,[77 - Bennett, op. cit.]    ;    .    ,  ,  ,    ,     ,        ,      1012 .[78 - Ibid.] ,  , .         ,         .

    ,              .        ,               .[79 - Max Schlesinger, 182085: Saunterings in and about London, trans. Otto Wenkstern, London, 1853.    : Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Literary Sources and Documents, Vol. II, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.]     -  ,   ,     .

     .  ,  ,     (  -),  ,  ,       ,        .      .    - ,    ,           ,   .[80 -      . .  .: ..Douglas-Smith, The City of London School, Oxford, 1965 (2 edn).]       .      ,    .[81 -    -  (British Library Add. MS 41991).   : Heater Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

      .         ,    ,         .[82 -      .: Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.]        ,      ,     . ,  ,        ,      ,     .     ,        ,     .    ,      ,         .          .[83 - Webster, op. cit.]    60     ,     1864   .[84 - J.A.Froude (ed.), Vrs Caryles Letters, London, 1883.      ,        -.     ,   ,   .      ,  ,     , .]     .     ,      ,    .[85 - Webster, op. cit.]     , ,  ,            ,      :     ,     ,  ,   .[86 -     ,     ,    ,         .]      ,   ;    ,   ,     :   , ,         .

     ,      ,      .  ,              ,        ;        .         .       ,         .              ,                3   .        ,       ,   .  ,   ,         ,        .[87 -    : Warren Pughs diary, Bodleian MS Misc. d.472. .  .: Creaton, op. cit.]      80   ; , , ,         .[88 - Mayhew, Vol. III.]

         , ,    ,       ,     .    ,       ,  1861      .[89 -   1949.,             ,           .]    ,      ,      ,     ,       .     ,  ,       .

        .[90 - ..Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, London, 1963.  1854.        ,      15000   , 6000   , 200000 .  ,  20000    .]  1850     1000  ,   ;            .      ,     ,     400500 .[91 - Mayhew.         3000.]       3    , 6    , 1     .   ,      .       ,    .      ,   .     ;     ,       ;     , ,   ,   ,           ,      .     .          :      :        .[92 -     . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d46573. .  .: Creaton, op. cit.]

      9  ,      ,    .   4      ,          ;            .[93 - Bennet, op. cit.]          .       .         ,   ,          .       .     -.     ,       ,     ,     ,       .      .     ,       ,     .  ,  ,      ,   

 1850      -    .        ,     ,         .    ,       ,    .      ,   ,    .  1851        ,          컅  ,     ,     ,       ,    .  ,    ,       .  1858           .       ,        ,       .[94 - Froude, op. cit.]

        .    []      , ,    ,  ,        .      ,    ,   ,       ,       .[95 - Ibid.]    :           :          ?,       .[96 - Bennett, op. cit.]

 18551859 ,         ,     .[97 -          .   ,             . ,        .,     : omnes omnibus, ..   .]     4&#189;  6 ,    4&#189;  5.    ,       ,    ,       .   ,       .  1859       ,     .

     ;       ,         .  ,  ,   ,       .   1860-          .            ,  100     ,      ,       ,      .      ,     .         9   ,        60 .



 4

 


                  ..           

     .     1842     (       )  ,        17   44   .        ,              .    -         8 ,       60  70   ;     ,   ,    60   ,    ,    ,          80   .[98 - Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 1852.]

 ,      ,        .              ,       .    ,     1839 ,      36  48   .           ,   .               . ,      ,   ,               ,  , ,       .

 1830        ,   ,       .        1847 ,       6,7%   .[99 - Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians, London, 2001.]    1836         ,     .   ( )  ,    1849   ,    .  1837    ,       .  1838                ,    35000  .       -      . ( 1963        .)

          ,   18501854 ,    .       ,        (1851).     102 ,    70  68 . (,    ,     .  ,        ,          .         .) -              1841 .  1849       ,      ;         ,   -    .            ,   .[100 - .  .: Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibber, The London Encyclopedia, London, 1983 (2 edn),            .]

 1847     .  1848       -  . (    ,     .    ,      1922 .)       ,     -,     ,      --,            ,   .[101 - Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.]         ,      .    -          .       ,        .    ,     ,        .[102 - M.L.Davies (ed.), Lifeas We Have Known It, London, 1931.]

  1852    -,       ,      .     . (,      ,       .)   1860        ,             ,       .  - -      1864 .       :         164    100    .       -.      680   , 106     . (    .)

 1868    -,     .       ,       .         240 ,     100.     ,    -,  ,        -,      .          ,    .     ,      .[103 - John Richarson, The Annals of London, London, 1957.]       , ,    ,  , ,     [104 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.) Taines Notes on England, London, 2000.].

 1870         ,       .[105 -             ,   :-:     :      ( ):    -:    ,  1840    -:   ,    -:   : -  ,    18501854  (   ):    -:    18501853   ,       :       1862  :      1864 : -  ,      -: -  1866 -: -  -:      -,   1875 ,   (1899).]     .           ,           . -   , -  -    ,          .    -     .       .                ,               ,      ,       .[106 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]

         :     653637,     85125.



             .           [40%],          [28%]    ,        ,      ,   ,   . ,  ,      , ,  .[107 - Lardner, op. cit.]


          .      ,      ,    ,      .   ,     .[108 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1844.]


* * *

           .   1841   ,    ,   14    ,     :       ,           !.[109 - Andrew Williamson, The Golden Age of Travel, London, 1998.]       :    500                    .      ,             .  1841         ,  1846    ,    ,     .

  1851        .        150000   ,    .       .          15, 10  5      ,    ,          , ,           ,   .          3000   ,      ;              ,       .

  ,   ,        ,       ,          .     ,          ,  ,       .         -   -,



 ,      . [ ,   .]  8       - ,   -,    .   ,    .       ,      .   ,   ,    .     ,       .      ,  1500  1600 ,     .   45      ,   .             ,       ,          . [        ,     .]         ,   ,    ,    .


     6.30 ,              .   ,  , ,     .[110 -  : W.S.Bell, Museum of London, accession no. 52.25. .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

       .  1849 ,   100000       ,        .[111 - W.L.Burn, The Age of Equipoise, London, 1964.]         ,    ,      ,        -,         ,        (.  21   ).       45 ,         .     ,    ,        ,       ,    .         . , ,      , ,      ,    ,  ,      .[112 - James Bland, The Common Hangman, London, 1984.]

          .            ,           ,         ,        .

       :             .[113 - ..Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, Vol. I, London,1963.]


* * *

      ,       ;       . ,         ,       .      .   ,       .       ,       .    8.20      ,        .[114 - D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]



    ,        ,       ,  ,    [   ]      .       ,        .         ,        .[115 -       The Magazine of Domestic Economy, NSVol. 2, 1844.]


           :          .  1847          (24%),     (20%),      15%.       30%.        .[116 - Lardner, op. cit.]

 1848   ..  ,    1500  ,         -  .        .        ,           ,   1 ,[117 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]   ,   .[118 - Ralph Hyde, Printed Maps of Victorian London 18511900, London, 1975.]     ,     ,             ,         .  :   ,      , ,  ,    .[119 - Bennett, op. cit.]       ,    ,      .           ,    ;           .[120 - Mayhew, op. cit.]

            ,    ;     ,            .      ,    .          -,   1860      (   ).          ,       ,[121 - James Burn, The Beggar Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.]   ,      .     .   ,             ,      , ,  ,    ,    ,   ,         .[122 - Hyams, op. cit.]

         :      .   ,        ,  ,   1856          .        .        ,      .         ,     .        6 ,   ,  ,       1 .   ,       .[123 - Ibid.]

    ,   1864      .       .       ,      ,       ,     .       -,            ,      ,      ,          . (         .)                 -.       .             ,  ,           .[124 - Bennett, op. cit.]


* * *

     ,      ,     ,      .            .    ,  ,     .      ,     ,      .      ,      , , ,    .   ,        ,    !  - ,  ,     ,          .  ,    ,      ,    ,  ,     .  1844   ,         ,      6   .    ,      ,     ,      .    [,       ]        ,    ,             ,             ,     ,     ,   ,        .[125 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]             ,    .[126 - John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.]    .   1865  2000               2    .[127 - Barker and Robbins, op. cit.]

      ,    ?       ,      .     ,      ,     .    ,       ,  .     (1854)      ,  , ,   .      (1861),      ,   ;     ,    .    - (1865)       .         3   ,       .[128 -   ,  ,     I, ,    1290.   ,        .        .     ,     ,       1863.]       - (1868),                .  ,   ,   .[129 -            .      ,     -     -   ,       ,        .]          .


* * *

          :  ,  ,    ,         ,       .          .  ,     .      170000  .    ,  ,  ,       .      ,   .      7  1860    :



              ,  -   - [ -]    -      ,     [ -  -  ]  ,           -  ,       .


   ,       ,  ,  .  ,    ,       .      ,  -  .   , ,            , , , -,  ,      .   ,     -       ,        .       ,   ,        .[130 - Illustrated Times, 18 January 1862.]           ,      .     ,       ,      .  1862    ,  ,      -    .

  ,   1863  650  ,       ,           ,       .                  .[131 -       Andrew Saint and Gillian Darley, The Chronicles of London, London, 1994.]  ,  



      ,        30000  Ѡ9             ,     ,   ,       -       ,     30 ,    , ,         ,        .    ,    ,                ,   ,       ,      .              [    ] ,   ,    20  ,          ,  .      ,      ,       


        .        ,       .     ,        .  1864         9  10.30    16  18.30    ,        10 .           12  ,  1868    27 .[132 - Barker and Robbins, op. cit.]     .        .     .  1869            ,    ,    .      ,         ,    .        -,     ,[133 - Illustrated Times, 2 February 1869.] ,       .



 5




  ,                                                  -   

   .    ,    1666 .      ,   . -    ,        ,      . ,       . ,   .          ,      :  , ,     .   - ,     .  ,     ,   .     ,          .

         .            ,    .      ,   ,   ,  .  ,    ,   .      .       4        -  ,       23   .

   ,   ,      ,   ,   ,      .  1841        ,                   .            -,     3  6       110 ,    ,   ,         .          108   .         .   ,    ,      ,    ,    56   .[134 - James Burn, The Begger Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.]

  ,       ,      .  ,      ,    ,       .  ,       ,                  20   .             ,   ,   ,  .          ,        ,    ,   .      ,      ,  14&#215;10 ,     .    ,            ,    .         (  1851 ),       .[135 - John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.]

 1861    ,         ,     6000     ,    .[136 - John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.]   ,   ,   ,     ,       .[137 - Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, Derby, 2003.]     -       ,        ,       .       ,    .   , ,    ,  ,           ,      ?[138 - The Illustrated London News, 8 April 1865.]

      .         :      .    1795    .[139 -          . ,     ,   ,     ,       ,      ( 1940   ),  (  1922-)    (  1970-).]         ,   .  1843        ,       .       .             .  1862    -        150000  ,          ,    .        ,   ,   :      .          ,           ,    .

  ,    ,            ,   1713000  .          ,       ,      500000  .  1865     ,  ,       :



            -   ,   ,     .  ,    ,       .  ,              .


        .        ,   , ,       .      1864   -      ,    ,               .     ,   .         .        ,      2  6 ,    5 ;       ,              . (    ,       ,     .)     ,     .        .



      ,    ,   ,     ,     -  ,      , ,              10  .       .             ,       .  ,    ,    


 1870        (1865),  (1866)   (1870).  1871  1885       . ,  ,        .      ,      .

  ,   ,           ,   ,    .   ,  ,     ,    .                .         -,   6000 ,   43000  .             .[140 - John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.]

    ,          .    ,      ,       ,    ,     .[141 - Thomas Wright, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, London, 1867.]  1844             ,              ,         ,           .    .  1846   -  -, ,     ,   .      ----   1849 .  1853-      -  ,     ,   -,   ,      .[142 - Richardson, op. cit.]

       .       ,     ,    .            -    :   ,  ,    ,     -  .  1848       .        ,              ;  ,      ,     .    ,       .     ,     :        ,   ,              .           ,        ,  ,   ,     .      ,     ,         .


* * *

      , , ,            ,       .      area  ,    .     ,     ,       .       .       ,  ,   ,    .  -        ,    ,         .         ,   1859 .[143 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]

   ,              ,   ,  , ,     ,  [   ],    ,                ,  -  -.   ,     ,  ,     .                , , ,    .

  ,  --,          .       ,      ,   ,     (    ) ,   .        ,        . ,          ,  ,      .[144 - E.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds.), The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.]      - ,    .      .        ,    ,           .

      ,        ,        .        .[145 -          .   ,   ,   ?      ,    .]       ,         .        .     ,    ,     ,     .  1840    ,     .      ,   ,          .

    ,      ,          .   ,            ,          ,    ,     , .  ,   1854       -,    ,     .     .[146 - Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens, Letters, Vol. 4, 18446, Oxford, 1977.]

 ,   ,    ,     .             , -   .       ,   .      , ,            ,     (     ),      ,      .   ,   ,        ,    .      ,      1940-,         .       ,   - ,     .    .      ,      .          .    .  1842      :              ,        ,    ,            , ,  .[147 -    Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent, London, 1960   .]

 , ,       ,     ,                     .      ,         ,    .   : (1)   ,          ,   ; (2)  ,      ; (3)  ;  (4)        ,     -             ,  -   .

,        . , ,     ,   ,               .       ,   :      ,    .[148 - Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965. \322\]       ,       :     ,      ,     (       - ),    ,      .

    .   ,     .  1860    , , ,   ,[149 -  23  13,    :        ;      ,   ,      . ,      .]   ,  ,     .        . ,     .         .    ,      ,          ,         ,  ,         .       ,  ,         .

         ,   ,         .  1865     - ,        ,    ( )   ,                , ,  ,  , ,        ,   .[150 - Gardening Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 1865.]  ,         , ,  ,       ,    .

       .[151 -     ,      ,   :   ,    .    ,     -  .           .]   ,     ,      .  1858     200000 ,  .[152 - Halliday, op. cit.]  1861   ,        ,      :      .     ,  3  9  6 ,    .        ,     ,  ,                 .     1  1  6 .


* * *

   ,  ,  ,          (   -).  ,  ,  ,  -, - ( 194849    ). -  -  ,     ..,   ,      ( 1929        ).        ,   ,    .[153 -       .   Dr Johnsons London, London, 2000.]

      ,         ,   .  -       1828 ,   1840-     ,         .       ,     .        .         ,     ,          ,        .

,        .          ,        ?  !       ,  :   .                .       .       .  ,  ,   ,      ,        .  1845    -  -,          ,         .[154 - John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963 (rev. edn. first pub. 1907).]    1847  1855     .    ,      .           -,   .


* * *

     ,      .    ,  -   .    ,      .  1865              ,     ,  700000 ,     ,    .

     .       ,       .      ,      .       ,    .      : ,            .    ,       ,     .        -     . ,       ,    -,         . ,      :   ,        .     .

     .      ,  , .    1862    ,      .[155 - Ralph Hyde (introd.), Stanfords Library Map of London and its Suburbs, Lympne Castle, Kent, 1980.]        ,  ,    ,      .        ,      ,       .     ,   ,  ,    ,        ,      .     ,                  .  ,      :  ,       ,     ,      ,      ( )   .

    ,         ,   .   ,     ,    ,        ,      ,       .           .                -.

    1851    ,         :   ,    .     .  1852          80                  ,   .    ,   -,   , ,    ,    .         ,     1859 ,      1909.            .    ,    ,    (    ,       ).        .[156 -     ,   ,   ,      .    ,   .]

 -   1863   ,      ,        999 , ,   ,    .     1300   100  .  1867          ,              .             .            !,       -.

     ,  1823  1847 ,       ,   .         ,   185257 .         . ,       ,    .            ,   (   )  :    ,   ,       .                -,       ,   1842 ,        .      ,      :   ,        .  ,       ,   ,       .

    ,    ,          -  .  (1830),         ,   . ,   ,     (1827,  1859-   ,   1976-,     ).       ,      1832 .    -, -      1841 . ( ,   ,    -,  1854    ,      194041      --.)      .

     .  1834    ,     , ,        -     ,    .     ,   ,   1837    .        .       ,   ,       ,   ,      ()  .        .                .        ,   ,    .       ,       . ,     ,     , -      . (     1859 .)   13 ,        ,    ,     .   1860 ,     ,      .

       ,       .      ,         .    . ,    ,     1849        .        .        ,             ,   ,            .     ,    1960 .   -,   ,        (    ?      ?),    ,    .  -      ,   .    -  1851    1936- .  ,   ,   , ,   .



 6

 


                              

        ,           .      ,      -,     .    1666              .       ,     .  --  .        .[157 -       .  : StevenInwood, A History of London, London, 1998.    The London Encyclopaedia, ed. Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, London, 1983.     ,      ,   : John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.    ,    , : Edward Jones and Christopher Woodward, A Guide to the Archlecture of London, London, 1983.]

,   , ,    .          .    ,   1849 , ,       .[158 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1849.]   1850              :       -   ,      .  ,      315 , 3686  , 365520  , 13692    5754 .    :  ,     .[159 - Mayhew. Vol. II.]    ,      ,    ,  20 .          12 .          14.[160 - Henry Mayhew andjohn Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.]  1862          ,   .      4,1   ,     .  ,   7374 ,     2,5 .   (2252 )  0,8.   .         30   .

 1851        ,   54%   ,       58%  1861   65%  1871 .         .           395000 ,    (338000)   (265000).      (375000).

        .                  ,    .             ,    ,    ,  .         ,  ,   .      ,   ,        .      ,  ,  ,     .     1829  (  1839-)          ,         ,   ,      .  ,         ,  ,        ,           , ,      1858 .    .            .    ,  -                 ,   1888         .

  ,      ,        ,    .             .        105     .[161 - Cunningham, op. cit.]       ,  ,    ,         ,       ,    ,     .


* * *

     , ,     ,   .   -,  ,  ,  , ,       ,   .     . ,    ,  ,   养.[162 - John Fisher Murrey, Physiology of London Life, in Bentleys Miscellany, Vol. XV, 1844.] ,  -,   ,    ,   ,   ,   ,       , [ ]   ,  ,  .[163 - D.Hudson, Monty: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]



 []       .  -  -   ,      .  , ,   -,    ,   .[164 - Gustav Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.]


 ,  ,    ,  -,         ,           [ ]      [  ].[165 - Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.]

   ,     -,    .  -        ,         . ,   ,          ,    ,             .[166 - M.L.Davies (cd.), Life As We Have Known It, London, 1931.]       .   ,     ,      ,   1849       .[167 - ..Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds.), The Unknown Mayhew  Selection from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.]    -    -,    .       ,    (--, ,   ),        .  :   ,   ,   ,   ,      .[168 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]  ,   ,  .


* * *

        .      5  8  ,      .      ,     ,   1860     ,     .      ,      ,      ,     .            ,      , ,    ,   ,  ,      .      ,         ,    .

       .        ,        . (,    ,                      ,        ).        . ,       ,      ,  ,    ,        .   ,       ,    ,     ,      ,     .

      .                   -.      ,       ,       .          ,     ,   ,    .[169 - R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.]          -.                .  ,  ,    ,    .      .,   .    ,     , ,  .[170 -  .]        ,       :   -         :      ,    ,   ,      ,    .       .[171 - Hyams, op. cit. \323\]   ,      ,       ,    ,   .

      .     ,       ,         ,  ,      .   , .        150   ,    .[172 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]    -,   1861 ,     ,         ,         1865 .       ,       ,            .          ,     ,         .[173 -  .]


* * *

  ,      ,       .[174 - .   Elizabeths London, London, 2003.]       .  1849   ,      ,      .        ,  -    [175 - Cunningham, op. cit.]              .        ,     ,        ,      ,   .         .       ,     ;       ,      .[176 - Anne Hardy, Parish Pump to Private Pipes, in W.F.Bynam and Roy Porter, Living and Dying in London, London, 1991.]

 1847        ,          ,      .  -      . (,   ,        ,      ,   ,          .)   ,       .           .    ,      .[177 - Beames, op. cit.]       .      ,        - (    ,       ), ,    ,        .[178 - Stephen Halliday, The Great Stink of London, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999.]      ,   -,  ,       ,    .       .   ,      .[179 - Mayhew, op. cit.]

          ,   .                -       .[180 - S.E.Finer, The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick, London, 1952.]       ,      .      ,    ,     ,    .   ,         , ,     .  ,     ,   22            .[181 - Hardy, op. cit.]

 17000     ,    .     70000          2030 ,              .        ,          ,   .      ,      ,    1859 ,      (          )                .[182 - Richardson, op. cit.]

         ,       , ,  .        .           ,      ,   1852     .[183 - Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, London, 1965.]              , ,   50%   ,    ;  -   ,    13 ,       .      ,    .         -,    (3%   ),  1855        -: ,   ,     ,        ,       ,     -          .[184 - Robert Ward, Londons New River, London, 2003.]       ,        .     1902 ,             .[185 - Inwood, op. cit.]   1904     .  ,      ,    .

  ,        ,  .   ,            ,            ;               ,   .    ,         .      ,           1812 .   ,              .[186 - George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.]  1846      -   .[187 - R.H.Mottram. Town Life, in Early Victorian England, 1934.     ,         1970- .]


* * *

  , ,      ,  ,     .            , ,   ,  ,     .               .     ,    -   ,        ,    ,       ,     ,    .[188 - Beames, op. cit.]        ,    ,    ,         .[189 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]      ,         : , -!.         ,     .

     ,     150 .   ,    1862 ,   --       20000  ,          15   1 .  1848             ,          ,      .         ,                45   .[190 - Mayhew, op. cit.]    ,    ,  ,   ,   -,   1856        ,      .[191 - Graham Storey, Kathleen and Nina Burgis (ed.), The Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. 6, Oxford, 1988.]

      .      ,    ,         :         ,      ,     ,[192 -      .]     .[193 - James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.]     .    ,      ,   ,   ,   1860    .   , ,    ,         ,   .[194 - Hudson, op. cit.]          ,           -          ,        .

   .    , .   (       )     ,      ,            .[195 - John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.]    :  10      ,      .    .     ,    .


* * *

       ,    .     .     ,   .   1956         ,      ;     ,    ,      ,     .  1855    ,   .     ,  -  .           ,     .[196 - Hawthorn, The English Notebooks, in Xavier Baron, London, 10661914, Vol. II, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.]  ,  , ,         ,   -, ,       ,  ,              .[197 - Hyams, op. cit.]  - ,       ,    .  ,  ,     [  -] .       .[198 -     . MS 3224, Wellcome Institute,  : Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]


* * *

       .   ,       -  .               ,    .       ,  ,   ,       -  .[199 - Richardson, op. cit.]              ,    .[200 -    , Guidhall MS 18, 770,  : Creaton, op. cit.]

 (   )         .[201 - Bennett, op. cit.]   1840     ,   ,    :      ,        .          ,     ; ,  1853 ,   ,        .       ,     -          ,        . ,      ,     1855 ,   -    .

   ,      ,    ---    .     ,    ,   ,    .      , ,            .             : ,  !       ,          ,   ,           ,           , .[202 - Theodor Fontane, 184459, London, 1939,  : Xavier Baron, op. cit.]

 1860-   ,   , .        ,       18541855 .[203 - Bennett, op. cit.] , ,   .          ?



 7

  


  -     ,                                         

   [204 -   . . ,      ,    ,   , May hews Characters  Mayhews London,      ,   1951,  Londons Underworld   ,   1950.]           ,      .   ,     :     .    ,        .   ,     ,  ,   .      .

        .[205 - Gustav Dore and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.]  1820  ,   ,    -,   ,      : ,   .       ,     ,         , , ,    8  .       ,   ,    .     .       ,   ,    ,    .   ,     .[206 - G.A.Sala, Gaslight and Daylight, London, 1859. Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.]  ,     ,       ,             .

    ,        ,     ,   ,  ?          .    ,   ,      ,       .   -     ,     .    -,   ,  ,              6 .



    ,             ,                ,    ,          .[207 - Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.]


     ,     100000  .[208 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.]    ,   ;     :    .  -,  -     .     ,      ,       ,   .    ,  ,   ,    .[209 - M.L.Davies (ed.) Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.]     ,    ,  .     ,    ,   ,  ,       ,         .    6  3   ,   .   4  6   ,     ,   ,    .     :    .    1220    , ,             :



:             .      ,      .  15 


:



     .    ,             , (72)       .    .    [ ],    - . : 15    ,  ,     ,    12 .


    ,    12 ,   ,   ,   ,     ,     ,     -   .[210 - Greenwood, op. cit.] ,   ,            ,    ,    ,      ,      .

   ,     ,      .         ,     ,                 ,   .    (18531856)  .        ,   1862   .[211 - Mayhew, Vol IV.]    ,         ,   : , , ,      . ,    ,     , ,  ,       ,   .    -: , ,   .          .     :           ,       .         ,        .

        ,    ?  ,        ,     .    ,   ,  ,   ,    ,   .       8-10        ,    ,       ;  ,   ,       ,  .         .     ,   .            .

           -     .  -      ,   . (           .)   , ,     ,     ,    ,  ,       . ,     ,   ,      .         7   ,      (     ),         3   .        ,      6   7       ,      2      .         ,      ,   ,      ,          ,       .

            3   ,  ,  ,     .[212 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]        ,   .   1840-     ,     .  1845     ,     ,   ,          .[213 - John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, rev. edn 1963.]  ,      , ,  ,        ,   .   -        . ,   ,   ,     .

            .  ,              ,   ,     .          .      ,    ,      ,         ,     .     ,    ,  ,      :



      , :    ,                ,        ,       .   ,      ,               .                 ,      ,         ,      ,           ,  :        ?

     ,     ,      ,    .              ;     ,  ,   ,       . ,    ,        .      .     1  6 ,    6 ;     .



* * *

   :        ,        ,     .   ,    ,  ,    ,    - ,        .      ,   1861 ,   1000         20000 .[214 - John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.]        23   .      ,     ,  -    ,       .

    .         ,      ,     .  1835      .    ,      , :   ,            ,             ,    .[215 - R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.]     .    ,    :   [],   ,     ,      ,      .         .[216 - Greenwood, op. cit.]   ,             ,                .[217 - Hillingshead, op. cit.]       , ,     ,   6               2              .[218 - Thomas Beams, The Rookeries of London, Londjo, 1850.]

      - ,          ,   ,  ,    ,    ,    .     .       .    ,          ,   -       ,     ,  4  8   .     . ,       .     350 , ,  -,  200300 ,   -    800010000  .      ,    ,  , , .  1852       22000 ,  9000  ,   , 5000  ,  ,   10  30 ,  ,  60 ,   ,   ,         .   ![219 - Helen Morris, Portrait of a Chef. The Life of Alexis Soyer, Cambridge, 1938.          ,     .     ,   - -,  ,            .]

   ,     1851     ,     .   , ,   ,  ,   ,  ,      ,           .    ,    ,   ,           ,           ,  ,   ,           .    2  3 .     ,         ,         .                ,           .  ,       10000 .      .          ,       , , ,   ,       ,    ,                .     30          .[220 - Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rodgers, London, 1889.]


* * *

    - .    [221 -     ,      .]        .    .     1601 ,    ,   .        ,     .           .  1834     .       .          .     ,      ,       ,      . ,      ,     ,   ,     -  -.    .        .      .

     ,    .     .  1861      , , 2039       3332   .[222 - Hollingshead, op. cit.]

     .          ,         .           : , ,           .    .  ,  ,    .            .             .            -,      ,    ,    .        ,    ,       .      -           .    .   :         ,       ,  , 4          .        ,        ,   .

     ,     .        14,   ,          2   ,     4 .          ,     1000 .      .      .        ,   .  ,  -,  ,     ,        ,      .[223 -      ..Smedley (ed.) Boarding-out and Pauper Schools Especially for Girls, London, 1875.]            ,            .[224 - James Kay-Shuttleworth, Four Periods of Public Education, London, 1862.] (    1933 .       .)

     ,      .            --,   -.[225 - Ralph Hyde (introd.) Stanfords Library Map of London and its Suburbs, Lympne Castle, Kent, 1980.]    ,            [ ,    ,          ]       ,     .           1856      50 ,       .          ,       .  



  ,    ,     .                             .  ,      ,   


-       , ,    .   ,    ,     ,          .     ,             .      500 .       ,       ,       .        .

 ,    -  -  1859  1862 ,      ,      ,    .[226 - Edward Hyams (trans. anded.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]     ,    .



  500600 : ,      ,    .      ,  ,     ;       1011 .     34           ,     ,        .      ,            ,    .   ,      :      .


  ----    ,    .  ,  ,   ,    .  , ,        ;     ,        .  , ,   :                ,  , ,        ,        .    :   .              -  -.    ,       -.      ,     , ,      .       .   ,        ,      .[227 - John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.]

   ,  ,     ,    .[228 -          Union Chargeability  1865.,       .]      . , ,     ,  .  ,    ,       ,       ,  .[229 - Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.]              .  ,      -,  ,    ,   .   -         ,      ,    ,        ,     .      9   ,  ,   ,        ,  , , ,       ,  ,     ,                   ,    .[230 - James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.]  -  100     .     ,     ,   .     -    ,   .      ,   : 4              .        ,   - .        ,    ,       ,   6     ,     ,  ,   - ,    .   ,     ,    ,      .   .  ,    ,   ,      ,   .

     ,   ,          ,  ,   ,  ,    .   18601861 ,      ,      ,        -,   .             ,   .[231 - Hollingshead, op. cit.]    ,      - ,  .      ,      ,              ,    .     ,      ,   ;     . 17  1861  2000         .     .   ,   ,      ,     .[232 -  .]

             ,  ,             ,      1851          [ 1861],  695000   1317000.           2  9   1853   4  11   1868 .[233 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses, op. cit.]    ,          ,     .



 8

 


                                       

     .      ,    ,  ,   ,      .[234 - Thomas Wright s. n. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed, London, 1868.]         . ,  42   -    1855    , ,   ,   ,    ,    ,   ,  ,     , ,   150 ,  :     42 ,    ;   , ,     ,   .     10  30 ,    50.      ,         .  -     ,    80 .[235 - PeterVinten-Johansen et al., Cholera, Chloroform and the Science of Medicine: a Life of John Snow, Oxford, 2003.]

,     ,      ,     1  10   .       4 ,      5 ,   3 ,         9     ;     1  8  1 .        .[236 - John Hollingshead, Kagged London in 1861, London, 1861.]  , ,  ,  19  6          23 .  1856        :



  ,    ,   .      ,    :     [, , ]      ,              .[237 - W.B.Tegetmeier, A Manual of Domestic Economy, London, 1867.] ,   ,      ,  ,   .      -,  -       ,    ,    1  6       5       .[238 - Thomas Beams, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.]

 , , ,    ,   - ,   ,   ,            .           -.             ,    ,       .        5   3 .    4  5   .  1861          30000  . (     1841 ,      2045,  ,   ,     .)

  ,    ,     ,       ,   ; ,     ,             .     ,      . ,   ,      ,      .[239 -        .     ,   .     ,     .      ,     ,  . -           ,   , , 1844.]    ,     .  1500        --        [240 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]        .  ,       8       ,   ,         ,     56   .

  -      4000  ,    ,           , ,    []   ,   ,       ,     .[241 - Ibid.]         ,    [242 - Mayhew, Vol. I.             .   ,      1955,      ,     .]            ,    ,     .      ,    ,     .

    ,   :  ,  ,  ,    ,   ,       ,       , ,    6   - ,   , ,           12 ,                 ,   ,    .    ,       ,      4   .   ,      5000 , 12000   12000 .

,       ,    ,   ,   .   ,          .



     13                     []  ,    ,         [ ,     ].      -  6      -.     2  6      .  ,                 [ ,   ,    ],   ,     ,      .


       ,   ,         ,      ,       .  ,    ,           ,      . ,      .              - .       -  -,     ,         .          ,  ,       .      ,     ,      .

    .      (          )           .           ,   1   .  ,       ,     ,      ,     , ,        .  ,         6000,      .

  ,    .     ,      ,           .         ,    ,  ,   .    , 



    []     ,        ,         ,   ,   ,             .    ,    ,            ,     .


   ,             .  ,        5.30 ,    7 ,   9   ,      .[243 - D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]


* * *

   ,     ,   ,  ,    1  12 ,       ,   .   5  6       , 2  6   , 4  3     6    ( ), 1  9   1&#189;   ( )  2  4    ( );     4   , 1  6     2   .  :         ,      ,            , 1  9 .             ,           .

     2           .  ,  ,       - ,   ,    ,    .   ,  ,     .     .      .  ,       ,         .

      ,    ,        .     9   , 4           ,   .         .                          ,    .[244 - Mayhew, op. cit.]

   ,    ,  .    ( ,   ,     )   ( ,      )      ,     , , , ,    .[245 - George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.]      -,      ,        ,         .       ,  ,    .

  ,    -,        .     ,   ,        ,        -  .              .      3  5            .[246 - Ibid.]

    .         ,     .      -,    ,     .      15    38   -  . ,   ,      -  .[247 - Ibid.]

      .  1781   ,          (  ,      ), ,    ,   ,   .     .  1850       ;[248 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).]      10 .    4   200  (  ),       ,                     .   ,   ,    1839 ,      ,               .[249 - Jean Hawkes (trans. and ed.), The London Journal of Flora Tristan, London, 1982.]   30  40 ,    ,[250 - Dodd, op. cit.]        ,   ,        ,     , ,     .[251 - Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.]     ,      :     (,   ),   -- (),   -- ()   .     -    ( )   1873        .     -      ,   1605 .       ,     1420 .   ( 1845 ,   )         1500 .    -    .[252 -        Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983.]        .[253 - Vinten-Johansen, op. cit. ,  -    ,    80 .]

,    , ,      .  ,           ,  ,     ,      1843    ,      .[254 - Dodd, op. cit.]      -,   -.     , ,      , ,           . (    ,   ,   .  ,  , ,   , ,   ,     .)              ,    .                        ,     ,     . ,     .      ,    ,    ,       .

      .          , ,                     .  1851  3000     6000   , 3000   2000 ,   .[255 - John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.]  1861          ,          .     - .      ,      ,     ,   ,  ,        .         4   .      34   ,       7.45      .

   ,   1861 ,    :               .   , 200   58   -  -  ,        -,   .[256 - T.C.Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, London, 1963.]

  1859 ,          .        ,    ,               .[257 - The Illustrated London News, 30 November 1861.]      ,        .            ,  ,          ,    .  1828     1000    .            --   ,    50    (   -)    .          ,   , ,   ,    .      .[258 - The Builder,    Stephen Halliday, Making The Metropolis, London, 2003.]  ,   , ,     1849   30   ,   1859-  3233 .      18   ,      20 .        ,           - ,     ,   ,         .

   ,   ,   ,       ,  ,   .       ,[259 -       ,        ,  ,       Penelope Hunting, History of the Leathersellers Company, London, 1994.]      ,      ,       ,     ,    .    ,   ,  .      ,     , , ,  ,  ,   ( )    ().                , ,    ,   .           70000 . (      -?)       ,    -     ,       .        ,       .   ,   ,     .

,      , :     ,   ,    .         ,    .        [     18081814]   ,          ,   . ,       ,          .    ,     ,    ,  .             ,    -, ,   ,     .[260 - Dodd, op. cit.]

 ,  ,       .   ,     ,        ,  ; ,    ;     .     ,                   ,      .  1850     ,      ,   85          ,  470000   ,  150  , 18  , 30  , 60      70000 .

               ,   .       ,    8-10   ,         .[261 - Ibid.]    : , , ,  , ,   .      :             (        ).   ,   ,      , ,     ,   ,     .

          1867    4000   ,          - ,        .       15000    .    30     ,     ,  8-10 .    ,  3537   .            :



 ,            ,      ,         ,          , ,  ,     ,           ,    ,       ,      ,      ,  ,    .[262 - Thomas Wright, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, London, 1867.]


         ,  .      .     ,     ,   ,      ,   .  ,  ,   ,  6        8        .     6         .      ,       .     ,   ,          ,   .       ,      .[263 - Wright, The Great Unwashed, op. cit.]

 ,    ,   1840-          ,  4 ,           6.   1867 



        .      ,                  ,                  ,     ,      ,        ,    ,  -         .

   ,           -,  껅                         []         . [  ,         ] , , ,         ,                ,          ! [      ]    ,  ,      ,  ,                      .   , ,   ,       ,   -             [264 - Wright, Some Habits, op. cit.]


,     ,        ,     .      , , 49      ,   ,  -  , ,           ,    .     .


* * *

  ,              ;    .    1849 ,  21000  ,   3000      , ,   ,      ,       ,   .[265 - E.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds), The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.]  1850  2000 ,      ,   ,          ,  18000      ,   ,     .[266 - Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.]  1851      , , ,   .        12000 ,   1865      30000,  295 ,       ,     , , , ,     .      20  40 ,     .  ,    ,    15   3  19      1 .      ,    ,  ,  .    ,   :



       ,     ,       ,  ,   , ,      ,          ,       ,     :   ,   ,    (    ),  []     ,    ;           ,       .


   10      14 ,  7    30   6       ,     ( ,       ),      19  18 .     10      26 ,  5     .  ,       ,   ,    ..,   100 .    7       50         18 ,       .    ,  ,      .        12 ;        5 ,   7       .             ;     2  8 .        -   ,    ,        ,        . ,         .

          ,      .        ,  (-, )   ,                   ,  ,       .     ,      , []    ,     .[267 - Wright, Some Habits, op. cit.]

            ,   1859 .[268 - Samuel Smiles, Self-Help with Examples of Conduct and Perseverance, London, 1859.  :        ,  ,  ,        .         .] ,      , , ,      ,   .  :



        ,            .

       ,     ,   .      .


 ,    .      ,    .       ,       - .    ,    .    ,  ,   ,   1861 ,         .  185960                ,       .   .    .    ,              ,  .

           ,   1798 .   ,      ,       ,     .      :     ,      ,      .      ,   .



 9

 


 ?                                      

 ,   ,       , , ,    ,          .  1867   ,      1861 ,       :




[269 - Dudley Baxter, NationalIncome 1868. .  .: J.M.Golby, Culture and Society in Britain 18501890, Oxford, 1986.]


         ,             100 .     ,        ,             .

 ,     ,    ,   .      ,    , , ,      .   1841     20000  .   ,    ,      1851   44000 ,  1861   67000,   1871   119000.[270 - .  .: G.Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England, London, 1962.]                 ,       .     ,     ,     ,  ,         ;     ,   ,     ,       ;       1839       26 ,  1862   60,   1866     200 .[271 - C.R.Penny, The Victorian Post Office, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1992.]  1850      700800 ,      60,  -  900  .    -    775 .         3040 .

          .      , ,    .[272 -     ,    XIX   ,       ,              .        ,  .]        .       .       ,   ,       ,              , ,   .     ,    . ,   -      , ,   ,  ,        10  16      ,      ,    .            ,   ,    ,   -        ,    .[273 - M.L.Davies (ed.), Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.]    ,    ,   .

 1839 ,      ,       700800  ,           ,      ,    90 .[274 - Penny, op. cit.   ,   1883    ,    ,      [ 1834 ],         90  .       ,    ,    140 .        .]   ,       .[275 - Kitson Clark, op. cit.]  ,         90 , ,      ,    .   10            ---,        .  1841 ,    ,         ,   140 . ,   ,   ,         .  ,  ,    ,               -   .  ,        .[276 - Anthony Trollope, An Autobiography, London, 1883.] (    1876 .)

      400 ,   ,      ,      .[277 -       W.Marston Acres, The Bank of England From Within, London, 1931.]    300 .    700800 ,   ,    ;        ,       60 .       :      ,          ,  .     .         ,     ,   ,  ,     .  1844    21   ,         50      10 ;  ,              10 ,        .     ,    ,     ,           ,   ,    ,   , ,    .       ?[278 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]         250 ,        ;   ,           300 .  1844     ,    21    100 .

     .      9   15.30   17     .  1834    ,   ,          , a 1   1            .    .   ,   ,    , ,         .  1845            6  18 ,     ,          9.3010 .    16 .

         .  1846        .  1850                 ,       .  1852       :       ,     ,         .       .      ,    ,     .   ,      .           .    ,   18551865      ,      ,    ,   .

  , ,   ,     ,   .               ,       .   ,   .   , ,         190 ,  ,    ,   ,    ,    .    ,        ,  1844         8000         .         ,      .    ,      .

    -            .  1866       ,        ,    .              .  1851                .     9     ,    .  8.55     .     ,     .          ,   ,      .       9     ,           .        .[279 - W.O.Henderson, J.C.Fischer and his Diary of Industrial England 18141851, London, 1966.]

 ,  ,   ,    ,     ,    .   [ ]  140   .   [  ]  200300   .     80 .[280 - Edward Hyams (ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.] , ,  ,       ,      .       .       ,                ,      .      ,  ,       ,  ,     (.  ).  ,     ,   ,       ,     ,   ,           .[281 -   . .: M.D.Smedley (ed.), Boardingout and Pauper Schools Especially for Girls, London, 1875.]  , ,    , ,            ,    ,   ,      .                   ,                 .[282 - Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.]

        .     .    ,   .        ,  .   ,      ,   . , ,   ,   ,     .      ,   ,   .[283 - Judith Flanders, The Victorian House, London, 2003.]       ,       .          -  ,     6 .         ,      ,    ,   ,   ,   ;      .[284 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 5, 1840.]         .

,    ,    - ,  --,              ;          ,       .[285 -       ,      ,      .          99 ,    XX ,      .  ,   ,    ,      --  :  .]   ,   ,  .            .  ,      ,      .      ,   .            ,      .[286 - J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.]       129000  1851   76000   .[287 - Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian London, London, 1971.]


* * *

 ,       ,     .   ,      .[288 -           .]



-,    ,          .        ,       .      ,      .      ,   .

 ,      ,        .  ,           .   ,   ,      ,   ,     -.    .     ,      ,   ,    .         .         .       ,   ,    .     ,   ,      ,        ;      ,   .

    .  ,      .      ,    - .     ,   ,      , , ,   .        .    ,  ,  - .            ,       , - ,      .  ,     , ,     ,   ,      ,     .    ,     .       ,   ,       ,        ,     .      .      ,    ,   ,       .  ,     ,     ,      .      ,          .      ,    ,        .   .

      .       ,             .         ,  ,     ,   .     ,     .

       ,     ,      ,  .  ,    ,        .         .          ,        .

     ,        .         ,       .

         .     , ,  ,     .      ,    ,      ,    ,        ,      ,    .   ,       .       .          ,    ,   .  ,     .

 ,     ,    ,    ,       .        ,       .   ,        - , , .       .        ,             .          , ,   .

     ,     ,    ,       - ,       ,      .     .    ,   ,    .    ,          .      - ,      .            ,     ,     .      ,    ,        .    -      .    ,        -  .        .      ,            .      .

     .      ,         .          ,    .   ,  -         ,          .

    ,   , , ,    ,        ,    . ,   ,      - ,       ,    ,     ,      .    ,        ,  ,     .    ,       .    ,          ,     ,    ,    , .     , ,          ,            . ,      .  ,       ?             .  ,   .     ,      ,     .     ,   .

      ,      .   ,   , ,    ,   .     ,       ,    ,      .        -    ,  ,    ,  ,   ,      .           .

-,  ,  ,       .  ,       -  ? ,     :   ,     ,     ,   ,   .       ,        :     ?         ,      -       .             - ,    ,    ,   ,   .           - ?      ,       ?     -  ?      ?   -   ,        ,   ,         ,    .          .    ,   ,         . ,  ,      ,   .   ,      .


,            .      ,        - ,    .         20 ,      10 .               .                5 ,             .[289 - Max Schlesinger, Saunterings in and about London, trans. Otto Wenkstern, London, 1853.]    ,       ;  ,            ,    .     .   ,   1836       1841-   ,          ,            ,       -     .     ,          .[290 - Francis Wey, Les Anglais Chez Eux, Paris, 1856, trans. Valerie Price as A Frenchman Among the Victorians, Yale, 1936. .  .: Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Vol. II, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.] , ,      ,        .         ,       . (      .)

     -   ,   1819    1832   , ,   ,  .   -  ,   1824 ,      .      .     ,        ,      (    ,        .        .)[291 -               ,       .        ,       ,  ;       .     ,        ;      ,   .]     -- (    1940     -)   ,  ,            . (  ,          ,     1871 .)

 ,       ,    1831  , ,    .           ,     ,        .[292 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London 1850 (2 edn).]    --   1762    .           .  ,    --,          1693 .       ,  ,    ,            ,   .[293 -           : Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983.]

     ,     . ,    ,   ,      .         -. , , ,    ,        ,   1859      ,      ,     .    ,  ,      ,    -.[294 - Ibid.]


* * *

,   ,   ,          ,     .        ,[295 -  18401870.             29,93 . .: J.A.Banks, Prosperity and Parenthood; a Study of Family Planning among the Victorian Middle Class, London, 1954.]          ,   ,       .  ,            .[296 -     ,    ,  ,   -,     45 .]        .           ,        .   ,       ,      .   ,   ,         .             .                  ,             .       .  -        ,           .        - ,              .

       .              .      ,         ,    ,      .  ,   -      ,  ,   ,     ,     .        ,   ,    .  ,      ,           ,         .  ,       ,           .

    : , ,        ,  ,  ,    ,     .     ,  ,  ,   .          .         ,   ,              ?,    ,          .          ,               .

        ,  ,       ,          .          , ,          .  ,   ,  1861      ,        ,    ,       ,    .     ,       ,    ,      ,     .[297 -   : Charles Pugh, Bodleian MSEng. Misc. d.465473; .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]     ,   ,  ,    .[298 - Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.]  1862    530.    14     460000  .    92       267000  .[299 - Ibid.]

        ,        ,             ,        .   ,   ,         -.[300 - Wheen, op. cit.]        ,     , ,     ,     .

, ,    .     1798        .  1816 ,     ,   .    1842    7    ,    150  ,[301 -  1843   The Magazine of Domestic Economy   ,         .      1000     29  34 .     .]   1853          .        ,      ,          .      , ,   ,     .    ,      ,   ,    .       ,            ,   ,        .        ,           , ,    ,      .    ,      ,      ,  ,            ,             :      ,     .

    ,     ,   1855     ,            .         .        ,      ,  , ,     .     ,      ,   ,       .    ,         .    ,    ,  ,     ,             .   ,  ,   ,     .  ,   ,   ,            .[302 - Froude, op. cit.] (     ,      ,  ,   ,   .)         ,     ,           100 ,    .     ,      ,   ,     .



 10

    


                                  



 ,   ,  ,          ?..        ,    ,  (      ) ,   ,   [  ]    ,       ,          (   ),     ,   ,     !..      ;    ,            ,        ?..     ,   .          , ,   ,     ,         ,  , ,         ,      ,    ,      [303 - Florence Nightingale, Cassandra.   1852         1928 .         ,       ,    ,   1928 ,      .]


   ,       ,    ,         . ,   ,       ,  ,     ,        , ,    .       ,    ,       ,    .

          .       ,    .          1867    :



 10.30        .  11       ,       ,   2.30    -          .  ,    ;      [  ],    ,             ,          .      [304 - John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.]


      .          .               -,   1848 .   :      ,     -  ,       .    .        -,       ,       .[305 - Alison Aldburghan, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.]  ,  ,     ,        ,    ,    ,  :   .[306 - (Editor unnamed), Society, Politics and Diplomacy 18201864; Passages from the Journal of Francis W.H.Cavendish, London, 1913.]


* * *

    -. ,     ,      ,    ,             .[307 - Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X, 18478, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.] ,   ,     ,       ,  ,       ,     .

,     ,   .[308 -     ,    : Anthony Bruce, The Purchase System in the British Army 16601871, London, 1980; Byron Farwell, For Queen and Country, London, 1981; The Queens Regulation and Orders ( 1844 r.).          -  ,     ,    .   -     ,    .]  , ,   ,         ,   ,        ,   ,        ,     .    , ,   ,      ,     ,   60,       ,        ,    .[309 - Farwell, op. cit.]       ,  ,   ,   ,              ,   .      ,               .   ,      ,     ,            .

    ,       ,   ,        - :     ,         .  1849         ,     ,         ,             .       ,       ,         .

    .        1798 ,   ,    ,     ,       .            :       4  9 ,       ,         .     5  1 .  1855        -.[310 - Marion Harding (ed.), The Victorian Soldier, London, 1993.             18351836.    ,          .       ,        .   ,       .]

        .    :        ,       .        ,       ,   ,        .       ,      ,         .     II    1660   ,  ,   ,     1871 ,          .      ,   1755       - .      ,      ?     ,    ,     ,       .

 1844                               .         1200      9000           . (   ,          .)       ,            ,            ,     ,  [ ]  ⅻ,  ,    ,    .     ,        .[311 -  ,  ,              -  .]    1720  1871           ,  .       ,         .   ,  7-  ,      , ,         ,    ,  40000  ,      .[312 - Bruce, op. cit.] ,  ,    ,        :



     ,      ,     ,   ,      ;      ,         ,    ,       ,            ,      ,      


 , ,       -,  ,     ,     ,            .

   .      . ,   .,  ,       .      8300       X .      ,          .        .                     .       .  .           .           ,       .      -,     ,  ,   X  .

   , , ,  ,    ,     ,     .       .     ,          .     ,          ,    ,   .                 .

 ,   .             ,       .      ,       .        1800     ,      .           ,  ,  ,   ,      -,  ,              .  .  ,             -,         ,  ,        ,       .  . , ,      ,            ,   ,  ,      . ,           .

         ,      ,         ,             .          .  -       70     .    -    ,  ,  , -  ,         ,         ,   .          , ,   , ,   ,    .

 ,      ,  ..  ,       , ,  ,  , ,        .[313 - The Times, 23 December 1854. .  .: Bruce, op. cit.]        ,      ,    1871   ,    ,      6150000 .[314 - Farwell, op. cit.]

              ,    .           ,         ;         ,         -  .


* * *

        ,     ,        ,         (     ).  -     ,    ,      .[315 - Ibid.]             .   ![316 - Bailey, op. cit.]    -.  1850       ,         ,  , ,        .         .   ,          ,     ,         ,      .[317 - Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.]       -,     .[318 -         ,    .      ,            .     1865    - ,      .]            . -,   -  ( -,     ),       ;     1861       ,   . -  -           ,      1849      .  -   -,     (  ),    ,        ,      .

        ,      .    ,    ,      :           .           ,         .  1859          (    ).         .



   [   ]:  ,  ,   .   ,       ,  ,        ,    .      ;    ,              [ ]       ,        ,     .[319 - Bailey, op. cit.]


      ,     .

       .  ,   ,        ,      ,     .     ,         .   ,         ,       ,      .[320 -    .: S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.]    ,          .       ,     .



 ,    ;    ,       ,    ,    ,         , , ,  , .  ,      ,     .   ,  - ,      ,   ,      ?[321 - Cecil Woodham-Smith, QueenVictoria, her Life and Times, vol. 1, 18191861, London, 1972.]


    ,  ,      ,      ,  ;        ,       .        ,   1849    .   ,     ,          .    ,     ,    :   --.  1842       .   .[322 - Eon and his collar, The Times, 27 September 1975.]

                  ,        [   ,     ]     .  ,          ;      ,     ,      .        ,      ,   ,        .[323 - .  306.]  ,          .  1843          :        ,    ,       ;       ,      ![324 - John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963 (rev. edn.).] ,    ,   ,     .         ,         .[325 -   ,      ,      ,       ,     ,   ( VII), ,  ,  ,  .   VIII  VI.   ,    -    ,  .]

,   ,        .      ,    .            ,     ,        .      ,  ; , -,          .    ,   .                  :



    ,   ,                  ,  ,   ,                    .[326 - John R.Davis, The Great Exhibition, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999.]


    . -            ,     .         -,             1857 .  ,        ,    ,  .

    .   ,      , ,       .   ,   ,          ,       .          ,   ,    .        .       ,  ,    ,       .        ,        . ,        ,     .            ,     .      ,   1858 ,   ,        .[327 -         ,   ,      ,     .         ,     .      ,    .   ,    :          .    ,     ,             .]

    ,    ,        .        100000 .[328 - HenryVane, Affair of State. A Biography of the 3 Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, London, 2004.]    ,     100000   [329 - A.L.Kennedy (ed.), My dear Duchess, Social and Political Letters to the Duchess of Manchester 18581869, London. 1980.]      .     1815   -     70000 , , ,     , 40          ,     .      1865   150000 .[330 - Ibid.]        1-     250000 .[331 - Stella Margetson, Victorian High Society, London, 1980.]        30000 .      , ,      .  ,     .   , ,    ,       .[332 - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.]

       ,    .    ,               .       ,   ,      ,      .    ,      ,     ,     ,  ,         .     ,  .      .

     ,      ,   , ,     ,  ,        ,     ,      ,     , , ,  .       ,    ,   .         ,     ,        .       1861 .       ,      .                , ,      ,       .[333 - Ibid.]  1861           ,     , ,   ,   III.          ,      .      ,       ?     ,             ;        , ,  ,     ,      1863 .

 ,    ,     ,         .  1864      ,   ,        ;    ( )        ,           ,          ,    ,      .[334 - Bailey, op. cit.]        ,           ,  1866          .

-,    ,     ,     .      ,              .   1872     .,         ,   ,      .



 11

 


                                           

         ,  ,     .    1841 ,      168000 .  1862          ,  400000                 .

,   ,   .         .  -        ,     ,      .[335 - M.L.Davis (ed.), Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.]        ,        ,      .        ,    ,     . ,               ,           .[336 -   ,      ,     ,   The English Womans Journal, March 1861.]  1861    ,   ,    ,       :           .[337 - Mrs Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management, London, 1861.]    -  -        ,              6   .         .    ,        ,   ,     .      3                 .         ,    .[338 - Davies, op. cit.]

          ,     ,  ,     ,    .    ,             .  1847    ,        (     )  ,     .      ,    ,     ,      [ ]       ,                .[339 - Liz Stanley (ed.), The Diaries of Hannah Culwick, London, 1984.]  1856 ,    23 ,       .     ,        16   .

       ,       ,             ,      .       ,   , ,    ,        养.        ,   ,      (         ,      ),    ,   ,    .         ,       .   ,      ?

        ,   .       ,         ,        16                  ,           .          .       ,    ,        .[340 - Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens, Letters, Vol. 4, 18446, Oxford, 1977.]       ,   ,        ,   ,      .

       ,     .      ,      :    .          ,         ;      .       ,    ;          ,      ,     .

, ,  , , , ,  , , ,        ,      ,      . ,        .       , ,    , ,    ,    .   ,  ,  ,       .    ,  ?  ,    .        .    , ,   (,    , ,       ),         ,     .

    1842    ,   21  (    ),   ,   ,       ,      .      ;     ,     :                  ,     .        .         .[341 - Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.]   ,     ,        [342 - Ibid.]      ,     .     ,       ,    .   ,  ,  ,        ,       , ,   .

    23  1863 :



       ,       ,   ,   .   - ,     ,   .                                                           ,         ,                      ,                           ,       ,                                       ,  [  ]            



* * *

     , ,          .[343 - J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.]       ,     ,    ,    , !   .      .



       ,   ,   ;   ,   ,    ,   ,    ,         ,        [  ]     !


 , ,      .        ,   ,   ,    ,      .    ,       .     :             ,           .

      ,  ,   ,   ,[344 - Webster, op. cit.]  ,       .       ,        .      ,              ,       ( ),   ,      .    ,   ,   :       ,     ,   ,     ,  ,     (, , :  ),       .[345 -   ,     ,       24  2004 ,    :          (  ) ,   ,      .         ,      .]

  ,          .[346 -      The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 6, 1841.]       . , ,   ,              ,         ,        .[347 - Webster, op. cit.]    ,     ,        ,   ,          ,     .        ,            ,          .        ,          ,       ,        .    ,     .

          , ,   ... (  ,      ,  , ,  .   ?       ,   ).      ,    -   ,     ,   ,    ,   .      ,      .[348 - Webster, op. cit.]  ,    ,    ,       ,      .

  ,       .     ,    ,  .                   .             ,          .       2530   .       ,        ,        ,  .      ?

      .



  ,   4050   ,    ,     ,             ,        ,      .     7080   ,              .[349 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, 1844.]


   .     ,          ,      ,    .

    ,       .       ,    .    ,      ,      ,            .  1865    -      ![350 - John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.]    : , ,     1844 ,            ,                .[351 - Webster, op. cit.]


* * *

 ,    ,   --,   .[352 - John Burnett (ed.). Useful Toil, London, 1957.]    ,      1837 .  ,    :



    ,  .    7:30,    [       ],   ,    ,      ,  ,  , ,   , ,    ,  ,  [sic]     [sic, ,    ]   [ ]   ,  - .      ,      ,  ,  , ,   ..  ,  ,     ,   ,    ,  ,  ,  ,     8:30,  ,   ,  10:30       11  .        .


    ,       .   ,    ,             ,    . ,   ,     .         ,     ,      .      .        ,       ㅻ.        .       .     ,      .  -        -           ,    ,   ,    ,    ,      .

     .   -    ,    .      .        , ,   ,     ,    ,      .        ,    ,     ,     .      ,  ,    ,   .     ,     ,   ,         .     ,   ,   .   ,         ,     ,         .

     



   .    ,   - ,    ,        : ,     ,       , [] ,  ,        20    .[353 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taints Notes on England, London, 1957.]


,         . ,    ,



      ,    ,     ,   ,    ,        ,         ,    ,  , ,  ,  ,   .


 ,   ,   .


* * *

      ,         , ,  -,   2  6       5      . ,        ,    ,        ,        ,       .       ,                  ,          .         .

       ,    -       ,   -,   ,    ,              .[354 - C.S.Peel, Homes and Habits in Early Victorian London 183065, Vol. 1, London, 1934.]            ,        .    ,       ,    .  ,       ,    ,     .[355 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, 1843.]

 ,    ,       .           ,   ; ,          .  ,         .      ,    ,     ,      ,        .   ,         .   ,     .

     ;  ,         ,    ,        . (  ,    ,  , ,   ,  .[356 -    ,    ,  - ,        ,   :   ,    ,      ,             ,         .])       ,           .



 1000     ,  , ,    -.

 750     , ,     .

 300         .

 200  150        (     ).


    ,          .  ,     2040   . ,           ,      40  (42  )    .   ,              .        ,    1015   .     ,   2035 .

,    ,      ,    ,      ,   .       914   ,       ..,  711 ,     .      ,       ,   .      ..   14  30   ,      12  26.  :           .      :           ,    ,     .    ,       ,     ;  ,     1218   .

      ,  ,      ,   .    ,           .     ,  : ?   ?  ,   ? ,        ,    .         ,       ,    .      .   1794 , ,   ,    20 ;       ,            ,   .

   .[357 - Mayhew, Vol. III.] ,   ,  :



      .    ,      .       .         . ,   ,    , ,     ,     .


         .             ,      .  1849        :      ,       ?[358 -   Burnett, op. cit.]



 12

  


                       XIV       -                                              

           ,     ,   .[359 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.]        ,    .           ,                 .      ,     ,     , ,   ,    ,   ,  ,   1865   .[360 - Asa Briggs, Victorian Things, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2003 (rev. edn).]      ,   ,         .               .         ,               .[361 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]

  ,      ,      .         ,    .   ,        .  - [362 - W.B.Tegetmeier, A Manual of Domestic Economy, London, 1867.    ,       ,     ,     .] ,        .             ,     ,       . -                  ,      ,  ,     .

 ,      ,    .    1867 ,      , ,          17  16  4 .   :    (14 )      (2  7  3   ,      6  3 ),  (1  1 ),    (5 ),      (1  6 ).      :    3&#215;3 ,  ,      (1  1 ),   (17  6 ),      ,   (1  7  6 )   ,   (5 ),  ,   (6 )   (3  9 ).         ,      ,  ,   , .       ,   .         ,    . ,       .           (1  2 ),      (2  8 )     ?      (1  10 ),     (11 ).   :   (5 )    ,    (3   ),       (2  2 )     (2  6 ).[363 - Tegetmeier, op. cit.]

   ,     .          .   1830-   ,  ,  .      .



       ,  .           ,           ,            ,  ,            ,      .    ,   ,    ,               ,      ,   ,       ,     (        ).    ,   ,  , ,   ..; -    ,               ;              ,      .     !     ,   ,       [364 - Jean Hawkes (trans. and ed.), The London Journal of Flora Tristan, London, 1982.]


, ! ,       .  ,       .

           ,   ,       ,   ,      .[365 - Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.]    :           .      ,      ,        ,           ,    ;   ,        ,       .   ,      ,   ,     ,             .       ,        .

  ,           ,[366 - Ibid.]     ,  ,   ,    ,    :     .          .   :    ,              ;        ,        ;  ,     ( ),   ,     .

     ,   1844      , ,   ,  ,        ,     ,    .[367 - Ibid.]          -:    ,     ,  , ,  (    ),   ,  , , ,           ,    . ,  ,   .

        ,          ʰ.              ,[368 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 6, 1841.]  ,          ,        .[369 - Cara       : Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.] ,    ,     .     ,    ,      ,    ,      ,   ,            .[370 - Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victirians: What We Think About Them and Why Were Wrong, London, 2001.  .]       . ,  ,    ;   ,            ,[371 - Webster, op. cit.]  ,    ,      .       ,   , ,     .

        ,  ,     -  .        ,        ,    .   ,      ,     ;        ,    ;        ,        .[372 -  ,    ,   .        ,         ,    .     -   ,      .]         ,     ,     .       .            -  --.      :        1837 ,        1558.[373 - -,   ,    1558 .     ,    ,     ,   ,   ,       ,           ,      XVI .    ,   1845 .         ,     , ,      ,   ;      ,        .       ,     ,          1558 .            .]

      ,     ,    .        ,       .     .       ,   ,    .           ,     ,    .  1851                 ,      .

   ,    XIV,        III.                  .                ,    .[374 - Charles Newton, Victorian Designs for the Home, London, 1999.]    ,     ,          ,           ,     ,       ,   ,          .[375 - George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.]


* * *

,          ,             ,      ,            .    XIX     ,       ,   ,   1840-,        ,     .[376 - Charles C.Oman and Jean Hamilton, Wallpapers, London, 1982;        .       .] ,   1840-  1850- , ,         .[377 - James Burn, The Beggar Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.]      ,     ,   - ;      ,  .   ,   ,      ,   .        .  1850-    ,    2030 ,     .

 ,   ,    1851    ,       1853.  1850 ,     ,    .        ,        ,   , ,    1853 ,   ,           .   ,           ,      ;             .      ,         .

           ,     .       ,          .          -,   .  ,    ,      ,   .          -       . ,       ,  -      ,            ,      .[378 -  ,             ,          ,   ,      (18 Stafford Terrace, London W8).      ,     ,    .       ,     .]

      (  ),        .      ,            .       , ,   ʰ,      ,  , ,  ,   ,      ,     .         ,   18621864 ,     .       - ,                .    ,        :      . (      ,    ,     ,     .)     ,          .                  .           ,  ,  , ;        ,   ,       .


* * *

    .     (1844)             ,      .       .      .    ,    ,           ,           ,    .              .         ,    ;          .            ,   .           ,      ,          .

              ,   ,      ,    ,       ,     ,    .[379 -          .]  1872    ,                    ,     :    ,  ,       ,    ,      .[380 - Samuel Beton, Book of Garden Management, London, 1872.  no John Marchall and Ian Wilcox, The Victorian House, London, 1986.]       ,   .   ,         .   ,          ,     .

       .        ,     ,  .  1856      (   ,      ,    );       ,        .               ,   .        ,     -  -  ,      ,    ,        .[381 - ,  , ,         ,     .       ,         .]  ,   ,            ,         ,    .[382 - Webster, op. cit.]

 ,       ,      , ,   ,     ,     ,   .   ,             ,         ,    . ,  ,   .        ,      .  1844   ,    ,    .          28  6 .  1841           --.[383 - Briggs, op. cit.]            .[384 -    ,      (MS 19, 019).   : Heather Creaton, Unpublished Diaries, London, 2003.  1835         .        ,                .   ,           ,        .         .   1851 ,     . (StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001).]  ,      ,        .

        (,   ,   ).        -  ,    .[385 - Briggs, op. cit.] ,   ,   cartes-de-visite,      ,     ,        . Cartes-de-visite, -     ,    ,       . , ,  ,   ,       , , ,     ,    , ,  ,    .   :   .[386 -           . Michael Hiley, Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life, London, 1979.]           , cartes-de-visite           .          .    ,    :   ,       -     .

,  ,      : ,         ;           ,    .                ,      .       :    ,      -  , ,     .     ,  ,          .    ,   . []     ,       .[387 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 2, 1844.]  ,   ,    ,        ,    .          .[388 - Mayhew, op. cit.        .]

     ,      , ,  .          .    .         .         .      ,    ,        ,     .

     .      ,          :      ,  ,     ,    .          ( ), -      ,[389 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]    1860-     .[390 - Tegetmeier, op. cit.    .     ,   .        .       .      ,      ,        .    ,     .     ,       ,      .]

 , ,      , []      ,   ;        ,   ,      ,     .[391 -  .] ,  ,         ,  ,          .      1880-        .   ,        :  ,    .    1842     ,     ,     ,      ;   ,   ;  ,  -  ; , ,  :          .     ,     ,   ,     .[392 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, Vol. 2, 1844.] (  ,      53 ,        ?)

     .            ,  .      :



            .          ,    ,     ;   ,   ,   ,       .    ,     ,            ,    .     ,       .[393 - Tegetmeier, op. cit.  ,    ?    ?]


           ,    -,     ,    ,    .   :       ,      ;      -,      ,   ,  ,    .    ,    ,          ,         .       ,      :      ,      .[394 - Marshall and Wilcox, op. cit.]


* * *

        .        .    -,  ,   .   ,    ,      .[395 - J.C.Loudon, The Suburban Horticulturalist, London, 1842.]  ?      .



      ,    ,                        . ,    ,              ,     ,             .


    !        ,       ..[396 - Loudon, op. cit.     ,    ,   -,      ,   ,     ,    ,       .]  ,       ,            .            .

      .                  ,     .   (1877)    ,       ,      .[397 - Shirley Hibberd, The Amateurs Kitchen Garden, London, 1877.]        ,    .     ,     ,         .   ,    , ,       ,   ,   .

,   ,     (         )         .   .     .     .   ,     ,  .        1830    .  1865-  , ,  ,   ,    ,       ;[398 -   Gardening Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette  1865 .] ,     ,        .        ,        .     3  10 .    48- ,    ;   28       24   .            , , ,   ,     .                .      ,                      .

      ,    .  ,     ,    .    ,    ,         ,   .      . ,          ,         .    ,   ,    ,         ,    .[399 - The Floral World, 1863.]     ʰ  -,         5  42 ,    ,  ,   ,    .[400 -    : J..Loudon, Horticulturalist, London, 1871.]

 -    ,   ,       -.        -   : 24     2113 , 161    64&#215;25    ,    ,     .          ,     .[401 -  . .R.Silvester, Wellcome Institute MS 5689.   Creaton, op. cit.]         ,  .[402 - Mayhew, Vol. 1.]          ,    .[403 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, Vol. 2, 1843.     .     1852                .]

    ,   :       , -       ,    ,   ,     :  (   ), ,  (    ,  )      . ,     ,            .[404 - Mayhew, op. cit.]   ,    , , ,    ,      -     .     ,        ,      ,   ,                 .[405 - Ibid.]

 ,      ,  , ,   ,      ;   , ,    ;      , ,   ..    ,    ,      ,             .     (20&#215;61 ),    ,        ,   , , ,       .[406 - The Cottage Gardener, or Amateur and Cottagers Guide to Out-Door Gardening, Vol. 1, 1849.]

  ,  , ,       .     1756 .           1830-,   ,      .      ,   1845        2000    ,  300  ,      .  1849     ,     ,     .[407 - David Solman, Loddiges of Hackney, the largest Hothouse in the World, London, 1995.  1839         -,   1840 .     ,       ,  185254    .]

,    1843     ,                   ,       .      ,  ,      1  6 ,  (   )  2  6 ,    3  6 ,      6 ,   (  - )  ,     6  (        )      .      ,    .          ,   ,       .

  , ,     .  (araucaria aurucana)      1793 ,           1840-.      ,   5   ( ,     ).          .  1843   ,        ,    ,   (lonicera fragrantissima),   (jasminum nudiflorum)        (forsythia viridissima),      .[408 - Brent Elliott, Victorian Gardens, London, 1986.]     .            .  ,          ,   ,      .       ,     ,    ,    ,    .

 1836       1500  .      ,    .      ,   1820 .  1854-             .       ,  ,   . ,    ,      ,    (,       ,       ), ,     .           .[409 -       : Elliot, Victorian Gardens, op. cit.; Maggie Campbell-Culver, The Origin of Plants, London, 2001.      ,  ,  .]                .[410 - The Floral World, op. cit.]               .       ,      .


* * *

  ,   ,       ,        1827  1857 ;       ,       .   3  6 .       ,         , ,     ,     .   1857     ,            .[411 - Elliott, Victorian Gardens, op. cit.]  ,    ,        87 ,            (         ).            .

                .  1861             ,        ,    .     ,     (,  ),       4000 .[412 - Winslow Ames, Prince Albert and Victorian Taste, London, 1967.]        ,       ,       ,      .     .

  ,     :       ,  ,   ,     ,    ,         ,      .      .              .[413 - The Floral World, op. cit.]      1863  ,     -   ,             ,         :       ( )  .[414 - Ibid.]  1888        .       ,       ,  . (      1913 ).       ,    :      .            ,       &#224; la Russe,     .  1861                , ,      .              ,      ,             ,        .      ,            --.[415 - Elliott, Victorian Gardens, op. cit.]



 13




                                                       -      

           ,   ,      ..,    1858 .[416 -      ,   ,    .    Cook Books, ,   ,     ,  ,     1858.     1905.]    ,   ,      -   .   ,   .      2 ,       1&#188;  1&#189; ,     ,  .    ,       .  ,          .[417 - Meyhew, Vol. I.]  .    ,  ,    2   ,    .      , ,   ,    ,       .

       .  ,     ,     ,           .         ,  , ,           ,               6      . [ , ,     .    ,   ,   .]           ,     7  7&#189;   . [   ,  .]                  [, ,   ;  ,    ,      ,   ]     ,     7            ,    ,        .     ,    , ,      .

      , :       ,   ,    ,     .   :    ,     ,    .     ,    ,  ,                 ,          . ,   ,    ,   .     .  1847   ,  - -,       ,   .       ,   ,         .     ,      .

     -       .      ,     -   ,  ,       -     .[418 -  .]       ,  ,           ,    ,    ,    .[419 - M.L.Davies (ed.), Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.]         ,       ,        ,      ,   ,     -    ( ).             . ,                 ,     ,       , ,   ,   .[420 - Meyhew, op. cit.]

 ,       ,  ,     , ,   ,  ,      .    ,    ,   ,        .    ,  ,          ,  ,       .        ,    ,   .


* * *

      ?   , ,   ,             ,   .  ? ?  ?       .  ,  ,   ,   []   .[421 - Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872: ,  --,      .       .]     , ,    ,      -,           .[422 - Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.] ,  ,    , ,   ,       .

 ,      ,   ,           ,           ,        .[423 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]      ,       ;  ,         . ( ,  -  ,  ,  .)   :            ,    ,     ()    6   .[424 - Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.]       ,   1860           .[425 - James Bum, The Beggar Boy: An Autobiography, London 1888.]  1856     -:  , [  ],  ,[426 - Elisa Acton, Modem Cookery for Private families, London, 1856.]       .

      ,     ,   ,     .   .        ,     .      ,             .[427 - Mrs Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management, London, 1861.         ,      ,    ,    ,      .        ,      .  -  ,   ,  ,    .    ,      .]     ,                          .    ,     . ,   ,        ,  .[428 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. II, 1844.]

    ,      ,  .[429 - Webster, op. cit.]  ,    ,      ;     -              .            .[430 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, 1850 (2- .).] (       ,       ,    .)       ,  .

       ,     .   ,    ,    .      ,    .  ,  ,     , ,  .        - ,        .

    , ,        ,           ,    ,        1851 .[431 - Holme, op. cit.]  1849             ,         -.        ,   1863      ,     .        ,    .    ,      ,    1864      ,         .        , ,   ,     - ( 1877     ,    ,      1982 ).[432 - Alison Aldburgham, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.]

      1820 ,        1824-.           ,   1858       . ,       ,      ,   .     :         ,   ,       .[433 - StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 1981.]  1857             ,        .      ,       ,     .[434 - Ibid.]  1865 ,      ,    ,         .[435 - Burn, op. cit.]

     ,    ,   .  1830              -           ,        .  1840           ,            .  1847               ,     ,             .        1814 .  1840-       ,          ,     -III.           ,      ,            .[436 -      .   Penelope Lively. A House Unlocked, Londjn, 2001.          ,      ,          ,   ,              .]          1830  (       1870-).            1839 ,       ,           .

 1847      .  1854-         ,        .    ,     ,         1860-.   1864         .         1869-.         ,             .        ,        ?    -   ,    1824     .   ,     ,     .         [] .


* * *

    . , ,      .    ,   ,      ,     .[437 - Acton, op. cit.] ,       ,     , ,      ,  ,       .       , ,        ,       .[438 -      .   Doctor Johnsons London, London, 2000.]    :     [439 - Webster, op. cit.]  1860     (ABC)    ; ,    , ,      .  ABC     .    1860          ,    ,    ,           .     ,    1869        .[440 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.]

            , batterie de cuisine.      ,   ,       .    ,   ,  ,    .[441 - Beeton, op. cit,   .]      ,       ,      .          ,     . ,    ,       1854 ,     ,          .    ,        .    .[442 - Alexis Soyer, A Culinary Campaign, London, 1857.]      ,    .


* * *

 ,   ,  -,   ,   -  1841 ,                  .             .[443 -              -,  ,    . ,    ,  ,  .   , ,  .         .  , ,       ,               .          -.]                .     :           ,    ,     ,     . (,    .)  1851        ,     ,   , ,    ()  ,     .   2  4 ,  2 ,  3 .     ,    ,     .      .    (     )      ,  ,     ,   ,   ,      ,    ,            .

          ,    ,     :     ,    ,  ,    ,   .      ,       .       .            ,    ,  12  18 .           (   ,        )       ,   - . ,      ( )   .     ,      .[444 - Alexis Soyer, The Modem Houswife, London, 1851.]           ,     ,         .[445 - Holme, op. cit.]

                   , ,     ,  ,      ,   ,        .           .[446 - Soyer, Modern Houswife, op. cit.]      ,             ,  ,  ,   , ,   ,     .[447 - Judith Flanders, The Victorian House, London, 2003.]

   ,     ,    ,     . (         ,    .)         :   ,  :              ,    ,     ,        .[448 - Webster, op. cit.]   1851    ,        , ,   .[449 -       Science Museum.]

  ,      1861          ,    .          ,      --   ,     .        ,     :   ,   (    ),   ,         ,   .


* * *

,  ,     .  ?      ,       .     - ,   ,            ,   ,      .      (1861),   ,      .          1856 .     :        .           .      ,  ,        , ,     ,       .[450 -   ,      ,   ,        .]       ,        (  :      )   -   .  ,       , ,      ,      ,       .

         -:           ,      .            .    ,  ,       ,     .[451 -      ,     .]          ,          :    ,      .            - ?          ,               ,     ,  .

       .        :      ,   ,       .    , ,  , ,     [ ]   .    ,        ,           1843 : ,           . ,   ,      ;     ,    .           --  15 .[452 - Webster, op. cit.]

   ,



               .          ,    , ,      ,          [453 - Beeton, op. cit.]


  , ,           :        ,          . , -      ,        ,    ,    .           , , ,  ,      .

      ,    18     .      ,      .     - ,             .       &#224; la Russe,        .   &#224; la Russe            셻         . ,        ,   ,      ,       .       ,     ,       , ,    .      .  &#224; la Russe      ,   ,      ,      ,   ,      .

      .     1863     .  ,        ,   ,    ,    ,   , ,   ,        .        ,     ,   (,       )  .        .  ,    ,      ,    ,   22 ,      3  10     6 .[454 -    , Bodleian MS Misc. D. 472,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

    .       ,             .             .[455 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]      :



      ,   -   ,     ,  .      ,       [     ],        :    ,     . :  ,      ,     [    ].  ,    ,   .


   ,      . ,         .

   ,     ,    ,    ,    ,   ,         .                ,   ,   .     ,   .

   ,    ,      ,  ,   ,      .       ,        ,    ,           .    : ,      ,    .     ,     ,  ,       .[456 - Soyer, Modern Housewife, op. cit.] ,  .  1844         , ,   ,      ,    .[457 - Webster, op. cit.] (    ;    :       ,          ,  ,   ,         .)     , []    .  ,       , -      ,         , ,   ? , ,  .

     1893   :     .[458 - S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London 1925.]  ,     ,    .          ,            ,            .   ,       ,   ,    .      ,  .        ,        :    ,   ,    ,                ,       ,         .   ,            ,   ,   ,    .


* * *

 1851             .   .  , ,   . ,  ,  ,  ,  .          .  8.30     . .  ,        ,    .           [, ,] .   .       (),  ,      .  .    ,        , .  10   .        ,      .       12 .     ,         ,             .       -  .     . .          ,      ,   .   ,       .    ,     .      .       .   ,        .     ,     .        . , ,     .  .  ,   ,      .[459 - Sala, op. cit.]

.        5.30            ,[460 - John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.]       -.[461 - G.A.Sala, Gaslight and Daylight, London, 1869.]          ,  -        .      ,         ( ),                    ( ,  )   - .[462 - J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs. Carlyles Letters, London, 1883. ,     ,        -,      ,   .]         ,     .

                      11   1   .[463 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks,      Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.] ..,      ,      ,   ,    .   :     1 ,   6 ,      1 ,   ,     1 ,     1      2 .        ,   ,   ,   ,        3 ,  .          , ,    .[464 -   .., Museum of London accession no. 52.25,   Creaton, op. cit.]

       .    5        2      ,   5  7          2   .[465 - Cunningham, op. cit.]   ,  ,   ..,            ,   .[466 -    ,        ,  ,    .    ,    .]           ,  ,       .   , ,  ,            ,  .  1850  ,          -,   , ,      .[467 - Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson and Nina Burgis (eds.) The Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. 6, Oxford, 1988.]     ,   ,               ,    ,   ,      22000 .         . ,       ,          ,       ;  ,        1500 . , ,       .       ,        .     ,  ,      ( ?),       ,      , ,   ,    , ,   .[468 - Helen Morris, Portrait of a Chef. The Life of Alexis Soyer, Cambridge, 1938.]

     ,      200       ,   ,       ,       .[469 - Elizabeth Ray, Alexis Soyer, Cook Extraordinary. Lewes, East Sussex, 1999.]  ,    ..:



/   2     , , -, 3  6   ()     2  8.  ,    ,  5, 6, 7,  8   6  6 .   1 ,       .


    :     .     .[470 - Diary of W.S.Bell, op. cit.]    ,  -    .           .       ,    ,   1851 .   7000 .



 14

  


        -                                                                   

   ,           ,       .          :   ,   ,    ,  -  .  ,    ,    ,       ,   ,               ,    ,     .[471 - James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.]         ,   ,    .        ,    [ ]      ,             .[472 - Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.]

  ,  ,    ,   ,       ,   . , ,    ,           ,      , ,   .[473 - Greenwood, op. cit.]   ,         .  ,      ,   ,    ,   .          ,    ,      ,      . ,  , ,   -      ,   .         , ,            ,      .      .

           ,     ,    ,     .     ,     ;[474 -  ,  John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.] ,  ,    ,  ,        ,   ,      .  ,     ,   ;[475 - Mayhew, Vol. I.]     :  ,    , ,      ,   ,  .[476 -  .]

         ,    ,   -      ,  ,    .          :           ,        .[477 -  .] ,    ,  .  ,       ,   ,       ,      .

     ,           .[478 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]      . , ,      -,   .[479 -       ,     ,      -  1860.]       ,     ,         .        .[480 - Mayhew, op. cit.]    .     -,    -      , , , ,    .          .  ,    ,  -,     ,      , ,   .        ,        ,        .[481 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]

  (   ,   ),     ,  ,          .     ,    ,  .     ,   ,   ,        4  6 .  ,  ,  ,   .[482 -  .]      .          .  -                ;     ,     ,  ,        .

 .     -  1832 ,        .[483 - Anne and Roger Cowan, Victorian Jews Through British Eyes, Oxford, 1986.]  1851           ,      , ,   4      3 ,            .[484 - ,   ,     ..,   1851     :  ,  ,   52.25,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]  (  -)   1   2  6 ,        4  9 ,          4  6 ,     ,  7  6   10  6 .        ,     1  12  6 ,       3 .     2  6   5  6    .

    ( ,  ,   ;     ,      ,  )   4  9  6 ,    3 ,         4  6   4 9 .      ,   . ,  ,     ,     ,    ,             ,         ,    ,      .[485 - E.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds.) The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.]

   ,                .          .          ,           .[486 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]          1860 ,         .       -, -,          .       ,        .

      , ,   ,     .        .     , ,       [  ],    .[487 - Michael Slater (ed.). Gone Astray and other Papers, from Household Words 185159, Vol. 3 of Dickens Journalism, London 1998.]    ,   .           5  6 ,        .[488 - James Burn, The Beggar Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.]    -         .[489 - Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London 1844.]   1849    .[490 - Burn, op. cit.]

     ,     .     ,   ,      ,          ,     ,       .        ,   .[491 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 2, 1844.]          :  (8 ),   (6 ),    ,     ;          ,    .     ,     .[492 - Bennett, op. cit.]    ,      .               . ,     ,   ,    ,    ,      .

     .   1840-       ,    ,      ,  ,   .[493 - Hollingshead, op. cit.]   1850-       .[494 - Anne Buck, Victorian Costume and Accessories, London, 1961.]  -       ,      ,        .     ,    , ,       ,    .           -.  ,      ,    .

        .        ,    .   ,     , ,  ,     ,             [   ].    ,           , ,    ,           ,  ,     ,   .[495 - Bennett, op. cit.]

    -  ,       .  1855       ,           ,    .       ,  1870- , ,  ,      .[496 - StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001.]  1860        .[497 - Buck, op. cit.]               .

 ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  .    ,       ,   ,     ,   .     ,   ,    .                       .

              , -  ,     1850-  ,  ,  ,       ,   .  1860           ,             .[498 - Buck, op. cit.       .     (1)       -  ,      ,     - , (2)          -   . ,   ,     ,     ,     ,          ,    ,  ,  ,             .] ,   ,         7 .[499 -    , , Guildhall Library MS 18, 770/111,   Creaton, op. cit.]      ,   ,   1870     .

   ,      ,    .     .  ,    ,      ,     ,    ,   ,  ,   .   ,      ,         ,   ,      . ,     .       ,   ,     .   ,   ,   ,  ,       ,  ,      ,    .    ,     .[500 - Van Dulken, op. cit.]

  ,   -   1860 ,    -   .   1850-        ,  .   1850- , , ,  ,   ,          ,     .      .[501 - Buck, op. cit.]   , ,   ,    ,  ,     ,  ,     .      .  ,   ,        ,   .[502 - English Womans Domestic Magazine, 1865.]

      .      ,  ,       1840,     ,  .             ,   ,            ,            ,         .[503 - J.A.Froude (ed.) Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.]          ,   ,       de rigueur [   ., . .]  1860- .          .  1859 ,   ,     ,      .   -   ,      ,         ,  ,   .[504 - Bennett, op. cit.]      .

   .       ,          3  4 .       .         .[505 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.]       .   ,      ,        .   ,    ,     ,     ,       .         ,  ,      ,          .[506 - Buck, op. cit.]

       ,         .     ,   ,   .  ,      ,   ,  ,     ,         1857 .[507 -     Carlyles House,  National Trust.]            ,      .         1837 ,     1860-.      1840- .[508 - Buck, op. cit.]

     .           ,  ,           .[509 - Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London 1852.]         ,      ,    .         ,   ,   .          Aquascutum        .       1823         ,     ,    :     ,         ,    .

      .       1850   .    1861-:          ,       .[510 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]    , ,   1830     --  1867-,  , ,     . (    .)        ,    ,         , 4  , 4           ,  9   24 ,            .[511 - Alison Aldburngham, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.]        .      ,      ,   ,     .        1  6 ,     ,  ,  ,   .[512 -    ,  Creaton, op. cit.]

       , ,  ,    ,          .[513 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1841.] ,                  ?    ;              .[514 - C.Willett Cunnington, The Perfect Lady, London 1948.]   1866         [] , ,       [ ].[515 -  .]                ,    .

         .       .  ,     ,      1905 .           .         ,  ,      . ,     ,        ,   ,            .[516 - Leon Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law, London, 1968.]   ,    ,      , ,    ,   .[517 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1844.] ,      :             ?               - ,       .     ,      ,   ,       ,   ,  .

     .     :      ,       .     ,       -    , ,   ,             .[518 - Bennett, op. cit.]   ,       ,         .[519 -        .          .  ,    ,   ,  ,    ,   .]

,  ,   . ,     ,   ; -        ,      .         ,    ,  .

     .     ,        .  ,  ,        .  ,       .[520 - Webster, op. cit.]         ,    ,      .[521 - Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.] ,        , , ,    .  1842    , The Magazine of Domestic Economy,  ,          ,  ,              ,     .[522 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.]

      .   ,        ,      ,  :     .[523 -   .., Wellcome Institute,  73537,   Creaton, op. cit.]

  ,     ,    ,     .    ,     ,    .           , ,      ,         .  -:      ,              ![524 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1843.]


* * *

          .            ,  ,         .      ,           ,    .[525 - The Ladies Cabinet, 1844,  no Buck, op. cit.]         :      ,     ,   ,      .[526 -   , Bjohn Burnett (.) Useful Toil, London 1979.]

,               ,    .        .   ,  ,     ,     ,        .      ,     ,        .     ,        ,   ,  ,    ,   .[527 - Buck, op. cit.]   ,        ,        ,        ,        .[528 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.]

    ,     .       ,     . ,  ,    ,     ;         ,    ,    ,     .      .           . ,         ,       1856 [529 - Van Dulken, op. cit.]          1862-.              ,       .   ,   [ ]  .[530 - Hyams, op. cit.]

       ,        .      ,    .      ,    .  ,   ,   ,     ,      , ,   .         .       .

          -  -,    :   ,   , ,       .[531 - G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.]        .  1851       -   , ,   ,  (     ),         ,    .[532 - Slater, op. cit.]             ,   .[533 - Michael Hiley, Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life, London, 1979.]

            .           ,   :    ,  ,     ,  ,   .[534 - Hyams, op. cit.]       1860- :          .    ,   .    ,  , ,      ,      ,      .[535 - Buck, op. cit.         Platt Hall, Manchester.]  ,   ,  ,   ,     ,    .          ;     ,  ,    ,     . ,      ,   , , ,          ,        ,    .

 1865           .  1870    ,           ,    .


* * *

    ,    ,  .         ,           .[536 - Cunnington, op. cit.] ,   ,     ,          ?[537 -      ,   , ,        I,    .]         ,      .  ,    ,    ,    ,          ,     ,       ,    .     .         ,   ,       , ,   .[538 -   Aldburgham, op. cit.]

  , ,  ,        ,           ,       ,   ,     ,     14 .[539 - C.Willettand Phillis Cunnington, The History of Underclothes, London, 1951.]

?     1861   6  6 .    ,           .    ,         ; ,          ,    , III,    .      .       ,   -    ,    ,       ,     .    1862    8 .[540 - C. and P.Cunnington, op. cit.]

    ,   ,   ,   . ,          ,       .    .  1842     ,      48  ,          ,        ,  ,      .[541 -  ,   Aldburngham, op. cit.]   ,   ,  ,          17  6 .[542 -  .]

      -  .   1860   , ,  ,     ,      ,    .[543 - Froude, op. cit.] ,    , ,  ,   - ,        , -    ,    ,       .        ,    ,    . ,     ,    ,    ,     .

      .   ,   ,       ,     .       .          .[544 -  ,   . and P.Cunnington, op. cit.]      .  1841  ,



      ,       ,  ; - ,     ,     ,             ,  ,   ,        - .[545 - The Handbook of the Toilet, 1841,   Cunnington, op. cit.]


 ,       ,  1851    ,           , ,       19 .[546 - Alex Werner and Roy Porter, London Bodies, London, 1998.]      1867 ,     ,    ,   ,   ,      :



         ,    ,        ,    ,    .       ,       ,     .


   , , ,       ,      ,  ,   .[547 -             ,             .     ,     .     ,       - ,     .]  1860-     , ,  - ,     .

    ,      ,     .  ,  .[548 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1840.]  1840      ,   .    ,        ,    .     .[549 - The Handbook for the Toilet, 1841,   Cunnington, op. cit.]           ,     .    .  .         , ,    . ,         ?         ,     .

        5          .  ,    ,    ,   ,   . ,    , ,    .  ,       ,        ,     .          .      ,         ,   ,    .[550 -   Aldburgham, op. cit.]  -    ,   ,             .[551 -  .]

     ,                .            .  1840    ,     ,       ,      , ,   ,     .    ,  ,    -. ,     .  1857    (  ),    ,       ,       ,     ;       .[552 - Barbara Leigh Smith, Women and Work, London, 1857.]                    ,     ,         ,        ,     .[553 -    ,      ,          .       ,     .]


* * *

          :



[]     ,              ,      ,   .   , ,  ,       ,     .    .     ,        ,     .   ,      ,       ,              magazini&#232;res [  .,  .]  .  ,    -       130     60-.            .     , ,   .         ,  .             ,       ,          [ ,   ]    ,                  ,   [554 - ..Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds) The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London 1971.    ,   ,    ,        .]


  ,       .

 1861 ,     ,        ,     ,     .      300 ,       .[555 - Holme, op. cit.]         ,  ,      ,    23   .        ,      ,   .[556 - Judith Flanders, The Victorian House, London, 2003.]   ,      .       .   1829 ,        1851-,     , ,       ,   ,   .    ,         1846 ,      ,           1851-  .         ,   1868       ,        ,  ,         ,     .[557 - Aldburgham, op. cit.]

    .            ,    ,          ,  ,  - (   1982-,        ,     ,  ,       ).       ,  ,      -    .            ,  .          ,       Jays Patent Euthemia,       ,   .[558 -  .]

       1830- ,    1850           ,   1859       ,   .        ,          .           ,            !     ,          ,       ,        .

       .     : ,          -,  ,     , ,   ,    .           ,     . ,   ,   ,   5  8   5  4 ,        .[559 - Werner and Porter, op. cit.]  , ,   5  ,      ,         .

    .           ,           ,     .[560 - Aldburgham, op. cit.]         .     ,         .[561 - G.L.Browne and C.G.Stewart, Reports of Trials for Murder by Poisoning, London, 1883.]   ,   ;          ,       .

     ,  ,       ,              . ,    ,  ,              .    ,      ,     .[562 - Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X, 18478, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.]         ,         ,  .           .        .   ,     .     ,        .

      ,          .      ,   ,           , , ,   ,      . (  ,    .     , ,   ,  .         .)

     :  [     . .] ,       1849 .[563 - Van Dulken, op. cit.]



 15

[564 -          : Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit of Mankind, London, 1997,  a   ,     .]


     -                                                            -       

       .  1863     ,     .                      ,         .[565 - Adam Hart-Davis, What Victorians Did for Us, London, 2001.]      ,        ,      ,  .[566 - Elizabeth Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, London, 1972.]   --        : , ,    .[567 - John Fisher Murrey, Physiology of London Life, in Bentleys Miscellany, Vol. XV, 1844.]   1868     ,           [ 4  4   21 ].

          .[568 - S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepis: The Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.]  ,    - .[569 - Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.  ,     .]     :           [], ,  ,          .     ,   .   ,     ,   ,        .

  -        10  6 ,   ,      ,          .     ,     ,  ,        .[570 - Liz Stanley (ed.), The Diaries of Hannah Culwick, London, 1984.]         .[571 - PeterVinten-Jonansen et al., Cholera, Chloroform and Science of Medicine: a Life of John Snow, Oxford, 2003.]      ,    ,      -,            ,          .[572 -   . Samuel Boddington, Guildhall MS 10,823/50.   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]


* * *

 1842               (    ),   (  )    (,     ).   -            45 ,      26,     16.  ,   ,   : 45, 27  22.  ,  ,       44 ,   29,    26.     62%          .[573 - Edwin Chadwick, Report of Sanitary Condition of the labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842; Porter, op. cit.]       ,              .

 1834      ,    ,    ,        .  1834       ,       .   ,   ,       ,    .          .           .[574 - Porter, op. cit.:  ,          .]

     .  1856 ,      ,       .[575 - Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rogers, London, 1889.]     50   ,         .               ,     ,  ,     .      .       ,            ,    .          . (       .)

      ,       ,          .    .    ,   ,  ,         ,       ,  1865      .    186365     ,      ,      ,    .   ,        ,     .              ,   -,         .     ,      ,     , ,  ,  .

          .        ,      ,    ,    .  ,     ,          .[576 -          Dr Johnsons London, London, 2000.] (     ,     .  ..)    ,             .  ,   .          ,         ,           .          .  ,          ,                    .              .[577 - R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.]

,    ,    ,            .      ,   ,             .[578 - D.Hudson, Monby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]     ,              :    ,    .   ,    -,    1828        .[579 - Joan Une, A Social History of Medecine, in John Woodward and David Richards (eds.), Health Care and Popular Medicine in Nineteenth Century England, London, 1977.]      -      .    ,  .

  ,              .          ,        .[580 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1849.]     .    -.[581 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]      600 .       56      .  ,         ,    .  . ,     40000 ,       ,   VIII  ,    .      .  1850        ,      .[582 - Graham Storey and Kathleen Tillotson, The Letters of Charles Dickens, Oxford, 1988.]

 .       ,     .   ,  1859 ,   :      ,    ,     -.                ,   .        ,       .  1868         ,      .

          .  1860      66  .        .  ,   300 ,    1842 ,         -    .    ,    1848 ,    160 ,       ,   .             . -  ,   1860- , : - ,       ;     .[583 - Thomas Dormandy, The White Death: a History of Tuberculosis, London, 1999.]        . ,     ,   1852  (      --).        .      .  1880-        75  .          ,         ,    ,        .   ,     ,  ,       .[584 - James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.]

            .   .  1842      ,            ,   -,  ,    .[585 - Cunningham, op. cit.]  .    150     1851 .           .  1826           .   -,   1815 ,  1822    .  1834         60 .

-         -.  ,   1836    ,       ,       ,     .       400 ,         (  ),         ( 50 )  - .    ,          ,  ,       .[586 - Jeanne Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid Victorian London, London, 1978.]         ,   .      ,      ,  -  ,        .                   ( ,       50   ).

       ,         :       ,        .              ,      ,              ,      .              .             .      ,      -,        .          ,        .       .    - ,  ,      ,      .[587 - Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.  ,          .  ,   .]

 ,    ,     1854 ,       -  ,   ,     .         -,     ,  ,     ,       .     ,     ,       ,  .          .   ,    ,        ,       ,        .[588 - Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.]

    ,     ,      ,    ,         .  185051        , .       ,    .[589 -        : Florence Nightingale, London, 1950.       ,        ,       ,     .]     ,     ,     ,        .    ,  1853   -       ,            -,  1.         ,         ,   ,        .

   ,            .       :  . ,       ,  ,        ,       .                 .    : ,    .     ,      .     ?           ,    ?      ,  ,       (   )?   ,    ?

 1856      ,       .             ,       .    45000 ,         ,       ..     .   , , , , , ,       .              ,           .


* * *

   .     ,   , ,       .[590 -  . Henry Robert Silvester, MD, Wellcome Institute MS 5689.   Creaton, op. cit.]  ,    ,         .      -     ,      .        ,        .  1816       ,   .        ,     ,    ,  ,      .          .     .

 1862     ,        [ ]      ,    ,[591 -   A.J.Rogers, The Scientific Revolution in Victorian Medicine, London, 1979.]                    ,       .     - ,        ,       ,                 .          40%  18641866   15%  18671870-,       .[592 - Ulrich Tr&#246;hler, Modern Surgery, in W. E Bynim and Roy Porter (eds.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, London, 1993.]

    .           ,     ,        .        .     ,    ,     .  1831   ,   ,      .  ,         ,      ,    .     ,      ,       .[593 - Porter, op. cit.]   1847   , ,   ,    .,     .



      .                        ,         , ,     [     ,  ,       ]           ,    .[594 - Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds.), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. V, London,1938.]


      .  1849                ,   (   )



       .,                     (   ,      ),       [  ?].        ,     .      ,           .    ,    ,    ,    ,           ,    ,   ,     ,     .[595 - Kathleen Tillotson, Charles Dickens, Letters. Vol. V, Oxford, 1977.]


       .   ,     .          .[596 -      .,   1918 ,                  1852 ,    ,   ,   .]  1853   ,      ,        ,     .    ,            ,  ,    ,       ,     .             ,     [    ]             ,       .[597 - Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.]

       ,    ,           -    ,  ,  ,     :     .[598 - ,  3  16.]   ,       -       ,        .[599 - Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.]

         .  ,         [600 - Home Office 352923.3.40 in the National Archives.]  .   .  1840          .     ,       [ ],       ,     .    ,       ,                  .[601 - British Medical Journal, 1868.]     ,      ,      ,       .  1868       ,      ,          .[602 - Mayhew, Vol. 1.]


* * *

     ,         ,        .      ,  ,       ,  .[603 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.]  1842             .[604 - J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.          1950- .   , , ,    .       ,      , , ,  ,  , , ,    .    , ,   .]            ,  .     ,    ,    ,       .            ,     .     ,      ,       ,       1200015 000  .         ,      ,       , -  .    ,   [    ?   ?]       ,            .

 1863        :   . ,        .   ,    ,    ,     .        .[605 - Froude, op. cit.]  1868        -,      ,      ,           ,  -  ,        : 1    ,     4  6 .   ,   .      ,   , ,   ,       ,      .

  ,      ,    .  1852   ,     ,           ,      .[606 - Dormandy, op. cit.]      1862 ,      .      .       ,         .        ,           .    ,     , -    ,        ,     ,[607 -          (Charles Pugh), in Crearon, op. cit.]      ,       , ,      ,               .     .[608 -   Dormandy, op. cit.]


* * *

,     XIX , ,   ,   .  1864       ,    -      ,        , , ,          ,  ,     ,   ,   .[609 - Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics, London, 1965 (2 edn.).]   : , , ,   ,        ,   .  1862      .    ,        .[610 - Ibid.]      ,     .    ,     , ,    .[611 - Alex Werner and Roy , London Bodies, London, 1998.]      ,       .   15%      ,        .[612 - Creighton, op. sit.]

 1847          .  ,   ,       1848     .    1856-   1864-.  18471848      ,    .        .[613 - Ibid.]   ,    .         ,           .   1869        ,  ,  (  ,     ), ,   .[614 - Ibid.]      .

 ,    ,    15000   ,            .[615 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]              .        ,    -     .           ,   []   .     .     .                 .     -  ,    ,     .     ,   18501860- ,    :



       ,     ,       ,     ,    ,  : ,    ,   ,    ,      ,    ,          ,           , , ,    [     ].       .[616 - Mrs Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management, London, 1861.]


 1853 ,     ,    ,   1861     ,   ,                                .[617 - Fransis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.]  1867          .            .  ,    ,  :       - .[618 - Porter, op. cit.]

    .   ,           ,  .  ,   ,     .

     .  1820    ,    ,     .     1829        .  1832     ,    18000 .  



 .  ,        ;           .    ,   ,    :  ,    .        :     - .[619 - Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.]


  ,       .        :           ,[620 - Chadwick, op. cit.]  .

,     ,    .   ,      .         .    ,          .  ,       ,     .



         ,                         ,  , ,       [    ,   ,   ]         [  ]   ,        ,        .[621 -     14000  18000.  ,    , ,      ,      .]


,    1839   :     .         14000 .[622 - G..Young and W.D.Handcock, English Historical Documents, Vol. XII (1), 18331874, London, 1956.]   1849          , ,   ,   ,   ,                   . ,    ,      .    -  ,           ,       ,      .[623 - S.E.Finer, The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick, London, 1952.]

     4000 ,     6500.      ,     . ,        ,     .[624 - Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.]        :    56-,     38-.        (   ),        .     ,          ?[625 - Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.   ,        .        :    .   ,      ,         .]

     1853   ,     .      ,     1849 ,   ,     .   1854     -        .   ,   ,       ,    ,   .        .     ,    ,       ,  ,   .       ,  ,      .   .   .

, ,     ,      ,      ,    .        -,         -.    .     ,      ,     .      -,      .       .       ,          .  1854       ,      .[626 - John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.]

       .   -               .[627 - Porter, op. cit.]       1856 ,       ,      ;      ,      .      ,     .     .


* * *

         .    ,      1264--  ,   1844 ,    .      ,      .      ,              .     ,        ,  ,        , ,     ,   ,    ,   .    ,  ,   ,        퓻,    ;      . (    1763   , ,  ,      ,    ,      ,              .      .  1826       ,   1899-   .)

   .         ,    . ,    (, ),   ,       .    ,          ? (      .)       .  ,     ,     ,     ,   ,      .      .        .   ,     .

     ,      .            -.           1859      .          15000   .      .    ,   :   ,   .   -      ,   ,     ,      , ,       ,        .   ,       ,    . , , , ,       ,    .        .        ,          .

        .         .  :     ,   ,    .         .   , , ,  ,  ,         ,     ,   ,      .   :   ,  ,      ,  :      .       .   .     ,       ,    ,          .

 1861 ,       ,           . ,   ,     ,   .     ,    ,  .          .  ,   ,           ,   ,       .    , ,  ,       . ,   ,      ,     .       :         . ,     ,                  [ ,      ]           ,    - . ,  .

            ,     . (    .)              .             .      ,     ,         ,   .    .



 16




         -                      -         -  -  -  -  -    -           

  ,      ,  1835    .    ,     ,        .        70 , ,  ,          .

 -,   ,       ,  .    ,    ,    .    .[628 - John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.]        ,   .      ,          ,       ,     .     -     .              ,    .     .         26000    3   .         ,        .[629 - Mayhew, Vol. III.]

     -   .                  .    [   ]   ,     200       ,  .        , ,  ,    . , ,   .    ,  ,      .[630 - Mayhew, Vol. I.]     ,         ,     ,                ,  ,    ,         ,    ,    .[631 - Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.]     , ,              .           .            .     ,           .

  1860-        -.    33 ,       ,     ,      .[632 - Ibid.      -,     .]   ,      ,       ,       23 .       ,   , ,     ,    .[633 - Dor&#233; and Jerrold, op. cit.]   -  - ( -),    1200 ,     ,      -   , , ,    .[634 - D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]       4 ,       ,           .

-        ,  ,    .       .  - (  )    .    .        .        .[635 - S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.]      ,      ,              [  ,  -]      .[636 - Hudson, op. cit.]    1860                 ,         .    ,  ,      ,   ,   . , ,            ,     -   ,      ,            ,         .[637 - AR. Bennett, London in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]

  .       19  19.30.      ,   -   8    .      ,    .     .[638 - Ibid.]        -  ,      18.30,    19 ,   ,      23.30.     5 ,    4,    2,    1 .[639 -   : W.S.Bell, Museum of London accession No. 52.25, .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]      ,     ,  ,        .

 -,   6      ,   ,         ,    .[640 - Hudson, op. cit.]  1804    -      90     --.  1823   ,        ,        .[641 - Robert Ward, Londons New River, London. 2003; Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).] ,      ,   -  -,     ,      ,             .    ,    ,    ,  -  ,    ,    ,       - [ -],    .    ,            ,   ,   ,   .[642 - Dor&#233; andjerrold, op. cit.]       .



  -    ,           -໅      ,              .     ,           , ,     .


   1842     .[643 - Lytton Strachey and R.Fulford (eds), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. V.London, 1938.] (         ,    ,            .)

  -  .    -  ,       ,     - (   ).  1854         ,      ,    ,   1858     .         .  ,           -  ,    .  1860    -.     ,     .        ,     .      , ,      ,    ,           .[644 - John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.]

    ,       8 ,   ,   ,     .     ,   , ,      ?    200 ,   (     )    ,   ,   ;     .   40  ,   60 ,    ,      ,        -       - .  ,     ,    ,            ,     . ,    ,     ,          .[645 - Ibid.]       ,                 , , ,         ,       ,    .     ,   ,  -  , ,           ,   ,   .[646 - J.E.Ritchie, The Night Side of London, London, 1869.]  1859   ,  9   ,    .           .

  ,       ,      ,  , ,  .    6       ,    ,   ,    ,       ,    1 .  



           ,              ,          ,  ,       ,   .           ,          ,         ,     .[647 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.]


     1 ,     2  6 .[648 - Ritchie, op. cit.]

   1862     ,    10,     .        .  ,          .    ,    ,  ,   3    . (,    4000 ;  ,    ,  120 .     ?     .)


* * *

     ,   ,      -, ,  ,  ,     .       .    1840  1870   -      ,      ,   1841    .       (     ,     --)       .  18401870      ,    .  1847             - ,   1865       .       7000  8000 .     4000 .[649 - Cunningham, op. cit.]      ,          ,         .

    (    -),   ,   .    ,    1870 ,       .         .  1857     (     ,      -,   )     -,   1869       -  - (      ).[650 - The Earl of Harewood and Anthony Peattie (eds), The New Kobb&#233;s Opera Book, 1997 (nlh edn).    ,    ,      .        18401870- .   ,        , ,   18471855       ,   18561859.    -,     . (Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (eds). The London Encyclopedia, London, 1983.)]

      .          -.[651 - Cunningham, op. cit.]      1000       .[652 -    ... .  .: Creaton, op. cit.]     --.  1855          130 ,           (     ).       -        500    .    ,     .[653 - Ibid.]  ,          ,        ,      ;         .

           .     ,           ..    6500     ,     . -  ,      ,          .



     [        ]                -                ,  ,   ,   

[     ],    ,   ,            .[654 -    ; .  .: Dyonysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 1852.]


       ,    2000    ,      ,      -   .[655 - Strechey and Fulford, op. cit.]


* * *

      ,    .   (      )    ,             ,       .        ,     ,         .[656 - Max Schlesinger, 182085: Saunterings in and about London, in Xavier Baron, London, 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.       .    De Johnson s London, London, 2000.]         ,  ,   1859 ,    ,  . ,   (   ,  ;    ;      -),   1840-    .   ,  ,     ,       ( )  .      ,   ,     1849 .[657 -      . Cunningham, op. cit.;     .: Weinreb and Hibbert, op. cit.]     ,   ,             ,  ,         .[658 - Ritchie, op. cit.]    1856        .  



  .          ,    ,  ;        ,    ,    .               ,  ,  , ,     ,   , ,    .[659 - Francis Wey, Les Anglais Chez Eux, 1856, trans. Valerie Price as A Frenchman Among the Victorians, Yale, 1936.]


        ,     .     ,   ,    ,       ,     .

 1855           .   ,   -    ,    .  20     .    ,  .      ,     [   ]   3040 ;   ,     蓻.[660 - J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.]  1864  ,  ,        5000 ,      .    .          ;[661 - William Acton, Prostitution, London, 1870 (2 edn).]



      . ,      15  ,     15002000      ,  ,     ,  , ,   , ,   ,       1000    ,   , ,     ,   ,    ,  .


  -    .       1000       300 ,       :     ,  ,   .

      .  -    ,      .  1841   290 ,      ,     ,    -  .[662 - Cunningham, op. cit.]   ,   ,     .[663 - Adam Hart-Davis, What the Victorians Did for Us, London, 2001.]   ,     ,    1850        -.[664 - Cunningham, op. cit.]    ,   ,      ;[665 -     . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d.467, listed in Creaton, op. cit.]  ,       1865        ,[666 - A.E.Douglas-Smith, The City of London School, 1965 (2 edn).]   ,    ,         .        ,           ,   ,      ,   .[667 - R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Yearss Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.]  ,     -,       .    1855       ,    :



 ,    ,        ,    .     ,    ,  ,   ,    ,    ,     .                 .      ,         1      1&#189;  .       ,     ,           ,    ,       ,   .[668 - M.L.Davies (ed.). Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.]


   ,     ,    1867      ,     .  ,       ,    1861    .

      -. ,           ,  :    ,[669 - Pugh, op. cit.]          .  1846     ,     ,    .     ,         320  ,   198     ,      .     1853 ,       (  ),   1864        (  ).

         :      -,   -,  ,   --, -,     -.        -.  ,      , ,            ,      .[670 -  ,     .]         ,   . ,   -    1865     , ,           .   ,       ,      ,          ,                ,    .  :                  .[671 - Hudson, op. cit.]  ,     ,     .[672 - Mayhew, Vol. III.]

    -   :   , ,   , ,      ,   ,    .[673 - Edward Hyams, (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]     21     300.    ,       ,       .  1857       ,  ,   ,        .  -     , , ,   ;     -    ,          ,   ,   .     ,   ,       (   )         ,     ,     ,   ,   - .[674 - Mayhew, Vol. II.   ,    ,     - ,     .   .] -     -      .     . -  -      ,            ,         .[675 - Wey, op. cit.] ,         ,        :     ,    ,     .[676 -    ... .  .: Creaton, op. cit.]

 ,   ,    -  -.[677 - Wey, op. cit.] -       340 .                  ,   ,   ,         .[678 - Ibid.]       17.30  18.30             .[679 - Cunningham, op. cit.]   :



-     ,     . -                            .   ,   ,      ,   ,    .[680 - Hyams, op. cit.]


 ,     -, -,     ,            .       :



    , ,           -. [ ]              ,            - .   -      ,     ,      ;              ,      .[681 - Schlesinger, op. cit.]


 ,   ,    1862           ;   ,      .      -  ,    .[682 - Ellis, op. cit.]

  ,   ,   ,      -,     ,   .   ,   ,      :  ,    (  -) ,   7000  8000  .[683 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy New Series, Vol. I, 1843.]      .   ,      ,          .          ?        :       (             )   .[684 - Bennett, op. cit.]

          .[685 - Cunningham, op. cit.]      .        ,    .[686 - Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.]  ,       ,     1855 .        ,   .           ,         ,      .       ,       -,          .[687 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks and Our Old Home, London, 1863. .  .: Baron, op. cit.]

   -   -,   .    18531858      .     .      .  -     ,     :          ,   - .[688 - Hudson, op. cit.]  1865  ,    ,     ,  :     ,       .        , ,       ,      .[689 - Dore and Jerrold, op. cit.]

-               -.   1820-     ,        .     18  (       ),         ,   2000 ,     - .      ,   .  1828        .      6 ,      1 .     ,     .[690 - Hawthorne, op. cit.]     .   ,    ,     .[691 -   . J.A.Patterson, Wellcome Institute MS 73537, .  .: Creaton, op. cit.]

 1843        . , -          ,  -     .     -,     ,   ,        ,   ,    .[692 - Cunningham, op. cit.]  1849     .      .   ,   ,       ,   (  ,    ,  ),    ,     .  1849   ,   1352 ,      ,      ,[693 - Unpublished diary of W.S.Bell, in Creaton, op. cit.]  170000 .

       -  -.          ,      .     :  5   ,  5.30  ,  6.15  ,              ,     .[694 - Ibid.]       .  1855   ,         ,         ,   45    .    ,     1877    .

,    ,  ,   -       ,     Victoria Regia,       -,      -.[695 -      ..]  1840  , ,  ,   ,      .  18411856 ,      ,     15  250 .     ,            .      ,       :        ( 163 ,   ,      ,      ),     ,        .  ,   ,       ,     (     -  -).

   --   ,    1844 .     .   363 ,   100 ,       62 ;        .    -,      1860-,     1899 .         . ,    ,      1840 ;          .  1861      .


* * *

            ,     .          ,      ,    .[696 - Henry Humpherus, History of the Origin and Progress of the  of Watermen and Lightermen of the River Thames., edited by Jack King, W.Barrett, G.Wilson and John Dawson, vol. IV, reprinted Lavenham, Suffolk, 1999.]     -     .       ,    ,     ,      .    ,      -,      .[697 - Ralph Hyde, Printed Maps of Victorian England, London, 1975.]

    .  ,   1858       ,        -,       .      -,   .   -,    ,     ,             .           ,       ,      ,  .         ,       20.      ,            - (  1    6     ),           ,    ,  ,   , , , ,           ,        ,        ,      .[698 - Unpublished diary of J.A.Patterson, listed in Creaton, op. cit.]

 1869       ,     ,                  ( 5 , ,    ).[699 - Hudson, op. cit.] ( ,   ,  ,     .     ,  ,  ,    .)

      ,  ,        1869     , ,  ,   .[700 - Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X.] ,     ,      .   , ,        .    ,         ,  ,         ,        , : , ,    哻.[701 - 18471848, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.]

      .          10.00  16.00    10.00  19.00 .   -        ,   ,   .  1851  -    .      - (  1936 ). - ,     1874 ,      -.      11.00  15.00.                 (,  ), ,    .[702 - Cunningham, op. cit. ,  ,        .]                  --.  ,     ,       .      ,    -,         --. ,       ,    . ,    6 ,   616              ,   , ,     ,   6  2     8      . , ,  .[703 - Ibid.   ,   .]

  ,  ,   .     -,       .[704 - Cunningham, op. cit.]     , ,   ,      .    .



 17

 


                                                       

  ,        :   .[705 -      ,   ,    .              Michael Leapman, The World for a Shilling, London 2001; John Davis, The Great Exhibition, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 199; Asa Briggs, Victorian Things, London 1990 (rev. edn).]   .   , , ,   .  , 1  1851 , ,      

1848-      ,     .        ,       ,   ,        , .      . Β,  , ,      ,    .    .  Β              .



  , ,  ,     ,    , ,         .      .      ,    ,         ,   ,  ,    !       ,      .           .[706 - Society, Politics and Diplomacy 18201864: passages from the Journal of Francis W.H.Cavendish (  ), London, 1913.]


     ,    . 1849     .      ,     ,       .        ,                .      .   ,  ,       1840,      - . ,   ,          ,  , .

, ,    ,   ,  ,  ,   ,   ,     .             .   1754      ,   .      ( 1847    )           ,  ,   ,      . ,     ,    ,  modus operandi       ,      .  1847    .

           .      ,        - ,      ,      .   1850        ,           , , ,  .      17 .

   .   .   .   .       ,         ,          ?  , ,    ,         .           ,    ,     ,  ,   .      ?  -?  -?  ?  -?    -.      -,      ,         .          ,      -.   ,     .  ,    ,      , ,     ,    ,    .[707 -   .  1849.       ,      1788.      .     ,     ,     ,        ,   .    ,   ,    铻. W.Marston Acres, The Bank of England From Within, London, 1931.]    .

     ,       .        .     - ,  ,  :   ,    -      ,     ,        ,        ,     ,   .[708 -    David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture, London, 1997.]

            ,   -,        , ,   ,            ,     .       ,          .           .       ,      ,     ;    .      17000 ,   100000 .      ,   : , ,  ,    ,    , .                 ?   ,     ,   ,   .[709 -  ,    Leapman, op. cit.             .     ,     ,  ,  .      .]

        -.   ,       ,    .     ,    ,      . (    ,    .)  ,     ,    .   1851 ,       ,  ,       ,         ,    ,  .[710 -    , Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d. 46573,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

  ,   1851  ,     .       .           ,         80   , 60     40       .  1830        ,              .  1844           -  .     - ,        ,    .  1845    ,   , ,   ,    .  1850-    ,    ,       900000  ,    ,     49  10 ,  16   .

  ,   ,     .    ,        ,      18000   .[711 - J.R.Piggot, Palace of the People. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham 18541936, London, 2004.]     ,   , ,      ,     .     ,     .         1850 ,   .        2000 ,        , ,      .  -    ,    ,  ,      .               .    ,    ,     , ,   ,    ?  ,    ,    .

  ,       ,      ,   .            ,        ,     ,    .      ,     ,      ,     . ,       ,      36  68- ,     .[712 - Leapman, op. cit.  ,          ,         .   .]    ,   ,          .     .          ,         ,   ,    .

 ,   ,           . , ,   ,   ,      - .         ,    .          .   ,      -      .    -   .[713 - Davis, op. cit.] ,   -     .  , ,   , ,  ,   -,   ,  ,         ,     -   ,   ,      .


* * *

     :     .       ,   ,  - ,              .[714 - Cecil Woodham-Smith, QueenVictoria, Her Life and Times, Vol. I, London, 1972.]     ,    ,   (   ,   )     ,                  ,   ,    . ,    .     , 1  1851 ,       :



            ,          ,     ,  ,  ,        ,     .           .  [ :   ]   [ ,   ]    ,    ,      . -  -    ,   ,       ,   ,        ,  ,       .     ,  , ,  ,    ,   ,     .  , ,   ,        ,   ( 200   600 ,    )    ,     軅  -   ,    ,    ,        ,  ,     .         ,       .


         ,    .   , -    .       ,      -      .    ,            .   ,   .   ,       , ,           .    ,          [715 - Memoirs of Lord Playfair,    Woodham-Smith, op. cit.]  , ,  ,    -   ,          .

       .         ,       3 .          ,  ,       -    .[716 - Charles Pugh,    Creaton, op. cit.]       1 , ,  24 ,  ,      , 1 .     .              ,    ,    .[717 - Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 1852.]

  ,   ,        ,            ,          ,      ;  ,   ,    ,     ,     ,[718 - Principal Speeches and Addresses of H.R.H., the Prince Consort, 1862,   J.M.Colby, Culture and Society in Britain 185090, Oxford, 1986.]       -.       .          ,  ,   .   ,   ,   .  ,      [sic],      .    ,        ,   ,       sacrebleu.[719 -       Lardner, op. cit.]

  ,  ,   ,     :  , ,           .[720 - Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Bronte, London, 1970 (Folio Society edn).]     ,  ,      ,    ,    ,      .  1851   ,      , ,  .   ,    . ,          ,      .       , ,        ,  , ,  .  ,   ,  .    -:    ,  -      ,        ,     ,[721 -       Lardner, op. cit.]        ,      ,     ,   .

,            ,  ,    .      ,        ,     .   ;             ,      .    827000 ,      .[722 -     .]       ,   ,      ,    .[723 -   ,            . ,     ,  ,   -,    , ,   ,           ,     ,    --     ,      .]      ,   ,     ,   , ,          .

  ,   .          ,     ,  27 ,   4 ,  - ,      ,    ,    ,       .           .        ,  ,    .[724 -     Lardner, op. cit.]   ,       .   ,        ,        ,      ,    ,    ,      -       ,        200 ,     ,         .

     ,    ,    ,    ,  .     1836 ,   .  1851-  , ,     145000 ,       -      .          ,[725 -     1843. Stephen van Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001.]        .          1600   .       ,        ,    , ,      ,  ,  ,          .

 ,     ?       ,  ,       ,   ,     .     -,   ?            ,      ,        .     ,  ,   .[726 -   ..,    Creaton, op. cit.   ,    ,       ,   ,                .]    ,   ,           .    ,   ,   .        , ,      . ,   ,        .      ,       .        ,    ,      ,    .

     : ,     , ,    ,      .[727 -     ,     -, Leapman, op. cit.]    ,    ,  ,    1850-,  -  18451849    .[728 -       15  1850.     .     .             ,    ,          6  [1850] , ,       . John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963 (rev. edn).]   ,   ,     , :     ,  ,  ,     ,        ,         .[729 - Raymond, op. cit.] ,      .       - 6   ,    ,  ,   ,    ,  . (    ,      .)

       ,      ,      .     ,     ,    .  ,   ,     ,  ,     .         ,   ,         .

    .    .      , ,   ,      [,   ,    ],     .[730 -     , MS 3224, Wellcome Institute,    Creaton, op. cit.]


* * *

 ,       -      .    ,      .    .    ,   ,  ,      .       ,  ,         - .        ,       ,   :



  ,      ,       ,    ,           , ,       ,      ,     , ,   ,    ,             , ,         .[731 -    Davis, op. cit.]


   200   300 , -    ,   ,   ,    .          .  - ,      ,       ,            ,   ,        ,   .

   ? , , .           ,   . ,          ,      ,       .    ,  ,         ,          . ,  ,     ,         .   , , ,    50.     ,       .    9 ,    ,  ,     .      ,             .      ,       .   ,        .    ,           .[732 -   1840.     ,     .    .   1850.  ,  ,     .   ,      ,  ,          .]

           --.          :   -    ,  ,     :      .[733 -    ,    Christopher Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, London, 1950.]     ,      ,  .      :       ,    ,  ,          .[734 - Leapman, op. cit.]

 ,      ,       5 ,         .     ,       - ,      ,   ,   .       .  ,   ,  150000     ,    3000   .    ,       , , ,     ,    .[735 - ,   Hobhouse, op. cit.]      ,    .    :



         ( 800 ),    ,    ,   ,     ,      ,     2  6  [ ,    1  6 ,      ]                    ,    ,            .[736 - Woodham-Smith, op. cit.]


      ,     ,   .[737 - W.O.Henderson, J. C. Fischer and his Diary of Industrial England 181451, London, 1966.]       .   -       .      ,     ,          .    ,     -   , -  ,     .

,   ,    .    ,    1 ,  50000,              109915 .         11    .       ,     .           ?    ?     . , -    ,     .   .    ,    ,  ,   ,    .



 18

   


                                     1936 

   ,     ,      ,    .      ,       .   ,    ,      ?  ,     ?          ,     ,    .     ,   ,      .       186000           ,     . 29  1852   , ,   .

 17      ,     ,      .  ,    ,   .  ,  ,      -.     ,   ,  ,      ,     -,  70000  .[738 - J.R.Piggott, Palace of the People. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham 18541936, London, 2004, ,          .]      350-       ,        .        ,   ,     .      .

    ,  ,      .         ,            .              .  ,    ,         ,  -.      1865 .      ,     ,     .   ,       ,    . (  ,      .).[739 - S.V.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.]     ,     .         .    , ,    ,      .         .

   -    .              , ,         . ,   ,      .  -     ,        .        ?   .      -  . - 400     ,     ,  4000 ,     .   ,   ,    ,   .               .      ,     ,    ,  , 15      .              ,      ,       -   32 .[740 - David Solman, Loddiges of Huckney, London, 1955.]

    1852 .   -         2260 ,    ,          6400 ,      .    ,     ,        .    ,   .           ,   ,             , .      .  ,   ,  ,  - (  ).[741 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]

    ,     ,       -,          .      ,    ,           ,       50 . (       .)    .    ,       .    1854     .     ,    ,    1854      ,       .

  ,  :   ?        ,     !  .    -  ,     ,   ,     .      ,  ;   1800 ,         .      .  ,     ,     . ,   , ,                , , .


* * *

            .       ,             ,                  .                .

            ,         5000  ,   .       .        .        ,       .         ,       .     -   51      ,      .         , ,   ,       .      .           .       .         .

    -      ,   ,         .      ,         .    ,   ,    ,    .       ,   . ,  ,          ,   .         ,     .

                       ,    ,   ?



       ,     . ,       ,   .          -     ,    ,   ,        ,        ,    .[742 -  .          ,  ,      .]


         ?   ,        ,     -,  :     ,   ,      ,           1000   .[743 - Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent, London, 1960.]   ,      .       ,        .        ,  ,  ,      ,    ,     .     .           .        -   ,       .  ,      ,       8  1854 , ,     , ,      ,           . ,       .      ,       ,             (   ).           ,           .

      :  ,      ,    ,         ,          .    .       , 50      .[744 - Piggott, op. cit.]  ,  ! ( ,      .                 .     ,       .          .       ,    .  ,                ,      ,  ,        .

     ,  ,   . , , ,   ,        ,      .               ,    .          .           .   11000 ,     ,      ,       280 .   1856          .    :



          ,    ,  .     :        ,    ,      ,  ,  ,   ,  .[745 -    , Graham Reeves, Palace of the People, Bromley, Kent, 1986.          -   ,    .    -  ,    .]


    ,  ,    ,          .   ,  ,   -      ,       .  1894       .

      ,      .     34      1853           .             . ( ,    ,  ,         .)       , , ,     .


* * *

 ,    .   ,   ,     1322000 ,  71000 .       ,       ,       .     ,      ,    1866      -,      ,     ,    .       .

         .     90000       - ,    .       . ,  -    ,  -,    ,  ,            . (  ,  , -           .)          .

     : ,     ,       [sic].    ,       ,  ,     ,   ,  -,      ,     ,      ,          .[746 -   J.A.Patterson, 1858, Wellcome Institute MS 73537,   Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.] ,   ,       ,     ,  1861         ,        ,   ,    .[747 - D.Hudson. Munby; Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]

             , , , , ,  ,  ,     ,      ,    . (,       ,  ,        .)       ,    ,         .     , ,   , ,  ,        -   -   ,              -   .[748 - Bennett, op. cit.]

 ,    ,     2000     ,      .   5         ,  80     50   .  ,      ,   :



        ,               ,  ,       .   ,  .   .[749 -   Reeves, op. cit.]


     1864 .  1865-        ,     .    ,     ,     .     ,    , ,   ,      , , ,     .

         ,     . ,          ,      . ( ,     -.) , ,      1859  1860 ,       .         ,               .    1857, 1858  1859       ,   .   2500    ,              ?  ,   3600 ( 1889    4000   4441 )    .[750 - ,      ,        -. ,            ,       .     ,   ,  ,     ,     ,     .      .   ,      ,       ,     .  ,      ,         . -   7000 ,      ,      .]        ,   ,  ,   20 ,   1857 .

       ,       , ,   .                     1936 .        . ,  ,     .        .     ,      ,  ,              -.



 19




                                                                       

   ,        .               ,             .     .

          .  ,    ,   ,     ,        ,  ,      .     , , ,       ;   ,      ,      .        -,      .       ,     .    ,    :       .[751 - .P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds), The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Cronicle of 184950, London, 1971.]

     ,  ,    ,    .      ,   1783               ,     .  ,  ,       -   1818        .  ,   ,        ,             -:



       ,     -,   .        ,        ,   .       ,                 ,      . ,      - ,        .


  ,    ,    -     ,   .    ,   ,      ,  .  1863 ,    ,     - (  -;   ,       ,  ,  ,   -   )     ,   .         -,     -   .    , 



,     ,           ,                ,  ,       .   ,    .


      .      ,    ,        ,    . ,    ,  , ,   ,    ,   ,           .            .                .

     .     .            . (  ,    ,   ,     .[752 - R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.])       .    ,     .    ,      . -            .

          .     ,   ,     ,       .[753 -        Ethel .Hogg, Quintin Hogg. A Biography, London, 1904,  Ethel M.Wood, A History of the Polytechnic, London, 1965.]       ,           ----.           -   ,    ,      .    ,         -.[754 - John Baily (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.]

     ,    ,      (  1835-).        1846      -.  1850      ,    160 ,  ,     100 ,    ,    60 ,   ,    155 .[755 - Vanderkiste, op. cit.]       , , , ,  ,   1853-,   350        .[756 - Mayhew, Vol. IV.]       .     -   400 ,      [757 - John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.].

    ,   ,        ;         .       ?             -.     ,   -   ,      .     ,      ; ,      ? ,    .       , ,    .        ,  ,   ,     .   ,    ,  ,    .     ,     ,     .    ,    -  .[758 -    ,    ,     ( ). ,        ,  ,  .       ,    ,      ,     - ,  .    ,    ,     -   ,             ,     .     ,    . -,       ,        .]

        ,  ,      .               ,   1  6      ,                       .[759 - M.L.Davies, Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.] ,     ,    ,  :          ,       .[760 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]      .    ,               .     2000       100 ,    .[761 - Edward Hyams (ed.) Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]   ,       ,        ,            .   ,   ,    .[762 - Mayhew, Vol. II.]          .[763 - Caroline Cornwallis, The Philosophy of Ragged Schools, London, 1851.]

 1844           ,     .          .        ,   :



1. ,   .

2. ,     .

3. ,    .

4.   .

5.    .

6.  ,  -       .

7. ,     ,    .

8.  ,  ,       ,      .

9.,      ,      .

10.   ,     .

11.,   ,    ,      .

12.-,      .

13.  ,   ,     .


   -  ; ,  ,    ,         ,  .  1861   150  ,   ,    20000     2000 ,[764 - Hollingshead, op. cit.]   207  ,    25000 .    ,   1849 ,  --,        .[765 - Samuel Smiles, Workmens Earnings, Strikes and Savings, London, 1861.]  1869     195 .    ,      1870 ,    .    :        ,   .[766 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]  ,        ,        ;    ,        ,          .[767 - Cornwallis, op. cit.]         .

          - ,       .               ,      ,    ,    .

    -   ,      .            ,     15  [,    ]       [] ,       .   ,          ,    .[768 - Mattew Arnold, Report on Elementary Schools 185282, London, 1908.]    ,   ;         ,            .                 ,     -      1000  . ,    , ,    ,        .[769 - James Kay-Shuttleworth, Four Periods of Public Education, London, 1862.     ,  ,    7.]

          ,          .     .        ,     ,       .     ,   , ,         .

,        ,    -   (),     ,   , ,     ,    ,    , ,  1000    6070 . ,     ,   , ,  ,        ,      .[770 - John Burnett (ed.) Destiny Obscure, London, 1982.]  ,   ,  1846       -.       ,        .

  1852     ,        ,   ,     .  ,   ,      .   ,    ,  ,    ,       .[771 - Arnold, op. cit.]

      2  8   ,  ,       ,      .   :   ,    ,   ,   ,   ,      ,    ,       .  ,           ,      .  -,       ,   ,      ,   ,         ,        - -    .             ,       .                ,   ,    ,      ,       :

		  ,
		   .
		  
		   

( .)
( ,     ,    ,            .)    ,  ,         ,    ,  ,         ,  :    ,           ,                养.     .    ,         . ,       ,           ,    .   ,                        .

 ,      ,   .    ,   ,    .         :      ,   ..             ,    ,       .  1861    ,  .    ,   .    ,  ,    .       ,     .  1870      ,       .

 1843         .   .    5 ,     6  7   ,    8,      ,   .    ,  ,  , ,  ,  , ,   (?), , , , ,   ,              .        10.     :   ,    ,     .       ,         . ,         .[772 - John Lawson, A Social History of Education in England, London, 1973.]


* * *

            ,    .   ,    JFS (  ),   1817   -  -.[773 - Gerry Black, J.F.S.The History of the Jews Free School since 1732, London, 1998.]   ,    1   ,  ,     ,    .  1822    ,     600   300 .          ,  ,        .    ,     .

      .  ,      ,      ,   1842  1897 .  ,     .      ,         , , ,   .     ,    ,     .      ,    ,  ,  ,      ,       .

   .     --,    ,   1839    ,    ,                 4600 .     -   ,   .        ,        ,      ,  1841 .      ,   22 ,                .        140            .

    ,        ,  ,  ,  .    ,   .    ,        :



 5     6    - ,       .    ,       .    ,        ,    ,    ,    .   ,             .  -     ,      ,   .


           .        ,   , , , , ,         ,     , ,    ,   ,      , ,        . ,     .             ,  ,       ,     ,             .       .

       .    1845         ,                 ,        .      ,          ,    .  1847     419   276 .  1853-     500.  1850         .  1870-    2400 , ,       ,      (  )  .               -,    1500        .

    ,   ,       ,           .[774 - Lorna Cowburn, Polished Cornerstones, London, 2001.          .]         1788 .   1850-    ,     ,           [    ]   .             ,  ,      ,        ,     .             (   ,     ,         ).   ,    ,          .

   .     1853 ,      ,     ,        ,           ,   .                2  3   3     1856   ,     ,      ,    .                ,             .

       ,   ,                  :       .        , , , ,   1858    ,    (  ),       .    :  1868       ,    ,     .

           ,    .        ,   1857        -.  1865     100 ,    .   , , , , ,   .    6 ,          ,     ,     ,      12.30.              4.30,  ,  ,     6 ,        .     8.30.     .


* * *

    .           .  1858           2140 .[775 - Henry Humpherus, History of the Origin and Progress of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen of the River Thames, ed. By Jack King, J.L.Dawson, W.Barrett and W.B.G.Wilson, reprinted 1999, Lavenham, Suffolk.           ,    ,      ,      .     , ,  ,    ,        ,      .]          ,      . ,     ,    . ,        ,    ,    .[776 -   .    Elizabeths London, London, 2003.]



[  -   ]      ,               ,              ,            [ ]           , ,       ,   [],               ,     [777 -    ,       .   1885.     ,            .        .]


 ,      ,         :    .

,    ,              5    .       ,   .   [     ,   ]     .[778 - Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.]  ,    ,  .   , -,   .         . ,      .   ,     ,          ,  ,   ,     ,  ,    .[779 - T.Wright s.n. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed, London, 1868.]


* * *

      -,   ,  1835 .          ,    ,       ,    ,           .      ,   ,     .     ,           ,  , , ,           ,           12 .  1861    640 .[780 - A.E.Douglas-Smith, The City of London School, Oxford, 1965.         .] ,      ,          ,  : 70  260  .    -  -   ,       .   -   1850-   600 .[781 -     , MS 3224, Wellcome Institute,    Heater Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

   -,        ,     .    ,           . ( ,     ,     -,    ,      .[782 - G.M.Young, Portrait of an age, London, 1977.])     ,     1868 :



      ,       []  ,   ,     ,            ,  ,               ,          ,    .


  ,           .    .  ,          ,     .     ,              .

      .


* * *

   ,     ,       , ,   ,   1823          ( -),     ,      1000  ( 1850   650  ,   ),    ,   1854   --,       .  ,     .          . ,      . ,   ,  , ,             ,     .[783 - D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]    ,   ,    ,      -    :  ,    .

 1838   -     ,    .        ,       ,      . ,    1859 ,    ,   ,          퓻.[784 -   .., Wellcome Institute MS 73537,    Creaton, op. cit.]  1861       ,       ,       (   ),  900    ,        . (   .)

      ,         .  ,       (  ,       ), :        ,   , ,        .            ,    .[785 - Xavir Baron, London 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997:   Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks   Our Old Home  1863.]

       . -  -       1848     12 ,         .     .     ,  ,       ,   ,   1850      ,                .       .

 1848   -   -,   ,  ,  , .[786 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, 1850 (2 edn).]   1867-           :



        ;    ,    ;            ,    [  ]           ,    ,       .[787 - The Taunton Comission.           ,    , , ,      .       .]



* * *

    1850  1855        ,       .    ,    .          .    1840   -,  ,  ,  1   .       .  1852     --,  25000 .  1861           --,    800000 .       , 28%       13%      .

 1841   -   ,           --.      ,    ,    ,   .      :        .           ,     ;       ,   ,         ,            ,   .       ,     .      ,       ,         ,     .     ,                ,   .                .

    1828   -,  ,        . -       .  1836            , , , ,          1878 .           ,         .  ,     ,        .


* * *

            .  1845  33%   49%   .  1871      19  26 : ,  .[788 - David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture, London, 1997.]



 20




           -        -                                                ?

     .      ,    ,    , ,   .      ,    ,   .         -     10 ,   ,   ,     ,              ,      .[789 - Michael Riley, Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life, London, 1979.]  , ,     .

     ,         ,      .              .      ,         ,   ,   .[790 - Ibid.]     .          -   -.                      .  ,   : ,      ,      .[791 - D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.]

            ,   .[792 - Ibid.] ,   ,           -.      ,        .[793 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.]     ,    ,      .      ,          . ,  ,    .[794 - British Medical Journal, 1868;      .]

  ,       ,   :   1849 ,  11000   20 .           700 .     ,         6 ,    2  6     ,     .     6   ,         ,         ,     ,        2   .   , 10   ,         ,      4  5     .[795 - ..Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds). The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.]     ,   ,  1849 .     ,     , ( ),   ,     .[796 - Ibid.]

  1856        ,     .           1864  :



    ,      ;          46   ,        ,     ,    1416              ,      14 .


 ,        .[797 -   .: J.M.Colby, Culture and Society in Britain 185090, Oxford, 1986.]     ,          ?

          .     ,                  ,  ,    -  .[798 - Ibid.      ,      .]        ,  ,     ,     ,    ,       ,      ,  ,      .            .  1860     -   .

       , ,   ,     ,             .[799 - George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.]    45  ,      , , ,    ,  ,    :   1   ,   -  30 .     -     1415 .[800 - Hudson, op. cit.]  1850        -,     ,   1870        200 .[801 - Adam Hart-Davis, What the Victorians Did for Us, London, 2001.]

         , ,   .       1855     ,    .  1863      ,             [10  6      ,      ]          .[802 - Ben Weinreb and Chrisopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983.]

 ,   18511871         33 ,          67 .[803 - J.A. and O.Banks, Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England, Liverpool, 1964.]     .

     ,          .  ,  ,     ,    ,        ,       ,      .       -     .    :     .        .                  . ,   ,     ,     ,     .     8   9 .    ;     ,           ;            ,     ,     6.30  11    .  20   ,       ,       :            ,    ,      .   -    ,          .[804 - Hudson, op. cit.]

   , -,   .  19         .              .                  .         ,  ,      .     1885       :            :    (1)     , (2)         , (3)       (4)  10    ,       .[805 -     (   John Lewis Partnership);          .]

            ,          ,      .  ,     ,       .       ,           ,    .      .[806 - Hiley, op. cit.]

         -      ,         ,      .     :     ,       - ;        ,    ,      40  100   ,   ,  ,    .          ,   . ,   ,         ,       .     ,    .    N..             ,        .        ,  ,     ,    ,      ,         -,   ,       9    .           ,        .      , ,  ,    , ,      .   ,        .    ,         ,       ,       ,        .

          ;      :           ,   10     ,    .     ,    ;     ,        .       ,    (    )   7.30,      8.     ,   ,     ,    -.      , ,       ,          .

       :       ,      26   .            ,         ,          .     ,  ,       .[807 - Ibid.] ,        , ,     - ,   ,      ,      ,    .[808 - Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.]


* * *

    , ,             . ,       ,           .  ,        ,        .    ,         ,   . ,   ,     .

                   ,    ,   1857 ,       1841 .  ,       ,     .        .    ,   , ,      ,      .      ;       ,         ,   .      .       .       , ,    ;      ,  .    209    1803      ,  , ,   ,       .   ,   1857  1841 ,   ;       3325  2825,     9409  8600.

     , ,         :  ,   ;  ,      ,  ,    -.    ,   1895 ,  ,  ,   ,   1850 :           ,     ,   ,    ,  ,    ,     .[809 - Dr Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women (Autobiographical Sketches), London, 1895.]    ,       .  1839            ,  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,  ,     .[810 - Jean Hawkes (ed.), The London Journal of Flora Tristan, London, 1982.]        ,         ;   ,        ,     . ,      (  ),     .[811 - Tristan, op. cit.]

  ,   ,    -  .    , ,   .      .      ,    - ,      ,     ;   ,         ,     .

,     ,   ,  ,   ,            ,    .[812 - Lock Hospital     (. lock    ); ,             loques  ,   .]    .     ,      1910 ,    .  .       .       ,    ,     ,     .        ,               .     , ,  ,      .           ,   ,      2     ,     .[813 - Tristan, op. cit.]    ,   ,   .

      ,     . ,          ,  .  ,               -, 



        ,     -    -,       ,   -   .     ,  , ,    ,     ,    ,   ,      [   ],     .


,      ,      -,   ,    ,        .       ,     ,    ,     .   ,   ,     .[814 - Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]     -   1857  26-     ,    .     ,   2.30 ,   ,  ,   ,      ,    ,    ,    ,          酻.[815 -   . Dr Carter, Wellcome Institute MS 5818, .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.   , ,       ,   ,     .       .     -     .       , ,         .   ,  ,   ,    .     . ,       ,    ,      ,     .     ,          .      ,       ,         .      .    ?    ?     ?]

         ,   ,   ,         ,    ,        .      .  ,    1862 , :   ,       .           .[816 - .  .: Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.]   ,  400           .[817 - Mayhew, Vol. IV.] ( ..   1885      ,      ,      .)    1835         ,          10 .[818 - Tristan, op. cit.]

      ,    :   ,       ,     -     . ,  ,   ,  ,     ,    .[819 - Hudson, op. cit.]       .          ,      .     ,   ,     .       .    :       [ ],      . ,   ,           .

     :         .    ,   ,    .[820 - Tristan, op. cit.]                 :  쓻.[821 - Hyams, op. cit.]          ,     .     1859:                 .[822 - Hiley, op. cit.]      ,       - .        :



             .          ,          ,   ,        .                        , ,          ,            ;         ,    ,        ;   -            !    ,      ,      ,     ,         ,       ,       ,   ; ,           .[823 - Tristan, op. cit.]


          ,     ,    ,     .  ,      .      , ,  ,       .      ,          ,  -  .  ,   ,         ;        ,   ,          ,   , , ,         .  , ,   .     ,       .

      , , ,      .   ,     ,   ,         , ,     ( );     .            .  18591863      ,    ;  ,  ,    .[824 - Trevor Fisher, Prostitution and the Victorians, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1997.] ,   ,             -,   ,   .    ,    ,       .       ,      .   ,   ,      ,       (     ,          ).       ,     ,       ,   .[825 - Ibid.]                  .        5000 .    25    .[826 - William Acton, Prostitution, London, 1870 (2 edn).]

,         .       ,   ,   .X.    .    ,        ,    ,            .     (   ),         .  ,     ,       ,     .       :  , , ,  ,   -     ?    .       .     .[827 - Hudson, op. cit.]              2   .    ;       ,   56      .

 ,     ,     .  18421844     : ,  ,   , ,   .     4  6          ;          ;          .    ,      ,     ,      .[828 -   ,   ..     .: Liza Z.Sigel, Governing Pleasures: Pornography and Social Change in England 18151914, New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 2002.]

   , ,     . ,          .          .   1858                            ,         .[829 - M.Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexual Altitude, Oxford, 1994.]      ,   1853 .[830 - Mayhew, Vol. IV.]   ,        ,           , ,    ,    ,  ,  .[831 - J.E.Ritchie, The Night Side of London, London, 1869.]  1861     4000 ,             ,      ,   ,  600          .[832 - Mayhew, Vol. IV.]

        ,    .                  1848       ,      ,      .     ,   -,      ,    -,   .              :



  ,           ,     .    , ,  ,   ,   ,  ,      ,     .            .    ,     .      .[833 - Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X, 18478, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.]



* * *

     ,      ,  ,   ,      ,          ,    ,       .     .           .

  ,           ,    :          ,     ,      .[834 - Ibid., 1844.]   , ,  ,    ;           ,  ,         ,          .[835 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1843.]        ,        ,     ,         ,       ?,           ,            ;   ,     ,  , ,    .[836 - Ibid.] , ,         .

   , ,   25 ,    25       80 .               ,      .      ,     ,         ,                .         ,       ,    ,   ,     ,    ,         .

 1843       ,    ,       ,   ,     .        52 ,     ,     .       ,        ;  1858    43 .[837 - The English Womans Journal, Vol. I, August 1858.]      ;     1848 ,     -           .       , ,    , ,   ,    ,       , - ,   .[838 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).     ,   ,    ,    .]

    ,   ,     ,  ...,     ,   ,        .       .  1850     ,        ,     .  ,  ,     .         .      ,  ,     ,       .  ,      ,       .     1854     .[839 -     ,     ,        .   23-  1884 .     .]        ,  , ,       ,   ,  - ,             .    ?     ,        .    ,         .     ,  ,          ,      .        ,         ?      .

    .      ,   ,      . (      .)        .    ,               ,       . ,    ,         .    :  ,      ,   ,      . , ,                        .     .

,        

       ,              , ,  .     :           ,    . ,    -            ,        .         ,         .

       2025 .           .    ,            .       ,   ,      ,   ,       ,      1843 .[840 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1843.]   :        .     ,      ,            ,     .

       .        ,       ;    ,     ,        , ,               .[841 - Hyams, op. cit.]   ,         ,               :



  ,           .        ,  ,   ,        ,        .     , ,      ,            .[842 - John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, London, 1869 (2 edn).]


,       ,          .

         ,        ,        ,      .         ,   .    ,       ,        .       ,    .           (1865) :



     .     ,            ,                   ,   ,             - . [      .]  ,            , ,         .  ,        .[843 - William Acton, The Function and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs, London, 1865.]


         ,            ,     , ,   .      , ,   , ,    .[844 - Ibid.             ,         ,      -, , , ,  .]      ,       .[845 -       ,  ,              .]

 ,       ,   ,        ,  ,    .       ,    ,           .

  ,       . ,     ?,  . ,  ,     ,    .[846 - Hudson, op. cit.] ,     ,            ,      1823 :      ,                 ,  ,        .        ,          .           .

 , ,   ,      ,       : ,      , ,     ,          .[847 - Drysdale, op. cit.]      ,            ,      .

   ,           ,            , ,  ,     ,  -    ,        ,     .[848 - Ibid.]


* * *

 1857        .   1845 ,          ,    ,    :



            .                    .     ,            ,         ,    , ,    .         .[849 - R. V. Thomas Hall, Maule J. .  .: Young and Handcock, English Historical Documents, Vol. XII (I), London, 1956.]


     ,    .     ,     .  12      1857       ,           ,    2530 .[850 - Hayams, op. cit.]       ,      ,      ,      ,   , , ,   ,      ,    .   1857             ,     ,           .     .  1872      200  .[851 - .Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, Oxford, 1998.]

          ,    .      , ,      ,       ,   .  1863          Β,  ,    80 ,     Β.    ,    Β, .  ,         .     .    ,   Β   .           ,     .

    .   ,   ,  1863    ,    .    1854     ,  ,   ,         -.     ,         ,    .   ,     ,     .     ,       .            -   ,      ! !      !     

     ,      ,      .    ,       ,  ,   .   ?    ,    .    .       ,       ,    .        ,     ,       ,    ,         .   ,            .    ,   ,       .[852 -          . Horace Wyndham, Judicial Damas, Some Society Causes C&#233;l&#232;bres, London, 1907.]     ,         .


* * *

      ?        .      .         ,        ;      ,  ,        .      . ,      ,   ,       .      ,    ,     .              ,        ,      .    ,     ,      ,    ,           . ,     ,     , ,  .



 21

  


                                                

   .      ,   ,    ,    .[853 - Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862,          .]      . ,     ,        ,      .

      14  60 .        ,      ,      .[854 - Ibid.]   ,      ,      . ,             ,    .         ,        .       .        ,       ,           .

      7  8 .   ,               .     ,       ,      ,          ,   9 .                 .

           . ,   ,    :              .     :         ,   .      :  !,     ,      ,      .[855 -     ,         ,      ,   ,      ,   ,    ,      ,  , . ,   ,   ,        .   ,       .]

 -         -  ,     []  ,   ,        ,       ,         ,      .[856 - Diary of Joseph H&#233;k&#233;kyan Bey, in Heater Creaton (ed.), Victorian Diaries, London, 2001.]      ,      ,    ,        .           ,       ,          ,        ,      .            ,         .          ,  -    .

 ,   ,  . ,  ,     ,   ,      ,      . ,      ,    ,     ; ,   , ,    .       .            . ,      ,     ,   .           ,      -   , ,    ,    .         -      .

,     ,           ,          ,    . ,   ,      ,         ,     ,       , ,    .        ;  ,      .      ,   .[857 -  1853    23-     ,         . National Archives,  77.60, Newgate calendar.]

       ,      ,    ,      1866 .[858 - Louis Blanc, Letters on England, London, 1866, included in Xavier Baron, London, 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.]        .  1862   ,  ,   -   ,      ,  ,     ,     .[859 - Jennifer Davis, The London Garroting Panic of 186a, in V.A.C.Gatrell et al. (eds), Crime and the Law, London, 1980.]          4   -,      .   ,       .     ,    .        .[860 - Blanc, op. cit.]


* * *

       ,   1861        ,         .[861 -   . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d. 467, .  .: Heater Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]    ,   1843                 -, ,  ,   .     ,      ,      12     .[862 - (  ), Society, Politics and Diplomacy 18201864, London, 1913.]          ,    ,   ,  ,  -        ,     ,    .[863 - Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.]

         ,     Β.    ,         4000      ,    ,       .           .       Β  .  1847      ,       Β,     . Β     ,   ;        .          .        -          .    Β  ,   ,   ,     ,     ,      .  Β       ,              .     :    ,          .     .[864 - (  ), The Bermondsey Murder. A Full Report of the Trial of Frederick George Manning and Maria Manning for the murder of Patrick OConnor, London, 1849.]

      .         ,    .  ,             .     ,    ,               ,   ,    ,  . (,     , , ,    ,   .)         .

 1845               .[865 - G.L.Browne and C.G.Stewart, Reports of Trials for Murder by Poisoning, London, 1883.             .]     ,          ,       .               .        ,   -     ,          -           , ,       .     ,    .          , ,     .       ,      ,     ,       .                     .

       ,  ,        .       ,  ,            ,   ,   .        ,        .     ,    .

       1856         .         .    ,     , ,         .            .         ,   ,   ,  .    ,   .      :          .       1856  .

     ,  ,  ,    ,         ,     .                -       .,       ,  ,       .       ,  ,   .          .           ,            .

     ,     .               , ,      ,      .[866 - Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.]          ,   .[867 - Annual Register of Law Cases, 1840.]  1840 ,          ,  ,    ,     ,  ,  ,        .   , ,      ,          ,      .        ,       . ,       , ,  ,     .

         1849 .    ,        .     , []     ;       ,      .    45 ,     .

         ,     - , -,             ,           ;         .       ,       ,     ,        .      ,        .  ,       , ,  ,  , ,   ,   ,  .     ,             .

        ,               ,      ,          ,       .  ,        ,    ;       ,     ,   .       , , ,  ,   ,    .         ,  ,      ,      ,     ,      ,       .          -  ,        ;    5                 .[868 - Horace Wyndham, The Mayfair Calendar, London, 1925.]


* * *

      .    1853 ,        ,     .       ,    21 ,       1 .         .   ,         3  2  ,     :        ,       . ,     2  1 ,   14    .     14    ,       .       10        ,     1012         .

   , ,   ,        ,         ,   ,  53 ,    .      ,      ( ?     )        100 .      ,              .        ,        .   ,    ,  ,            4  6 ,   18     .

            , ,   ,     .     6000.[869 - Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.      .      ,       ,  , ,    1842 .       .]               .   ,     ,        1860 ;       , , -  -,      .        ,   .    -   ,   ,    1000 .[870 - Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).]          , ,         .

 ,  , ,             .  1820-        .   ,   ,         ,   ,    ,         ;        ;   ,  ,   ,      .    (      )    ,     ,        1821   7      .     :   :  ,  ,  .[871 - Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.]      ,    ,      ,       ,      ,   ,   ,      -,        ,        .     ,  ,    ,   ,      .[872 - Ibid.]

 ,     85000 ,   1842     7 ,            -.       ,   .[873 - Edward Hyams (trans. anded.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.]        ,        3 ;          130 .    9 ,   13 ,   7.    ,  , ,    .         .                       .[874 - James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.]

,      ,   ,                     ,   ,     ,           .[875 - Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.]     , , ,      8   .   ,     ,        20 ,        ,      ,          .   ,    ,      .       130 ,   .     15 ,       .        ,    ,   ,   .[876 - Greenwood, op. cit.]

    ,           .      :      ,      ,            ,        , , ,    .     .             ,       ,    ,     , ,       .[877 -    1851        .      ,       ,          ,    ,   ,   ,     :  32  78,    ,    ?   32  78 :  ,    ,   .       ? (Mrs Carlyles Letters, ed. J.A.Froude, London, 1883.).]               , , ,        .       ,   ,     - ,     .         ,        , , ,     .

 ,      .                ,       ,       .      15  25 .  ,         ,  .       ,       ( )    .       ,    .

     700 ,      .[878 -    no .: Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.]     1854    :      ,                ,    .    ,    .     ,     ,        .       - ,      ,      .               ( ).  ,       ,     ,         ,     .         ,  ,         ,  ,         . ,    ,           .

  1853        460 .[879 - James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.]  1853     6000 ,        2650.      ,     , ,     .                       .          ,  ,      .  1853             ,           .            -     .      ,          .

 ,    ,          ,      .     ,   1779     ,        .

    ,  ,             ,      .[880 - Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.]  1841    3552 .      ,    .        , 74--   500    ,    ,   ,     .    74-- . (     . ,    ,      .)    450 .    ,   58     ;    ,         ,   ,   ,   .   ,    .   30-- ,     ,           ,    ,  ,         .

,  -           .      ,         .    7.30  5  (   )     ,        6.45  8.30 ,   9   , ,   (   ).     6  ,    9  .          .        ,   ,     .      ,  ,      .    6   ,       ;        ,     ,         - .   . ,    ,       . , ,    ,        ,    ,       ,     ,  ,       .

,       ,      -     ,      1817 .    ,         ,      ,          ,    蓻.[881 - StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001.]    ,   ,     .   12    24  ,    8   ,               ,   , , .

      ,       :      ,   ,    .     ,      ,        .      ,  , 10000 .               .              ,     ,             ,      .

       ,    ,   ,    ,     .     ,          6 ,     .  ,   ,    ,    .        ,       ,      .


* * *

 1861        ,      .  ,   ,  .  1854       .     9  16 .[882 - Leon Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law, London, 1968.]        ( -)         ,          .  1849      -    .       ,      .      10               [   ].             腻.[883 - Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens: letters, Oxford, 1977.]

          ,      ,           .          ,  ,   .   ,        ,        ,  ,    .         ,     ,            .[884 - Ibid.]      :         [];    ,    ,      ;    ,       ,  ,        ,     .[885 - Charles Dickens, Cone Astray and other papers 185159, London, 1999.]



 22




   1851                 -   .                   -            

 1851       .            ;    :    ,          (30 ),  ,       .         21000 .             .      -        .      ,    ,  ,    .[886 -   .Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, Oxford, 1998.]    -      90000  -    6024.    ?

   ,   20000  .         .[887 -      Thomas Wright, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, London, 1867.]     ,    ,            ,   ,           .        ,        .          ,            .

         .      .       ,    .        ,      .        ,   -    ,                .

 ,    ,   ,   ,               . ,         .         .  1865           ----.         ,                    ,        .[888 - John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.]

       ,    ,        .  1849        :



,            ,   ,  ,       , ,    ,     ,  ,    ,          ,     [889 - Edward Miall, The British Churches in Relation to the British People, London, 1849.]


 ,    ,     .   ,               ,         .[890 -       , London, 1851. ,   ,                        .]


* * *

   ,         , .  ,     ,      ,      ,    ,      .[891 -       .       ..Davis, Orthodox London, or Phases of Religious Life in the Church of England, London, 1873 and 1875,        Hoppen, op. cit.] -  -       .                      ,    ,         ,   ?     ,    .    -     ,     ,     .  -  ,       1500 ,      . ( ,     ,     .)      ,  39      ,       II    .            ,      .

 1834  1842       ,    ,     . ,   ,               ,      .          .  1841 ,       ,       , , 39   ,       ,     .[892 - Paul Turner, Victorian Poetry, Drama and Miscellaneous Prose, Oxford, 1989, on Newman.]     ,   .  ,         .[893 - ,     -      - , ,            .    , ,    ,   .       ,       .  -  ,    .]            ,          (   ), ,       ,    . ,              ,   . ,     .

 ,          .[894 - John Henry Newman, Apologia pm Vita Sua, Oxford, 1864.]  ,   ,               .  1868   ,    ,   ,                      ,   ,    .[895 - Bailey, op. cit.]        ,   .    .   ,            ,           ,         ,  .    ,                   .[896 - Davis, Orthodox London, op. cit.:    ,    .] (,          ; ,        ).

 ,      ,     .       .     .     , , , , ,      .[897 -      - Church Times,    J.S.Reed, Glorious Battle; the Cultural Politics of Christian Anglo-Catholicism, London, 1996.      ,      ,  ,  .         ,   .     ,      ,   ,  ;          ,     .       ,      .        ,     ,         .      Reed, op. cit.  ,          , ,      .]   ,    -,         ,       ,      .     .                 ?   ,   ,    ?

   ,   -, ,    ,         (  ,   ,     )    ,        .  1859    .  -       ,        ,   -        .     ,     .   .   ,        ,[898 - Auricular confession      primula auricula,   ,   ,  ,    .            ,    .]     .     ,   ,   ,          .          . ,  ,   ,   ,  ,    .   ,   ,     ,   .

   -     .  .  1866   ,   ,            .  :



 ,    ,       .           .    ..,  - .            ,                      , , ,           ,    .   ,             [ ]    ,   ; ,      .[899 - Davis, Orthodox London, op. cit.]


    .  ,     - ,  [ ]  ,        .      .   ,      ,         ;          ,      .[900 - Ibid.]  1867   ,  ,                  . ,    ,     .[901 -   ,   Reed, op. cit.]   - ,  ,        .    ,   ,     ,    1868            .[902 - Davis, Orthodox London, op. cit.]

     , ,           .[903 - James Bentley, Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain, Oxford, 1978.] ,   ,          .  -,      ,        .[904 - Reed, op. cit.]      .  1847 ,          ,       ,   1849-       ,  1854-     ,           ,    1857-       .

   ,        .          .     .   ,  ,     ,      .     .      ,       .      :    ,    .[905 -    Bentley, op. cit.]         :      ,     .         .      ,          .[906 - Reed, op. cit.]

,  ,          .     -   ,       ,       ,            .    ,   ,          ,    ,         ,     .


* * *

 1836             ,         1859      -,     .     .        :



     ,    ,      ,    ,        


[ ]     ,    2  8  (  ),                   


[ ]         [],                    [    ].


[ ]    ,             ,            .[907 -  . Thomas Rogers, Guidhall Library MS 19, 019, in Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]


 1851 ,            ,      .       ,     .          , ,               .    ,  ,     ,  ,   ,    .   , ,   1860 ,    ,   .  1841  1871       14500  20500 .[908 - Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds.), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. VII, London, 1938.]     . ,   1849   :



      ,      .   ,             ,   ,    ,      ,     .[909 -      Andrew Saint and Gillian Darley, The Chronicles of London, London, 1994.]


   ,        200   ,        .[910 - Bentley, op. cit.]   ,   -     ,       ,   .


* * *

      I     ,    - .  184750         ,             .          :              ,[911 - Miall, op. cit.]    .     ,      -,  1845  1851     .         ,  ,             ,       .

 1850   IX  ,   ,  :   ,      XVI ,   ,     .    ,         .   ,           [].     !,  5        .[912 - Reed, op. cit.]  1851 ,       ,         ,       1871     .  1851  ,   ,        ,    .

- ,   -,   .   ,         ,      (     )   ,        ,         . ,      ,       .  ,    ,      :       ,     .   ,         ,       ,      ,      ,     ,      ,     .[913 - John Raymond (ed.), Queen Victorias Early Letters, London, rev. edn. 1963.]


* * *

,              ,       .[914 - Dr Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women (Autobiographical Sketches), London, 1895.]          ,    .  1856        -  10000 ,    12000   7000  .[915 - Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.]            6000       .      ,    ,    :  ,       ,      XXI ,  ,  ,   ;     ,     .      4200 ,          ,       ,            ,      哻. ,    ,         .

                         .               .      --.      ,  ,      ,         (         ).             .  ,   ,       .       ,      .    ,       .

  ,  ,         , -  -,    ,    ,     ,         ,      ,  ,     .   ,   ,   ,      -   -.  ,           ,             .

     .     ,    ;    ,     ,       .       -.      .    ,        .

   5532  ,          -.       .          ,    ,       . ,  ,  ,   ,  ,           ,    .                         ,      .

,       ,  1845   ,        .[916 - Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.        .         ,  ,        ,    .         ,   .]  ,  -,     ,       ,   .    ,  ,     --,   ,  .   ,     ,   ,  .      ,     ,      ,      .        ,     .      ,  ,   ,     , ,  .       ,  ,   ,   .   ,    ,     ,         ,    .

,   ,     ,      ,    .         []    , ,         .[917 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]        1850- .        :    ,            ,             [5 ].[918 - Hoppen, op. cit.]     ,      .       ,  1852        --;  ,  12  15   16  18 ,   .     ,     .  1859   ,  ,     ,      ,  ,   .       1864    , .        ,   ,      .   ,        ,   ,      .                      ,       .


* * *

,     ,         . ,          ,        ;           .      : ,        ,  ,    ,  90%  .          ,    ,    -     -.   ,    .[919 - Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.]  ,  ,   ,    .  , ,    ,    .

   1880-        .[920 - Ibid.]      . -    .              .       ,  ,        ,     ,     ,   .        ,     .   ,   ,        ,   ,       ,   ,    .       -     ,    .         -,    .

,       ,    ,    ,       .      -  ,     1700 .      -,  ,   ,     1722 .[921 -  ,  Ē                   .        .     ,     ,                  .]     .[922 - Anne and Roger Cowan, Victorian Jews Trough British Eyes, London, 1986.]  1841  -,    [ ],       ,   ,[923 - Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.]         .      -  -,        .  1871          --  -,           .[924 -            1871.]

      ,    .  1835         ,      .    ,      .   1845      ,   1855-    ,  - .  1847           ,      ,     ,     .  ,     ,        .    :      .           .      .

  ,    ,    ,    .        ,      ,     .   ,    ,    .        .        ,    ,      .[925 - Lucien Wolf, The Jewish Way of Life in Cowan, op. cit.]

     ,  ,          .    . ,  ,   -.



 23




                        -         1852                      

       ,         ,       .[926 - John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.]  ,     ,   .[927 - Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, Oxford, 1958.]        .[928 - Thomas Wright s. n. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed, London, 1868.]              18 .[929 - R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.]       4  [930 - James Burn, The Begger Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.]     ,      .

,         ,       ,     .       .[931 - Wright, op. cit.]  ,    ,        ,      .[932 - Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rogers, London, 1889.]      .      , ,   ,     .[933 - Charles Dickens, Trading in Death, in Household Words, London, 1852.]

,   ,        .     ,   ,      ,            ,        12 .           ,      .[934 - Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rogers, London, 1889.]

  ?    ,   1665 ,  .     88   .       ,     .  1830-         :  ,   203 ,    ,   () 20000    30000   .[935 -  no Roy Porter, London: a Social History, London, 1994.]  1843          --  .     2700 ,   50      80000 .



   ,     ,      .   ,    ,     ,   .       ,   ,         .[936 - The Times, 5 March 1843,  no Robert Ward, Londons New River, London, 2003.]


,    .

 1833   -,      -  ,         -  56 .         ,   7    .  1842           6000 .[937 - John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.]  1843  ,  ,  .   ,   .         ,   1837          IV;  ,  ,    ,    ,   .      ,      -.      ,         .     ,        -           .[938 - Dickens, op. cit.] (      .             .:     .[939 - A.N.Wilson, The Victorians, London, 2002.]        .  1830   ,       ,   ,             .         .)

    - :            -      [ 1813       ]              ,[940 - John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963.]       .  ,  5  1843 ,   .    ,   ,  -         ,      -   .      :          ,        ,        ,          , ,   ,   .       ,        ,           ,   .     ,       ,  ,          .[941 - The Times, 5 March 1843.  ,        , ,       .       .        ,     ,  ,  ,  .]   ,      .

  ,      ,       ,    .   ,    , ,       ,      .       ,      ,   ,         .       ,    ;        :     ,              .            .      ,   ,   .

     ,       ,      ,   .  , ,   ,      . ,             ,     .    ,     .     ,   ,   ,     ,     ,    ,       ,       .  ,    ,     .        .[942 -        .]

       ,  .  -  ,          .     ,  ,         ,    .[943 - Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds.), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. V, London, 1938.]  1858    ,    ,    -      :       .     ,    .        .[944 -  . A.Patterson, 1858, Wellcome Institute MS 73537.   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]   -  26  1844    (? ?  ), ,  ,     -      ,               .[945 -  . Lt.-Gen. Pasley, British Library Add. MS41991.   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.]

      ,   : ,    ,       ,     ,     ,      ,        .      (     ),        . -          ,        1860-.[946 - Julian Litten, The English Way of Death, London, 1991.]      -  1844 .         ,    (1849)      (1859),     ,   - , ,    ,  .[947 - ,     ,     The London Encyclopaedia, ed. Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, London, 1983,         ,  .     ,  ,  :      ,     ,             .]

  -    :  (39 , 1837),  (37 , 1839),  (39 , 1840), - (32 , 1840),  (52 , 1841)  - (33 , 1841).        , []  ,        .     ,              .     .

      ,    .[948 - Felix Barker, Highgate Cementery, VictorianValhalla, London, 1984.      .]     ,   -,         .   ,     12 ,      .         ,           .  1878    130  (136  10 ).      ; ,     ,   ,    .        ,     1693 .

       30000 ,     ,  ,        2  10 .           .     ,   ,    840 .      10      ,       .  1854      ,              19     -.           ,  -   ,         .     .

          :    ,         ,   ,   -,     .      ,     2  6  , 6  6    10  ,        (3  3 ).      ,        .

      ,   ,   1850 ,   ,   ,   ,    1865 .       , .,    ,   .  1862      ,    .            ,        ,  1869         .     .[949 - Ibid.]

     1840  -    ,    -.      ,   1852            .   1863      -   ,       -  .

 -  -  -    1840 ,  -,         ,   .[950 - Benjamin Clarke, Glimpses of Ancient Hackney and Stoke Newington, London, 1894.]  ,      -,        , ,  ,    .      ,           ,               ,       ,   , , , ,   ...[951 - J.C.Loudon, On the laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries, London, 1843.]  ,    ,       2000   ,        .     ,        .[952 - David Solman, Loddiges of Hackney, the Largest Hothouse in the World, London, 1995.]             ,   ,      ,    ,     ,    .     .     ,            ,    .

       .        1851        ,     1793     .    :       ,             .

 -    1841       -.    ,         .         -.

 -   40     1837     .        (1861),   (1865)     (1867),        .

 1854        ,         .    -     ,    ,  2  6 .[953 - Weinreb and Hibbert, op. cit.]

 1852       ,               .         , ,      ,          ,    .  200         -   .   ,   -, , , ,   ,   .  ,      ,    .      ,   1880- .


* * *

      .[954 -  ,        .]   :        ,       .    ,  ,       56 .         ,    .                ,       .       ,   -       ,     1000   ,    ,    .     ,     ,   - ,     -  . ,         ,       ,         ,    ,      .   ,   -    ,    ,    .        ,           (,  ,    ,    - ).

     ,     .           ,      .         .[955 - A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.]  1860- ,        ,       :       .[956 - Litten, op. cit.]   .     ,     ,      ,  ,     .         ,        ,    ,   ,     ,        ,   1841 .[957 - Marion Harding (ed.), The Victorian Soldier, London, 1993.           ,   .      .]


* * *

           , , ,   -      .[958 -     ,      .      , , ,       .]  ,    ,    .         ,    15 9           ,   , , ,   .        25          ,     .     ,          ,     ,       .[959 - Henry Mayhew (ed.), The Snops and Companies of London, London, 1865.]  1842        :     ,          . , :          .[960 - Alison Aldburgham, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.]      ,    ,    .

,        :      2/3   .[961 - The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1844.]         -.[962 -  ,    -   ,    .         ,   -    .    - ,      .]                .[963 - Aldburgham, op. cit.]               .     ( ,     ,    -)         [ ],   [  ]         .        .[964 - Ibid.]

      , ,   ,    ;   ,          ,               .       ,        .[965 - Judith Flanders, Victorian House, London, 2003.]

 ,    ,   .  1844           ,         .    :



:   , ,    .

:       , ? - ?..       . , ,  ,    ?  ,    .            .        ,     .

:    ?

:  , .  . ,  ,    .                , ?

:  , ,    ,  ?

: ! .     .           .       18   ,   ,     .

:  -  , ? ,      ?

: , !     .  , ,   ,  ,   ,  ,           .[966 - Ibid.]


         .   1861   -,       ;      .   ,      .[967 -  . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d. 472.   Creaton, op. cit.]   , 14 ,   ,    .              .[968 -  .]         ,    , ,       ,  .[969 - S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepis: The Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.]         . 23 ,       ,      .[970 - D.Hudson, Monby: Man of Turn Worlds, London, 1972.]          .        ,            .[971 - Pugh in Creaton op. cit.]


* * *

    ,       .       .       ,       ,     ,    . ,  ,    ,       .         ,     .   ,       ,      .[972 -  . Thomas Rogers, Guidhall Library MS 19, 019, in Creaton, op. cit.]         ,      .       ,    .             ,     ,            .      ,      ,   .    ,       .   ,     - [-]   .[973 -      James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.   ,      .         ,        .]

          ,                    10  6   .        ,    ,      ,             .     ,[974 - Loudon, op. cit.]    .  1841       :               ,          ,      .[975 - Strachey and Fulford, op. cit.]

  1841      ,       -     -   .    ,  ,   ,    .  ,    ,  -  -,  100000 .  ,   ,      ,    .         ,     ,  ,    ,  .

      .        , ,   .  1842 ,    -,                ,    .[976 - Ibid.]  1851 ,         ,          .   14  1852     ().   ,       ,  .       ,     .[977 - Society, Politics and Diplomacy 182064; Passages from the Journal of Francis W.H.Cavendish, London, 1913.]  11                       .

   ,         ,      .      :             ,    .[978 -  . Thomas Rogers in Creaton, op. cit.]       .     ,    ,    :[979 - Trading in Death, in Household Words, in Michael Slater (ed.) Gone Astray and Other Paper, London, 1998.]



     ,        . ,   : 10 .  ,    ,  15 


        ,    .      8  ;  , 5  10   ;    ,  7  


       25 


-, -          


  :  -       ,      .     1  ;       15  ;       12  6 ;    10  [,    ,    -   ..,      5 ].


                  ,    .     -,   ,  :   ,        ,          ,   ,    ?

18      .,     ,       .[980 -       Elizabeth Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, London, 1972.]      :      , , 83     ,    ,        -,           ,  ,       .       .[981 -        ..  1981     -.] , ,  .     ,    ,   27 ,   10,   17    18 ;   12  .  -     ,      ,  60       .

    -,     ,    .   ,        ., ,         , ;     ,         .      ,   .       ,         .

      ,         .        ,    .       .     , ,         .



 1

      

 ,       .


            ,      ,            ,    ,   ,         ,      ,        .


        .


          -.


        ,  ,     ,       ,    -  .


 1851         ,           ,    ,       -,       .     .


1  6        -,        .          .


4  5     ,    .


4  9     .


 5          ,    ;       .


5  6     ,     ,  12 .


6  6        .


9     .


10  6       .


15            .


16     ;    .


1          ,    ,  .


1  1             ,   .


1  8   -.


1  10       -.


1  14      .


1  15          .


3             -.


3  3      .


3  9  6     .


3  10    .


3  16     .


4     .


5    .


5  5      .


6       ,   .


12     ,     .


16     ,   .


17  16         .


20       .


21    .


25       .


42     -.


48   48- ,    1  4     .


 60        .


90           .


136  10           1878 .


140       .


161     64  25 .


400       .


1000       .


8000        .


9000       .


30000      .


40000       ,     .


100000      .


150000      .


250000         .



 2

    

   ,   ,    ( ),     , ,    .    12 .


    ,   , ,  ( ),    (   5 ).     20 .


     .   1  .      ,   ,  .


         .  1  1     .


 1844    ( 5, 10, 20, 100, 200, 500  1000  )   .


* * *

   12 ,   3 .   2,54 .     30 .   ,    90 .


  1,609 .   0,621 .   4,840    0,405 .   10000 . .



 3

  

18401870

          :

:   ,  2004 (  ).






    (Illustrated London News).

  1865       ,   ,        .        .          ,    ,   .



     (Bridgeman Art Library).

     , 1841 .         , ,   ,        .



  .        .      , ,           .



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          .



     (Guid Hall Library, Corporation of London).

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    (Bridgeman Art Library).

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    (Hulton Getty).

1860 .      ,     . , ,     .



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,  1862 ,   ,        .            .      ,  ,     -,    .



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     1847 :      .              ,    .       .



   - (Weidenfeld Archives).

, -        ,      1872 .    ,       ,     (  1990 ).         ,   , ,  ,  ,      .        .



-,  (The Peabody Trust).

  -,    ,     ,       ;     1850       .      .



 ,    (Weidenfeld Archives).

         .            ,      .       1851 .



  (Mary Evans Picture Library).

  , 1850- . (Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent).

            ,      .  1850-        ,     .



     (Wright, Clean and Decent).

 ,      1860 ,     . ,       ?



  1851. (Peter Jackson Collection).

 ,   ,  ,        1851 .        ,  ,    .             .   ,        ,      -    -  ,    .



     (Hackney Archives Departament).

   1850-        ,       .      ,           .



   -- (Collections Eric Lewis).

  1840-   --     ,      .



    1860- . (A.F.Kersting).

  1860-                 ,    ,              .               .



    1855. (Mary Evans Picture Library).

 1200        .        1855 .



    1870. (Hulton Getty).

        .       .         ( 1870 ).



      (Bridgeman Art Library).

   ,   , 1874 ,    ,   1870 .       .



 (Munby Collection, Trinity College Library, Cambridge).

    1864        ,     .



,     (Mary Evans Picture Library).

  1860 ,  .   : ,   .



 (Munby Collection, Trinity College Library, Cambridge).

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,   (Mary Evans Picture Library).

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  1860-x .

,   ,    ,       .    1864 .     .



    (Bridgeman Art Library).

 :       1848 .      ,           .



-:   (Bridgeman Art Library).

 : -  - (   ,   1867 ).    .       .  ,    .      .,        .



  - (Collections/John Vere Brown).

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    (Mary Evans Picture Library).

     .      ,    ,      .



      (Bridgeman Art Library).

     , ,  1850- .     200     .    :                     ,  .



 -   -        .



   (Bridgeman Art Library).

  1851 :    .   ,    ,   ,          .         .



  80  (Weidenfeld Archives).

        :              80 .  ,   .



    (I.  Piggott).

         ,     ,   .



    (I.  Piggott).

   ,        -          1854 ,      .



 1936. (Michael Gilbert).

,     1936 .



    (Bridgeman Art Library).

         ,    ,     .   .      .



   (Mary Evans Picture Library).

   (1862),    ,    , ,    .



-    (Bridgeman Art Library).

-    (1860)     -.  ,   ,   ,    , , .



   (Hulton Getty).

    1846 .        . ,  - .



         (Mary Evans Picture Library).

       ,  ,    ,   ;     ,  .      .







notes





1

Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, trans. and ed. W.O.Henderson and W.H.Chaloner, Oxford, 1958.



2

Flora Tristan, Promenades dans Londres 1840 et 1842, Paris, 1842.   ,    1839-  .            .       ,    ,      1982.:      The London Journal of Flora Tristan. ,   ,   Promenades   ,   ,   ,         ,     .



3

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London 1957.



4

           1980. by Yarry Margary of Lympne Castle, in association with Guildhall Library, London.



5

 ,       , ,           16,41  ,   800    900  . Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842.



6

Stephen Halliday, The Great Stink of London, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999.



7

Home Office papers, 4035,59.



8

Report of the Surveyor, Holborn and Finsbury District of Sewers, 27 January 1843 in HO44/39, National Archives.



9

Mayhew, Vol. II.



10

 .



11

 .



12

 .



13

      . Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, trans. and ed. W.O.Henderson and W.H.Chaloner, Oxford, 1958.       ,  ,    ,  ,   ,   .      ,     .



14

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



15

  ,   L.T.C.Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunei, London, 1957.



16

Charles Dickens, Dictionary of London 1880, London, 1880.    .



17

Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, Derby, 2003.



18

Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens, Letters, Vol. V, 1848 and 1849, Oxford, 1977.



19

       ,    :     ,       ,             .  ,        .     :



  1836 ,    ,    ,      ,         . , ,    ,  ,  ,   800 . W.Marston Acres, The Bank of England Fmm Within, London 1931.




20

The Illustrated London News, 27 August 1859.



21

Illustrated Times, 14 December 1861.



22

The Illustrated London News, 30 November 1861.



23

    ,  Guildhall Library, MS 19,019,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



24

-    1930-.      ,   .



25

The Illustrated London News, 21 May 1864.



26

Edward Hyams (trans. and. ed.) Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



27

   .         ,        .   ,    4-   700    ,    ,       33    XIX .   JackN. King, W.Barret, G.Wilson     John I.Dowson   .     1999 ,  , .           Humpherus.        .



28

A.R.Bennett. London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



29

Humpherus, op. cit.              .       ,  1857      ,            .    ,              .



30

Mayhew, Vol. III.



31

 , 1840, Vol. 5.



32

Bennett, op. cit.



33

Gustav Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.



34

 .



35

,          ,  ,   ,      ,   .    ,         . ,  ,  .  ,    .  ,        100 .



36

Bennett, op. cit.



37

The Times,   John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.



38

    ,        ,       ,    ,   ,    . , ,  ,  ,    .                     .



39

      .., Museum of London accession no. 52.25,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



40

Bennett, op. cit.



41

  L.N.C.Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunei, London 1957,             . ,  ,      ,    .



42

Bennett, op. cit.



43

  J.A.Patterson, 1858, Wellcome Institute MS 73537,   Creaton, op. cit.



44

George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.



45

Humperus, op. cit.



46

The Illustrated London News, 8 april 1865.



47

 ,18 May 1867.



48

Bennett, op. cit.



49

        21,   .



50

Bell, op. cit.



51

Hyams, op. cit.



52

     ,           (Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983 (2 ed).



53

Ralph Hyde, Printed Maps of Victorian London, 18511900, London, 1975.



54

        . Ralph Hyde (introd.), Stanfords Library Map of London and its Suburbs, 24 sheets on the scale of 6 inches to a mile, Lympne Castlt, kent, 1980.



55

Edward Hyams (trans. And ed). Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



56

M.L.Davies (ed.), Life as We Yave Known It, London, 1931.



57

   ,          .       ,     .



58

Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 1865.



59

G.A.Sala, Gaslight and Daylight, London, 1859.



60

Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.



61

John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.



62

      ,    .



63

Mayhew, Vol. II.       .



64

     .



65

A.R.Bennet, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



66

         : Edward Jones and Christopher Woodward, A Guide to the Architecture of London, London, 1983,         .



67

Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, Derby, 2003.



68

Illustrated Times, 8 August 1866.



69

Richardson, op. cit.



70

Ibid.     Express.



71

Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 185.



72

Bennett, op. cit.



73

Charles Knight, London, London, 1844.



74

Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians, Ljndon, 2001.



75

J.E.Ritchie, The Night Side of London, London, 1869.



76

  , -, ,   - , ,  1980.  1987.      : Harry Margary and the Guildhall, The A to Z of Victorian London, ,  ,     1888 ,          .



77

Bennett, op. cit.



78

Ibid.



79

Max Schlesinger, 182085: Saunterings in and about London, trans. Otto Wenkstern, London, 1853.    : Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Literary Sources and Documents, Vol. II, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.



80

     . .  .: ..Douglas-Smith, The City of London School, Oxford, 1965 (2 edn).



81

   -  (British Library Add. MS 41991).   : Heater Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



82

     .: Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.



83

Webster, op. cit.



84

J.A.Froude (ed.), Vrs Caryles Letters, London, 1883.      ,        -.     ,   ,   .      ,  ,     , .



85

Webster, op. cit.



86

    ,     ,    ,         .



87

   : Warren Pughs diary, Bodleian MS Misc. d.472. .  .: Creaton, op. cit.



88

Mayhew, Vol. III.



89

  1949.,             ,           .



90

..Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, London, 1963.  1854.        ,      15000   , 6000   , 200000 .  ,  20000    .



91

Mayhew.         3000.



92

    . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d46573. .  .: Creaton, op. cit.



93

Bennet, op. cit.



94

Froude, op. cit.



95

Ibid.



96

Bennett, op. cit.



97

         .   ,             . ,        .,     : omnes omnibus, ..   .



98

Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 1852.



99

Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians, London, 2001.



100

.  .: Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibber, The London Encyclopedia, London, 1983 (2 edn),            .



101

Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.



102

M.L.Davies (ed.), Lifeas We Have Known It, London, 1931.



103

John Richarson, The Annals of London, London, 1957.



104

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.) Taines Notes on England, London, 2000.



105

            ,   :

-:     

:     

 ( ):    

-:    ,  1840    

-:   ,    

-:   

: -  ,    

18501854  (   ):    

-:    

18501853   ,      

 :       

1862  :      

1864 : -  ,      

-: -  

1866 -: -  

-:   

   -,   1875 ,   (1899).



106

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



107

Lardner, op. cit.



108

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1844.



109

Andrew Williamson, The Golden Age of Travel, London, 1998.



110

 : W.S.Bell, Museum of London, accession no. 52.25. .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



111

W.L.Burn, The Age of Equipoise, London, 1964.



112

James Bland, The Common Hangman, London, 1984.



113

..Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, Vol. I, London,1963.



114

D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



115

      The Magazine of Domestic Economy, NSVol. 2, 1844.



116

Lardner, op. cit.



117

Mayhew, Vol. II.



118

Ralph Hyde, Printed Maps of Victorian London 18511900, London, 1975.



119

Bennett, op. cit.



120

Mayhew, op. cit.



121

James Burn, The Beggar Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.



122

Hyams, op. cit.



123

Ibid.



124

Bennett, op. cit.



125

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



126

John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



127

Barker and Robbins, op. cit.



128

  ,  ,     I, ,    1290.   ,        .        .     ,     ,       1863.



129

           .      ,     -     -   ,       ,        .



130

Illustrated Times, 18 January 1862.



131

      Andrew Saint and Gillian Darley, The Chronicles of London, London, 1994.



132

Barker and Robbins, op. cit.



133

Illustrated Times, 2 February 1869.



134

James Burn, The Begger Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.



135

John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.



136

John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



137

Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, Derby, 2003.



138

The Illustrated London News, 8 April 1865.



139

         . ,     ,   ,     ,       ,      ( 1940   ),  (  1922-)    (  1970-).



140

John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.



141

Thomas Wright, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, London, 1867.



142

Richardson, op. cit.



143

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



144

E.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds.), The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.



145

         .   ,   ,   ?      ,    .



146

Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens, Letters, Vol. 4, 18446, Oxford, 1977.



147

   Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent, London, 1960   .



148

Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965. \322\



149

 23  13,    :        ;      ,   ,      . ,      .



150

Gardening Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 1865.



151

    ,      ,   :   ,    .    ,     -  .           .



152

Halliday, op. cit.



153

      .   Dr Johnsons London, London, 2000.



154

John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963 (rev. edn. first pub. 1907).



155

Ralph Hyde (introd.), Stanfords Library Map of London and its Suburbs, Lympne Castle, Kent, 1980.



156

    ,   ,   ,      .    ,   .



157

      .  : StevenInwood, A History of London, London, 1998.    The London Encyclopaedia, ed. Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, London, 1983.     ,      ,   : John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.    ,    , : Edward Jones and Christopher Woodward, A Guide to the Archlecture of London, London, 1983.



158

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1849.



159

Mayhew. Vol. II.



160

Henry Mayhew andjohn Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.



161

Cunningham, op. cit.



162

John Fisher Murrey, Physiology of London Life, in Bentleys Miscellany, Vol. XV, 1844.



163

D.Hudson, Monty: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



164

Gustav Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.



165

Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.



166

M.L.Davies (cd.), Life As We Have Known It, London, 1931.



167

..Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds.), The Unknown Mayhew  Selection from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.



168

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



169

R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.



170

 .



171

Hyams, op. cit. \323\



172

Mayhew, Vol. II.



173

 .



174

.   Elizabeths London, London, 2003.



175

Cunningham, op. cit.



176

Anne Hardy, Parish Pump to Private Pipes, in W.F.Bynam and Roy Porter, Living and Dying in London, London, 1991.



177

Beames, op. cit.



178

Stephen Halliday, The Great Stink of London, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999.



179

Mayhew, op. cit.



180

S.E.Finer, The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick, London, 1952.



181

Hardy, op. cit.



182

Richardson, op. cit.



183

Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, London, 1965.



184

Robert Ward, Londons New River, London, 2003.



185

Inwood, op. cit.



186

George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.



187

R.H.Mottram. Town Life, in Early Victorian England, 1934.     ,         1970- .



188

Beames, op. cit.



189

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



190

Mayhew, op. cit.



191

Graham Storey, Kathleen and Nina Burgis (ed.), The Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. 6, Oxford, 1988.



192

     .



193

James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.



194

Hudson, op. cit.



195

John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



196

Hawthorn, The English Notebooks, in Xavier Baron, London, 10661914, Vol. II, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.



197

Hyams, op. cit.



198

    . MS 3224, Wellcome Institute,  : Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



199

Richardson, op. cit.



200

   , Guidhall MS 18, 770,  : Creaton, op. cit.



201

Bennett, op. cit.



202

Theodor Fontane, 184459, London, 1939,  : Xavier Baron, op. cit.



203

Bennett, op. cit.



204

  . . ,      ,    ,   , May hews Characters  Mayhews London,      ,   1951,  Londons Underworld   ,   1950.



205

Gustav Dore and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.



206

G.A.Sala, Gaslight and Daylight, London, 1859. Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.



207

Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.



208

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.



209

M.L.Davies (ed.) Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.



210

Greenwood, op. cit.



211

Mayhew, Vol IV.



212

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



213

John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, rev. edn 1963.



214

John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.



215

R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.



216

Greenwood, op. cit.



217

Hillingshead, op. cit.



218

Thomas Beams, The Rookeries of London, Londjo, 1850.



219

Helen Morris, Portrait of a Chef. The Life of Alexis Soyer, Cambridge, 1938.          ,     .     ,   - -,  ,            .



220

Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rodgers, London, 1889.



221

    ,      .



222

Hollingshead, op. cit.



223

     ..Smedley (ed.) Boarding-out and Pauper Schools Especially for Girls, London, 1875.



224

James Kay-Shuttleworth, Four Periods of Public Education, London, 1862.



225

Ralph Hyde (introd.) Stanfords Library Map of London and its Suburbs, Lympne Castle, Kent, 1980.



226

Edward Hyams (trans. anded.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



227

John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.



228

         Union Chargeability  1865.,       .



229

Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.



230

James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.



231

Hollingshead, op. cit.



232

 .



233

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses, op. cit.



234

Thomas Wright s. n. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed, London, 1868.



235

PeterVinten-Johansen et al., Cholera, Chloroform and the Science of Medicine: a Life of John Snow, Oxford, 2003.



236

John Hollingshead, Kagged London in 1861, London, 1861.



237

W.B.Tegetmeier, A Manual of Domestic Economy, London, 1867.



238

Thomas Beams, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.



239

       .     ,   .     ,     .      ,     ,  . -           ,   , , 1844.



240

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



241

Ibid.



242

Mayhew, Vol. I.             .   ,      1955,      ,     .



243

D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



244

Mayhew, op. cit.



245

George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.



246

Ibid.



247

Ibid.



248

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).



249

Jean Hawkes (trans. and ed.), The London Journal of Flora Tristan, London, 1982.



250

Dodd, op. cit.



251

Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.



252

       Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983.



253

Vinten-Johansen, op. cit. ,  -    ,    80 .



254

Dodd, op. cit.



255

John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.



256

T.C.Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, London, 1963.



257

The Illustrated London News, 30 November 1861.



258

The Builder,    Stephen Halliday, Making The Metropolis, London, 2003.



259

      ,        ,  ,       Penelope Hunting, History of the Leathersellers Company, London, 1994.



260

Dodd, op. cit.



261

Ibid.



262

Thomas Wright, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, London, 1867.



263

Wright, The Great Unwashed, op. cit.



264

Wright, Some Habits, op. cit.



265

E.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds), The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.



266

Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.



267

Wright, Some Habits, op. cit.



268

Samuel Smiles, Self-Help with Examples of Conduct and Perseverance, London, 1859.  :        ,  ,  ,        .         .



269

Dudley Baxter, NationalIncome 1868. .  .: J.M.Golby, Culture and Society in Britain 18501890, Oxford, 1986.



270

.  .: G.Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England, London, 1962.



271

C.R.Penny, The Victorian Post Office, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1992.



272

    ,    XIX   ,       ,              .        ,  .



273

M.L.Davies (ed.), Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.



274

Penny, op. cit.   ,   1883    ,    ,      [ 1834 ],         90  .       ,    ,    140 .        .



275

Kitson Clark, op. cit.



276

Anthony Trollope, An Autobiography, London, 1883.



277

      W.Marston Acres, The Bank of England From Within, London, 1931.



278

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



279

W.O.Henderson, J.C.Fischer and his Diary of Industrial England 18141851, London, 1966.



280

Edward Hyams (ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



281

  . .: M.D.Smedley (ed.), Boardingout and Pauper Schools Especially for Girls, London, 1875.



282

Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.



283

Judith Flanders, The Victorian House, London, 2003.



284

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 5, 1840.



285

      ,      ,      .          99 ,    XX ,      .  ,   ,    ,      --  :  .



286

J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.



287

Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian London, London, 1971.



288

          .



289

Max Schlesinger, Saunterings in and about London, trans. Otto Wenkstern, London, 1853.



290

Francis Wey, Les Anglais Chez Eux, Paris, 1856, trans. Valerie Price as A Frenchman Among the Victorians, Yale, 1936. .  .: Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Vol. II, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.



291

              ,       .        ,       ,  ;       .     ,        ;      ,   .



292

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London 1850 (2 edn).



293

          : Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983.



294

Ibid.



295

 18401870.             29,93 . .: J.A.Banks, Prosperity and Parenthood; a Study of Family Planning among the Victorian Middle Class, London, 1954.



296

    ,    ,  ,   -,     45 .



297

  : Charles Pugh, Bodleian MSEng. Misc. d.465473; .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



298

Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862.



299

Ibid.



300

Wheen, op. cit.



301

 1843   The Magazine of Domestic Economy   ,         .      1000     29  34 .     .



302

Froude, op. cit.



303

Florence Nightingale, Cassandra.   1852         1928 .         ,       ,    ,   1928 ,      .



304

John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.



305

Alison Aldburghan, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.



306

(Editor unnamed), Society, Politics and Diplomacy 18201864; Passages from the Journal of Francis W.H.Cavendish, London, 1913.



307

Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X, 18478, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.



308

    ,    : Anthony Bruce, The Purchase System in the British Army 16601871, London, 1980; Byron Farwell, For Queen and Country, London, 1981; The Queens Regulation and Orders ( 1844 r.).          -  ,     ,    .   -     ,    .



309

Farwell, op. cit.



310

Marion Harding (ed.), The Victorian Soldier, London, 1993.             18351836.    ,          .       ,        .   ,       .



311

 ,  ,              -  .



312

Bruce, op. cit.



313

The Times, 23 December 1854. .  .: Bruce, op. cit.



314

Farwell, op. cit.



315

Ibid.



316

Bailey, op. cit.



317

Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.



318

        ,    .      ,            .     1865    - ,      .



319

Bailey, op. cit.



320

   .: S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.



321

Cecil Woodham-Smith, QueenVictoria, her Life and Times, vol. 1, 18191861, London, 1972.



322

Eon and his collar, The Times, 27 September 1975.



323

.  306.



324

John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963 (rev. edn.).



325

  ,      ,      ,       ,     ,   ( VII), ,  ,  ,  .   VIII  VI.   ,    -    ,  .



326

John R.Davis, The Great Exhibition, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999.



327

        ,   ,      ,     .         ,     .      ,    .   ,    :          .    ,     ,             .



328

HenryVane, Affair of State. A Biography of the 3 Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, London, 2004.



329

A.L.Kennedy (ed.), My dear Duchess, Social and Political Letters to the Duchess of Manchester 18581869, London. 1980.



330

Ibid.



331

Stella Margetson, Victorian High Society, London, 1980.



332

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.



333

Ibid.



334

Bailey, op. cit.



335

M.L.Davis (ed.), Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.



336

  ,      ,     ,   The English Womans Journal, March 1861.



337

Mrs Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management, London, 1861.



338

Davies, op. cit.



339

Liz Stanley (ed.), The Diaries of Hannah Culwick, London, 1984.



340

Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens, Letters, Vol. 4, 18446, Oxford, 1977.



341

Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.



342

Ibid.



343

J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.



344

Webster, op. cit.



345

  ,     ,       24  2004 ,    :          (  ) ,   ,      .         ,      .



346

     The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 6, 1841.



347

Webster, op. cit.



348

Webster, op. cit.



349

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, 1844.



350

John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.



351

Webster, op. cit.



352

John Burnett (ed.). Useful Toil, London, 1957.



353

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taints Notes on England, London, 1957.



354

C.S.Peel, Homes and Habits in Early Victorian London 183065, Vol. 1, London, 1934.



355

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, 1843.



356

   ,    ,  - ,        ,   :   ,    ,      ,             ,         .



357

Mayhew, Vol. III.



358

  Burnett, op. cit.



359

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.



360

Asa Briggs, Victorian Things, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2003 (rev. edn).



361

Mayhew, Vol. II.



362

W.B.Tegetmeier, A Manual of Domestic Economy, London, 1867.    ,       ,     ,     .



363

Tegetmeier, op. cit.



364

Jean Hawkes (trans. and ed.), The London Journal of Flora Tristan, London, 1982.



365

Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.



366

Ibid.



367

Ibid.



368

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 6, 1841.



369

Cara       : Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.



370

Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victirians: What We Think About Them and Why Were Wrong, London, 2001.  .



371

Webster, op. cit.



372

 ,    ,   .        ,         ,    .     -   ,      .



373

-,   ,    1558 .     ,    ,     ,   ,   ,       ,           ,      XVI .    ,   1845 .         ,     , ,      ,   ;      ,        .       ,     ,          1558 .            .



374

Charles Newton, Victorian Designs for the Home, London, 1999.



375

George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.



376

Charles C.Oman and Jean Hamilton, Wallpapers, London, 1982;        .       .



377

James Burn, The Beggar Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.



378

 ,             ,          ,   ,      (18 Stafford Terrace, London W8).      ,     ,    .       ,     .



379

         .



380

Samuel Beton, Book of Garden Management, London, 1872.  no John Marchall and Ian Wilcox, The Victorian House, London, 1986.



381

,  , ,         ,     .       ,         .



382

Webster, op. cit.



383

Briggs, op. cit.



384

   ,      (MS 19, 019).   : Heather Creaton, Unpublished Diaries, London, 2003.  1835         .        ,                .   ,           ,        .         .   1851 ,     . (StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001).



385

Briggs, op. cit.



386

          . Michael Hiley, Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life, London, 1979.



387

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 2, 1844.



388

Mayhew, op. cit.        .



389

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



390

Tegetmeier, op. cit.    .     ,   .        .       .      ,      ,        .    ,     .     ,       ,      .



391

 .



392

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, Vol. 2, 1844.



393

Tegetmeier, op. cit.  ,    ?    ?



394

Marshall and Wilcox, op. cit.



395

J.C.Loudon, The Suburban Horticulturalist, London, 1842.



396

Loudon, op. cit.     ,    ,   -,      ,   ,     ,    ,       .



397

Shirley Hibberd, The Amateurs Kitchen Garden, London, 1877.



398

  Gardening Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette  1865 .



399

The Floral World, 1863.



400

   : J..Loudon, Horticulturalist, London, 1871.



401

 . .R.Silvester, Wellcome Institute MS 5689.   Creaton, op. cit.



402

Mayhew, Vol. 1.



403

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, New Series, Vol. 2, 1843.     .     1852                .



404

Mayhew, op. cit.



405

Ibid.



406

The Cottage Gardener, or Amateur and Cottagers Guide to Out-Door Gardening, Vol. 1, 1849.



407

David Solman, Loddiges of Hackney, the largest Hothouse in the World, London, 1995.  1839         -,   1840 .     ,       ,  185254    .



408

Brent Elliott, Victorian Gardens, London, 1986.



409

      : Elliot, Victorian Gardens, op. cit.; Maggie Campbell-Culver, The Origin of Plants, London, 2001.      ,  ,  .



410

The Floral World, op. cit.



411

Elliott, Victorian Gardens, op. cit.



412

Winslow Ames, Prince Albert and Victorian Taste, London, 1967.



413

The Floral World, op. cit.



414

Ibid.



415

Elliott, Victorian Gardens, op. cit.



416

     ,   ,    .    Cook Books, ,   ,     ,  ,     1858.     1905.



417

Meyhew, Vol. I.



418

 .



419

M.L.Davies (ed.), Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.



420

Meyhew, op. cit.



421

Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872: ,  --,      .       .



422

Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.



423

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



424

Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.



425

James Bum, The Beggar Boy: An Autobiography, London 1888.



426

Elisa Acton, Modem Cookery for Private families, London, 1856.



427

Mrs Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management, London, 1861.         ,      ,    ,    ,      .        ,      .  -  ,   ,  ,    .    ,      .



428

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. II, 1844.



429

Webster, op. cit.



430

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, 1850 (2- .).



431

Holme, op. cit.



432

Alison Aldburgham, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.



433

StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 1981.



434

Ibid.



435

Burn, op. cit.



436

     .   Penelope Lively. A House Unlocked, Londjn, 2001.          ,      ,          ,   ,              .



437

Acton, op. cit.



438

     .   Doctor Johnsons London, London, 2000.



439

Webster, op. cit.



440

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.



441

Beeton, op. cit,   .



442

Alexis Soyer, A Culinary Campaign, London, 1857.



443

             -,  ,    . ,    ,  ,  .   , ,  .         .  , ,       ,               .          -.



444

Alexis Soyer, The Modem Houswife, London, 1851.



445

Holme, op. cit.



446

Soyer, Modern Houswife, op. cit.



447

Judith Flanders, The Victorian House, London, 2003.



448

Webster, op. cit.



449

      Science Museum.



450

  ,      ,   ,        .



451

     ,     .



452

Webster, op. cit.



453

Beeton, op. cit.



454

   , Bodleian MS Misc. D. 472,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



455

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



456

Soyer, Modern Housewife, op. cit.



457

Webster, op. cit.



458

S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London 1925.



459

Sala, op. cit.



460

John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



461

G.A.Sala, Gaslight and Daylight, London, 1869.



462

J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs. Carlyles Letters, London, 1883. ,     ,        -,      ,   .



463

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks,      Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.



464

  .., Museum of London accession no. 52.25,   Creaton, op. cit.



465

Cunningham, op. cit.



466

   ,        ,  ,    .    ,    .



467

Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson and Nina Burgis (eds.) The Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. 6, Oxford, 1988.



468

Helen Morris, Portrait of a Chef. The Life of Alexis Soyer, Cambridge, 1938.



469

Elizabeth Ray, Alexis Soyer, Cook Extraordinary. Lewes, East Sussex, 1999.



470

Diary of W.S.Bell, op. cit.



471

James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.



472

Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.



473

Greenwood, op. cit.



474

 ,  John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



475

Mayhew, Vol. I.



476

 .



477

 .



478

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



479

      ,     ,      -  1860.



480

Mayhew, op. cit.



481

Mayhew, Vol. II.



482

 .



483

Anne and Roger Cowan, Victorian Jews Through British Eyes, Oxford, 1986.



484

,   ,     ..,   1851     :  ,  ,   52.25,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



485

E.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds.) The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.



486

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



487

Michael Slater (ed.). Gone Astray and other Papers, from Household Words 185159, Vol. 3 of Dickens Journalism, London 1998.



488

James Burn, The Beggar Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.



489

Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London 1844.



490

Burn, op. cit.



491

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 2, 1844.



492

Bennett, op. cit.



493

Hollingshead, op. cit.



494

Anne Buck, Victorian Costume and Accessories, London, 1961.



495

Bennett, op. cit.



496

StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001.



497

Buck, op. cit.



498

Buck, op. cit.       .     (1)       -  ,      ,     - , (2)          -   . ,   ,     ,     ,     ,          ,    ,  ,  ,             .



499

   , , Guildhall Library MS 18, 770/111,   Creaton, op. cit.



500

Van Dulken, op. cit.



501

Buck, op. cit.



502

English Womans Domestic Magazine, 1865.



503

J.A.Froude (ed.) Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.



504

Bennett, op. cit.



505

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.



506

Buck, op. cit.



507

    Carlyles House,  National Trust.



508

Buck, op. cit.



509

Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London 1852.



510

Mayhew, Vol. II.



511

Alison Aldburngham, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.



512

   ,  Creaton, op. cit.



513

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1841.



514

C.Willett Cunnington, The Perfect Lady, London 1948.



515

 .



516

Leon Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law, London, 1968.



517

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1844.



518

Bennett, op. cit.



519

       .          .  ,    ,   ,  ,    ,   .



520

Webster, op. cit.



521

Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.



522

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.



523

  .., Wellcome Institute,  73537,   Creaton, op. cit.



524

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1843.



525

The Ladies Cabinet, 1844,  no Buck, op. cit.



526

  , Bjohn Burnett (.) Useful Toil, London 1979.



527

Buck, op. cit.



528

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.



529

Van Dulken, op. cit.



530

Hyams, op. cit.



531

G.A.Sala, Twice Round the Clock, London, 1859.



532

Slater, op. cit.



533

Michael Hiley, Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life, London, 1979.



534

Hyams, op. cit.



535

Buck, op. cit.         Platt Hall, Manchester.



536

Cunnington, op. cit.



537

     ,   , ,        I,    .



538

  Aldburgham, op. cit.



539

C.Willettand Phillis Cunnington, The History of Underclothes, London, 1951.



540

C. and P.Cunnington, op. cit.



541

 ,   Aldburngham, op. cit.



542

 .



543

Froude, op. cit.



544

 ,   . and P.Cunnington, op. cit.



545

The Handbook of the Toilet, 1841,   Cunnington, op. cit.



546

Alex Werner and Roy Porter, London Bodies, London, 1998.



547

            ,             .     ,     .     ,       - ,     .



548

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1840.



549

The Handbook for the Toilet, 1841,   Cunnington, op. cit.



550

  Aldburgham, op. cit.



551

 .



552

Barbara Leigh Smith, Women and Work, London, 1857.



553

   ,      ,          .       ,     .



554

..Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds) The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London 1971.    ,   ,    ,        .



555

Holme, op. cit.



556

Judith Flanders, The Victorian House, London, 2003.



557

Aldburgham, op. cit.



558

 .



559

Werner and Porter, op. cit.



560

Aldburgham, op. cit.



561

G.L.Browne and C.G.Stewart, Reports of Trials for Murder by Poisoning, London, 1883.



562

Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X, 18478, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.



563

Van Dulken, op. cit.



564

         : Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit of Mankind, London, 1997,  a   ,     .



565

Adam Hart-Davis, What Victorians Did for Us, London, 2001.



566

Elizabeth Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, London, 1972.



567

John Fisher Murrey, Physiology of London Life, in Bentleys Miscellany, Vol. XV, 1844.



568

S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepis: The Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.



569

Thomas Webster, An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy, London, 1844.  ,     .



570

Liz Stanley (ed.), The Diaries of Hannah Culwick, London, 1984.



571

PeterVinten-Jonansen et al., Cholera, Chloroform and Science of Medicine: a Life of John Snow, Oxford, 2003.



572

  . Samuel Boddington, Guildhall MS 10,823/50.   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



573

Edwin Chadwick, Report of Sanitary Condition of the labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842; Porter, op. cit.



574

Porter, op. cit.:  ,          .



575

Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rogers, London, 1889.



576

         Dr Johnsons London, London, 2000.



577

R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.



578

D.Hudson, Monby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



579

Joan Une, A Social History of Medecine, in John Woodward and David Richards (eds.), Health Care and Popular Medicine in Nineteenth Century England, London, 1977.



580

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1849.



581

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



582

Graham Storey and Kathleen Tillotson, The Letters of Charles Dickens, Oxford, 1988.



583

Thomas Dormandy, The White Death: a History of Tuberculosis, London, 1999.



584

James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.



585

Cunningham, op. cit.



586

Jeanne Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid Victorian London, London, 1978.



587

Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home, Oxford, 1965.  ,          .  ,   .



588

Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.



589

       : Florence Nightingale, London, 1950.       ,        ,       ,     .



590

 . Henry Robert Silvester, MD, Wellcome Institute MS 5689.   Creaton, op. cit.



591

  A.J.Rogers, The Scientific Revolution in Victorian Medicine, London, 1979.



592

Ulrich Tr&#246;hler, Modern Surgery, in W. E Bynim and Roy Porter (eds.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, London, 1993.



593

Porter, op. cit.



594

Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds.), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. V, London,1938.



595

Kathleen Tillotson, Charles Dickens, Letters. Vol. V, Oxford, 1977.



596

     .,   1918 ,                  1852 ,    ,   ,   .



597

Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.



598

,  3  16.



599

Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.



600

Home Office 352923.3.40 in the National Archives.



601

British Medical Journal, 1868.



602

Mayhew, Vol. 1.



603

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1842.



604

J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.          1950- .   , , ,    .       ,      , , ,  ,  , , ,    .    , ,   .



605

Froude, op. cit.



606

Dormandy, op. cit.



607

         (Charles Pugh), in Crearon, op. cit.



608

  Dormandy, op. cit.



609

Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics, London, 1965 (2 edn.).



610

Ibid.



611

Alex Werner and Roy , London Bodies, London, 1998.



612

Creighton, op. sit.



613

Ibid.



614

Ibid.



615

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



616

Mrs Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management, London, 1861.



617

Fransis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.



618

Porter, op. cit.



619

Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.



620

Chadwick, op. cit.



621

    14000  18000.  ,    , ,      ,      .



622

G..Young and W.D.Handcock, English Historical Documents, Vol. XII (1), 18331874, London, 1956.



623

S.E.Finer, The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick, London, 1952.



624

Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London, London, 1850.



625

Vinten-Jonansen, op. cit.   ,        .        :    .   ,      ,         .



626

John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



627

Porter, op. cit.



628

John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.



629

Mayhew, Vol. III.



630

Mayhew, Vol. I.



631

Gustave Dor&#233; and Blanchard Jerrold, London, London, 1872.



632

Ibid.      -,     .



633

Dor&#233; and Jerrold, op. cit.



634

D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



635

S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.



636

Hudson, op. cit.



637

AR. Bennett, London in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



638

Ibid.



639

  : W.S.Bell, Museum of London accession No. 52.25, .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



640

Hudson, op. cit.



641

Robert Ward, Londons New River, London. 2003; Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).



642

Dor&#233; andjerrold, op. cit.



643

Lytton Strachey and R.Fulford (eds), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. V.London, 1938.



644

John Hollingshead, My Lifetime, London, 1895.



645

Ibid.



646

J.E.Ritchie, The Night Side of London, London, 1869.



647

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.



648

Ritchie, op. cit.



649

Cunningham, op. cit.



650

The Earl of Harewood and Anthony Peattie (eds), The New Kobb&#233;s Opera Book, 1997 (nlh edn).    ,    ,      .        18401870- .   ,        , ,   18471855       ,   18561859.    -,     . (Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (eds). The London Encyclopedia, London, 1983.)



651

Cunningham, op. cit.



652

   ... .  .: Creaton, op. cit.



653

Ibid.



654

   ; .  .: Dyonysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 1852.



655

Strechey and Fulford, op. cit.



656

Max Schlesinger, 182085: Saunterings in and about London, in Xavier Baron, London, 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.       .    De Johnson s London, London, 2000.



657

     . Cunningham, op. cit.;     .: Weinreb and Hibbert, op. cit.



658

Ritchie, op. cit.



659

Francis Wey, Les Anglais Chez Eux, 1856, trans. Valerie Price as A Frenchman Among the Victorians, Yale, 1936.



660

J.A.Froude (ed.), Mrs Carlyles Letters, London, 1883.



661

William Acton, Prostitution, London, 1870 (2 edn).



662

Cunningham, op. cit.



663

Adam Hart-Davis, What the Victorians Did for Us, London, 2001.



664

Cunningham, op. cit.



665

    . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d.467, listed in Creaton, op. cit.



666

A.E.Douglas-Smith, The City of London School, 1965 (2 edn).



667

R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Yearss Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.



668

M.L.Davies (ed.). Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.



669

Pugh, op. cit.



670

 ,     .



671

Hudson, op. cit.



672

Mayhew, Vol. III.



673

Edward Hyams, (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



674

Mayhew, Vol. II.   ,    ,     - ,     .   .



675

Wey, op. cit.



676

   ... .  .: Creaton, op. cit.



677

Wey, op. cit.



678

Ibid.



679

Cunningham, op. cit.



680

Hyams, op. cit.



681

Schlesinger, op. cit.



682

Ellis, op. cit.



683

The Magazine of Domestic Economy New Series, Vol. I, 1843.



684

Bennett, op. cit.



685

Cunningham, op. cit.



686

Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.



687

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks and Our Old Home, London, 1863. .  .: Baron, op. cit.



688

Hudson, op. cit.



689

Dore and Jerrold, op. cit.



690

Hawthorne, op. cit.



691

  . J.A.Patterson, Wellcome Institute MS 73537, .  .: Creaton, op. cit.



692

Cunningham, op. cit.



693

Unpublished diary of W.S.Bell, in Creaton, op. cit.



694

Ibid.



695

     ..



696

Henry Humpherus, History of the Origin and Progress of the  of Watermen and Lightermen of the River Thames., edited by Jack King, W.Barrett, G.Wilson and John Dawson, vol. IV, reprinted Lavenham, Suffolk, 1999.



697

Ralph Hyde, Printed Maps of Victorian England, London, 1975.



698

Unpublished diary of J.A.Patterson, listed in Creaton, op. cit.



699

Hudson, op. cit.



700

Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X.



701

18471848, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.



702

Cunningham, op. cit. ,  ,        .



703

Ibid.   ,   .



704

Cunningham, op. cit.



705

     ,   ,    .              Michael Leapman, The World for a Shilling, London 2001; John Davis, The Great Exhibition, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 199; Asa Briggs, Victorian Things, London 1990 (rev. edn).



706

Society, Politics and Diplomacy 18201864: passages from the Journal of Francis W.H.Cavendish (  ), London, 1913.



707

  .  1849.       ,      1788.      .     ,     ,     ,        ,   .    ,   ,    铻. W.Marston Acres, The Bank of England From Within, London, 1931.



708

   David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture, London, 1997.



709

 ,    Leapman, op. cit.             .     ,     ,  ,  .      .



710

   , Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d. 46573,   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



711

J.R.Piggot, Palace of the People. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham 18541936, London, 2004.



712

Leapman, op. cit.  ,          ,         .   .



713

Davis, op. cit.



714

Cecil Woodham-Smith, QueenVictoria, Her Life and Times, Vol. I, London, 1972.



715

Memoirs of Lord Playfair,    Woodham-Smith, op. cit.



716

Charles Pugh,    Creaton, op. cit.



717

Dionysius Lardner, The Great Exhibition and London in 1851, London, 1852.



718

Principal Speeches and Addresses of H.R.H., the Prince Consort, 1862,   J.M.Colby, Culture and Society in Britain 185090, Oxford, 1986.



719

      Lardner, op. cit.



720

Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Bronte, London, 1970 (Folio Society edn).



721

      Lardner, op. cit.



722

    .



723

  ,            . ,     ,  ,   -,    , ,   ,           ,     ,    --     ,      .



724

    Lardner, op. cit.



725

    1843. Stephen van Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001.



726

  ..,    Creaton, op. cit.   ,    ,       ,   ,                .



727

    ,     -, Leapman, op. cit.



728

      15  1850.     .     .             ,    ,          6  [1850] , ,       . John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963 (rev. edn).



729

Raymond, op. cit.



730

    , MS 3224, Wellcome Institute,    Creaton, op. cit.



731

   Davis, op. cit.



732

  1840.     ,     .    .   1850.  ,  ,     .   ,      ,  ,          .



733

   ,    Christopher Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, London, 1950.



734

Leapman, op. cit.



735

,   Hobhouse, op. cit.



736

Woodham-Smith, op. cit.



737

W.O.Henderson, J. C. Fischer and his Diary of Industrial England 181451, London, 1966.



738

J.R.Piggott, Palace of the People. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham 18541936, London, 2004, ,          .



739

S.V.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepys: the Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.



740

David Solman, Loddiges of Huckney, London, 1955.



741

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



742

 .          ,  ,      .



743

Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent, London, 1960.



744

Piggott, op. cit.



745

   , Graham Reeves, Palace of the People, Bromley, Kent, 1986.          -   ,    .    -  ,    .



746

  J.A.Patterson, 1858, Wellcome Institute MS 73537,   Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



747

D.Hudson. Munby; Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



748

Bennett, op. cit.



749

  Reeves, op. cit.



750

,      ,        -. ,            ,       .     ,   ,  ,     ,     ,     .      .   ,      ,       ,     .  ,      ,         . -   7000 ,      ,      .



751

.P.Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds), The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Cronicle of 184950, London, 1971.



752

R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.



753

       Ethel .Hogg, Quintin Hogg. A Biography, London, 1904,  Ethel M.Wood, A History of the Polytechnic, London, 1965.



754

John Baily (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.



755

Vanderkiste, op. cit.



756

Mayhew, Vol. IV.



757

John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.



758

   ,    ,     ( ). ,        ,  ,  .       ,    ,      ,     - ,  .    ,    ,     -   ,             ,     .     ,    . -,       ,        .



759

M.L.Davies, Life as We Have Known It, London, 1931.



760

Mayhew, Vol. II.



761

Edward Hyams (ed.) Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



762

Mayhew, Vol. II.



763

Caroline Cornwallis, The Philosophy of Ragged Schools, London, 1851.



764

Hollingshead, op. cit.



765

Samuel Smiles, Workmens Earnings, Strikes and Savings, London, 1861.



766

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in the 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



767

Cornwallis, op. cit.



768

Mattew Arnold, Report on Elementary Schools 185282, London, 1908.



769

James Kay-Shuttleworth, Four Periods of Public Education, London, 1862.     ,  ,    7.



770

John Burnett (ed.) Destiny Obscure, London, 1982.



771

Arnold, op. cit.



772

John Lawson, A Social History of Education in England, London, 1973.



773

Gerry Black, J.F.S.The History of the Jews Free School since 1732, London, 1998.



774

Lorna Cowburn, Polished Cornerstones, London, 2001.          .



775

Henry Humpherus, History of the Origin and Progress of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen of the River Thames, ed. By Jack King, J.L.Dawson, W.Barrett and W.B.G.Wilson, reprinted 1999, Lavenham, Suffolk.           ,    ,      ,      .     , ,  ,    ,        ,      .



776

  .    Elizabeths London, London, 2003.



777

   ,       .   1885.     ,            .        .



778

Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.



779

T.Wright s.n. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed, London, 1868.



780

A.E.Douglas-Smith, The City of London School, Oxford, 1965.         .



781

    , MS 3224, Wellcome Institute,    Heater Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



782

G.M.Young, Portrait of an age, London, 1977.



783

D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



784

  .., Wellcome Institute MS 73537,    Creaton, op. cit.



785

Xavir Baron, London 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997:   Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks   Our Old Home  1863.



786

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, 1850 (2 edn).



787

The Taunton Comission.           ,    , , ,      .       .



788

David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture, London, 1997.



789

Michael Riley, Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life, London, 1979.



790

Ibid.



791

D.Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds, London, 1972.



792

Ibid.



793

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.



794

British Medical Journal, 1868;      .



795

..Thompson and Eileen Yeo (eds). The Unknown Mayhew  Selections from the Morning Chronicle 184950, London, 1971.



796

Ibid.



797

  .: J.M.Colby, Culture and Society in Britain 185090, Oxford, 1986.



798

Ibid.      ,      .



799

George Dodd, Days at the Factories, London, 1843.



800

Hudson, op. cit.



801

Adam Hart-Davis, What the Victorians Did for Us, London, 2001.



802

Ben Weinreb and Chrisopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia, London, 1983.



803

J.A. and O.Banks, Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England, Liverpool, 1964.



804

Hudson, op. cit.



805

    (   John Lewis Partnership);          .



806

Hiley, op. cit.



807

Ibid.



808

Thompson and Yeo, op. cit.



809

Dr Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women (Autobiographical Sketches), London, 1895.



810

Jean Hawkes (ed.), The London Journal of Flora Tristan, London, 1982.



811

Tristan, op. cit.



812

Lock Hospital     (. lock    ); ,             loques  ,   .



813

Tristan, op. cit.



814

Edward Hyams (trans. and ed.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



815

  . Dr Carter, Wellcome Institute MS 5818, .  .: Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.   , ,       ,   ,     .       .     -     .       , ,         .   ,  ,   ,    .     . ,       ,    ,      ,     .     ,          .      ,       ,         .      .    ?    ?     ?



816

.  .: Xavier Baron, London 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.



817

Mayhew, Vol. IV.



818

Tristan, op. cit.



819

Hudson, op. cit.



820

Tristan, op. cit.



821

Hyams, op. cit.



822

Hiley, op. cit.



823

Tristan, op. cit.



824

Trevor Fisher, Prostitution and the Victorians, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1997.



825

Ibid.



826

William Acton, Prostitution, London, 1870 (2 edn).



827

Hudson, op. cit.



828

  ,   ..     .: Liza Z.Sigel, Governing Pleasures: Pornography and Social Change in England 18151914, New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 2002.



829

M.Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexual Altitude, Oxford, 1994.



830

Mayhew, Vol. IV.



831

J.E.Ritchie, The Night Side of London, London, 1869.



832

Mayhew, Vol. IV.



833

Merton M.Sealts (ed.), Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Vol. X, 18478, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.



834

Ibid., 1844.



835

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1843.



836

Ibid.



837

The English Womans Journal, Vol. I, August 1858.



838

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).     ,   ,    ,    .



839

    ,     ,        .   23-  1884 .     .



840

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1843.



841

Hyams, op. cit.



842

John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, London, 1869 (2 edn).



843

William Acton, The Function and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs, London, 1865.



844

Ibid.             ,         ,      -, , , ,  .



845

      ,  ,              .



846

Hudson, op. cit.



847

Drysdale, op. cit.



848

Ibid.



849

R. V. Thomas Hall, Maule J. .  .: Young and Handcock, English Historical Documents, Vol. XII (I), London, 1956.



850

Hayams, op. cit.



851

.Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, Oxford, 1998.



852

         . Horace Wyndham, Judicial Damas, Some Society Causes C&#233;l&#232;bres, London, 1907.



853

Henry Mayhew and John Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London, 1862,          .



854

Ibid.



855

    ,         ,      ,   ,      ,   ,    ,      ,  , . ,   ,   ,        .   ,       .



856

Diary of Joseph H&#233;k&#233;kyan Bey, in Heater Creaton (ed.), Victorian Diaries, London, 2001.



857

 1853    23-     ,         . National Archives,  77.60, Newgate calendar.



858

Louis Blanc, Letters on England, London, 1866, included in Xavier Baron, London, 10661914, Robertsbridge, East Sussex, 1997.



859

Jennifer Davis, The London Garroting Panic of 186a, in V.A.C.Gatrell et al. (eds), Crime and the Law, London, 1980.



860

Blanc, op. cit.



861

  . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d. 467, .  .: Heater Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



862

(  ), Society, Politics and Diplomacy 18201864, London, 1913.



863

Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, London, 1999.



864

(  ), The Bermondsey Murder. A Full Report of the Trial of Frederick George Manning and Maria Manning for the murder of Patrick OConnor, London, 1849.



865

G.L.Browne and C.G.Stewart, Reports of Trials for Murder by Poisoning, London, 1883.             .



866

Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.



867

Annual Register of Law Cases, 1840.



868

Horace Wyndham, The Mayfair Calendar, London, 1925.



869

Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.      .      ,       ,  , ,    1842 .       .



870

Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London, London, 1850 (2 edn).



871

Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.



872

Ibid.



873

Edward Hyams (trans. anded.), Taines Notes on England, London, 1957.



874

James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.



875

Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.



876

Greenwood, op. cit.



877

   1851        .      ,       ,          ,    ,   ,   ,     :  32  78,    ,    ?   32  78 :  ,    ,   .       ? (Mrs Carlyles Letters, ed. J.A.Froude, London, 1883.).



878

   no .: Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.



879

James Greenwood, The Seven Curses of London, London, 1869.



880

Mayhew and Binny, op. cit.



881

StephenVan Dulken, Inventing the 19 Century, London, 2001.



882

Leon Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law, London, 1968.



883

Kathleen Tillotson (ed.), Charles Dickens: letters, Oxford, 1977.



884

Ibid.



885

Charles Dickens, Cone Astray and other papers 185159, London, 1999.



886

  .Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, Oxford, 1998.



887

     Thomas Wright, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, London, 1867.



888

John Bailey (ed.), The Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, London, 1927.



889

Edward Miall, The British Churches in Relation to the British People, London, 1849.



890

      , London, 1851. ,   ,                        .



891

      .       ..Davis, Orthodox London, or Phases of Religious Life in the Church of England, London, 1873 and 1875,        Hoppen, op. cit.



892

Paul Turner, Victorian Poetry, Drama and Miscellaneous Prose, Oxford, 1989, on Newman.



893

,     -      - , ,            .    , ,    ,   .       ,       .  -  ,    .



894

John Henry Newman, Apologia pm Vita Sua, Oxford, 1864.



895

Bailey, op. cit.



896

Davis, Orthodox London, op. cit.:    ,    .



897

     - Church Times,    J.S.Reed, Glorious Battle; the Cultural Politics of Christian Anglo-Catholicism, London, 1996.      ,      ,  ,  .         ,   .     ,      ,   ,  ;          ,     .       ,      .        ,     ,         .      Reed, op. cit.  ,          , ,      .



898

Auricular confession      primula auricula,   ,   ,  ,    .            ,    .



899

Davis, Orthodox London, op. cit.



900

Ibid.



901

  ,   Reed, op. cit.



902

Davis, Orthodox London, op. cit.



903

James Bentley, Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain, Oxford, 1978.



904

Reed, op. cit.



905

   Bentley, op. cit.



906

Reed, op. cit.



907

 . Thomas Rogers, Guidhall Library MS 19, 019, in Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



908

Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds.), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. VII, London, 1938.



909

     Andrew Saint and Gillian Darley, The Chronicles of London, London, 1994.



910

Bentley, op. cit.



911

Miall, op. cit.



912

Reed, op. cit.



913

John Raymond (ed.), Queen Victorias Early Letters, London, rev. edn. 1963.



914

Dr Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women (Autobiographical Sketches), London, 1895.



915

Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.



916

Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.        .         ,  ,        ,    .         ,   .



917

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



918

Hoppen, op. cit.



919

Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.



920

Ibid.



921

 ,  Ē                   .        .     ,     ,                  .



922

Anne and Roger Cowan, Victorian Jews Trough British Eyes, London, 1986.



923

Davis, Unorthodox London, op. cit.



924

           1871.



925

Lucien Wolf, The Jewish Way of Life in Cowan, op. cit.



926

John Hollingshead, Ragged London in 1861, London, 1861.



927

Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, Oxford, 1958.



928

Thomas Wright s. n. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed, London, 1868.



929

R.W.Vanderkiste, A Six Years Mission Among the Dens of London, London, 1854.



930

James Burn, The Begger Boy: an Autobiography, London, 1888.



931

Wright, op. cit.



932

Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rogers, London, 1889.



933

Charles Dickens, Trading in Death, in Household Words, London, 1852.



934

Joseph Rogers, Reminiscences of a Workhouse Medical Officer, ed. Thorold Rogers, London, 1889.



935

 no Roy Porter, London: a Social History, London, 1994.



936

The Times, 5 March 1843,  no Robert Ward, Londons New River, London, 2003.



937

John Richardson, The Annals of London, London, 2000.



938

Dickens, op. cit.



939

A.N.Wilson, The Victorians, London, 2002.



940

John Raymond (ed.), QueenVictorias Early Letters, London, 1963.



941

The Times, 5 March 1843.  ,        , ,       .       .        ,     ,  ,  ,  .



942

       .



943

Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds.), The Greville Memoirs, Vol. V, London, 1938.



944

 . A.Patterson, 1858, Wellcome Institute MS 73537.   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



945

 . Lt.-Gen. Pasley, British Library Add. MS41991.   Heather Creaton, Unpublished London Diaries, London, 2003.



946

Julian Litten, The English Way of Death, London, 1991.



947

,     ,     The London Encyclopaedia, ed. Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, London, 1983,         ,  .     ,  ,  :      ,     ,             .



948

Felix Barker, Highgate Cementery, VictorianValhalla, London, 1984.      .



949

Ibid.



950

Benjamin Clarke, Glimpses of Ancient Hackney and Stoke Newington, London, 1894.



951

J.C.Loudon, On the laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries, London, 1843.



952

David Solman, Loddiges of Hackney, the Largest Hothouse in the World, London, 1995.



953

Weinreb and Hibbert, op. cit.



954

 ,        .



955

A.R.Bennett, London and Londoners in 1850s and 60s, London, 1924.



956

Litten, op. cit.



957

Marion Harding (ed.), The Victorian Soldier, London, 1993.           ,   .      .



958

    ,      .      , , ,       .



959

Henry Mayhew (ed.), The Snops and Companies of London, London, 1865.



960

Alison Aldburgham, Shops and Shopping 18001914, London, 1981.



961

The Magazine of Domestic Economy, 1844.



962

 ,    -   ,    .         ,   -    .    - ,      .



963

Aldburgham, op. cit.



964

Ibid.



965

Judith Flanders, Victorian House, London, 2003.



966

Ibid.



967

 . Charles Pugh, Bodleian MS Eng. Misc. d. 472.   Creaton, op. cit.



968

 .



969

S.M.Ellis (ed. and annot.), A Mid-Victorian Pepis: The Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, London, 1925.



970

D.Hudson, Monby: Man of Turn Worlds, London, 1972.



971

Pugh in Creaton op. cit.



972

 . Thomas Rogers, Guidhall Library MS 19, 019, in Creaton, op. cit.



973

     James Greenwood, The Wilds of London, London, 1881.   ,      .         ,        .



974

Loudon, op. cit.



975

Strachey and Fulford, op. cit.



976

Ibid.



977

Society, Politics and Diplomacy 182064; Passages from the Journal of Francis W.H.Cavendish, London, 1913.



978

 . Thomas Rogers in Creaton, op. cit.



979

Trading in Death, in Household Words, in Michael Slater (ed.) Gone Astray and Other Paper, London, 1998.



980

      Elizabeth Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, London, 1972.



981

       ..  1981     -.

